可持续雨水管理导向下住区设计程序与做法研究
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摘要
在我国城市化快速发展阶段,大规模城市建设活动强烈扰动开发区域的自然水循环,引发多方面雨水问题(如城市内涝、水体污染)。常规雨水管理虽能快速排放雨水,却导致更多次生灾害。欧美先进国家的实践表明,以“修复自然水循环”为基本目标、兼顾“阻止雨径生成”与“缓解雨径影响”的可持续雨水管理成本更低、效果更好。鉴于住区在城市中的重要地位,可持续雨水管理在住区中的普及对于我国城市雨水问题的全面解决意义重大。
本研究尝试探求确保住区设计方案实现可持续雨水管理目标的理想工作途径。通过文献调研,总结先进国家可持续雨水管理成功经验,以明确可持续雨水管理导向下住区设计的新任务;借助质量管理理论解读住区设计新任务的实质,探讨设计程序及其做法之于新任务的作用,以发现我国当前住区设计程序的相对局限,进而提出改进原则；基于对先进国家可持续雨水管理导向下住区设计程序的分析与比较,提出具体优化建议与实施方法,为实践应用与后续研究提供必要的技术准备与理论支撑。
研究结果显示,系统化、专门化的设计程序及其做法是确保住区设计方案充分满足可持续雨水管理空间需求的必要条件。
(1)比之常规雨水管理,可持续雨水管理更具地面空间使用需求；其空间使用需求随场地条件、住区方案等因素的差异而变化；确保方案对可持续雨水管理空间使用需求的充分满足将成为住区设计的全新任务。
(2)住区设计的程序与做法是决定新任务成败的关键因素；鉴于可持续雨水管理空间需求的特殊性,常规设计程序不足以对新任务下住区设计的针对性工作进行科学引导,有必要对其实施优化。
(3)可持续雨水管理导向下住区设计的系统化程序应使用PDCA循环模型进行构建。在“取长补短”思路的引导下,通过比较、分析先进国家的成功经验，设计程序与做法的优化建议将得以提出。
Over the past decades, natural hydrologic cycle of native cities were thoroughly disturbed by extensive development and runaway construction. Stormwater problems, such as inland inundation and water environment pollution increasingly exacerbate negative effects on the heath and property of urban inhabitants. As drainage system solves parts of stormwater problems, massive secondary disasters may be derived form conventional stormwater management. The practice of developed countries has proved that sustainable stormwater management, which aims mimicing the predevelopment site hydrology and emphasizes both runoff prevention and disturbances mitigation, is more functional and cost-effective. Since residential development covers the greatest land area, it is critical for urban stormwater problem solving to implement sustainable stormwater management in most residential development. Due to the basic principle of sustainable stormwater management is that development should adapt predevelopment site nature conditions as much as possible, a site plan directly influences the achievement of stormwater management objectives.
In the context of the above, the main objective of the research is to explore the most effective approach to residential design that can ensure the site plan to fulfill the objective of sustainable stormwater management. Based upon literature research, the spatial demand of sustainable stormwater management is summaried and the new task of residential design for sustainable stormwater management is clarified. With the help of quality management theory, the essence and key factors of the new task are defined,and thus the defects of conventional design process as well as the principles for improving come into view. By means of comparing residential design process for stormwater management in developed countries, the optimal process and its procedure are proposed
The findings show that systematize design process and procedure is a necessary condition on the success of residential design for sustainable stormwater management.
1) Contrasting with conventional stromwater management, sustainable stormwater management possesses massive spatial demand on residential development,and the new task that fulfill the highest degree of spatial demand of stormwater management is imposed on residential design.
2) Design process and procedure are key factors for the new task of residential design. In view of the character of sustainable stormwater management's spatial demand, the conventional design process is not suitable to guide the neonatal work and has need to be optimized.
3) PDCA cycle model is applicable for systemized residential design process for sustainable stormwater management. After comparing current major design processes and drawing upon another's strength to overcome one's own weakness, the specific contents of design process and procedure are proposed and have theoretical advantage, nevertheless it needs to be tested in practice.
本研究尝试探求确保住区设计方案实现可持续雨水管理目标的理想工作途径。通过文献调研,总结先进国家可持续雨水管理成功经验,以明确可持续雨水管理导向下住区设计的新任务;借助质量管理理论解读住区设计新任务的实质,探讨设计程序及其做法之于新任务的作用,以发现我国当前住区设计程序的相对局限,进而提出改进原则；基于对先进国家可持续雨水管理导向下住区设计程序的分析与比较,提出具体优化建议与实施方法,为实践应用与后续研究提供必要的技术准备与理论支撑。
研究结果显示,系统化、专门化的设计程序及其做法是确保住区设计方案充分满足可持续雨水管理空间需求的必要条件。
(1)比之常规雨水管理,可持续雨水管理更具地面空间使用需求；其空间使用需求随场地条件、住区方案等因素的差异而变化；确保方案对可持续雨水管理空间使用需求的充分满足将成为住区设计的全新任务。
(2)住区设计的程序与做法是决定新任务成败的关键因素；鉴于可持续雨水管理空间需求的特殊性,常规设计程序不足以对新任务下住区设计的针对性工作进行科学引导,有必要对其实施优化。
(3)可持续雨水管理导向下住区设计的系统化程序应使用PDCA循环模型进行构建。在“取长补短”思路的引导下,通过比较、分析先进国家的成功经验，设计程序与做法的优化建议将得以提出。
Over the past decades, natural hydrologic cycle of native cities were thoroughly disturbed by extensive development and runaway construction. Stormwater problems, such as inland inundation and water environment pollution increasingly exacerbate negative effects on the heath and property of urban inhabitants. As drainage system solves parts of stormwater problems, massive secondary disasters may be derived form conventional stormwater management. The practice of developed countries has proved that sustainable stormwater management, which aims mimicing the predevelopment site hydrology and emphasizes both runoff prevention and disturbances mitigation, is more functional and cost-effective. Since residential development covers the greatest land area, it is critical for urban stormwater problem solving to implement sustainable stormwater management in most residential development. Due to the basic principle of sustainable stormwater management is that development should adapt predevelopment site nature conditions as much as possible, a site plan directly influences the achievement of stormwater management objectives.
In the context of the above, the main objective of the research is to explore the most effective approach to residential design that can ensure the site plan to fulfill the objective of sustainable stormwater management. Based upon literature research, the spatial demand of sustainable stormwater management is summaried and the new task of residential design for sustainable stormwater management is clarified. With the help of quality management theory, the essence and key factors of the new task are defined,and thus the defects of conventional design process as well as the principles for improving come into view. By means of comparing residential design process for stormwater management in developed countries, the optimal process and its procedure are proposed
The findings show that systematize design process and procedure is a necessary condition on the success of residential design for sustainable stormwater management.
1) Contrasting with conventional stromwater management, sustainable stormwater management possesses massive spatial demand on residential development,and the new task that fulfill the highest degree of spatial demand of stormwater management is imposed on residential design.
2) Design process and procedure are key factors for the new task of residential design. In view of the character of sustainable stormwater management's spatial demand, the conventional design process is not suitable to guide the neonatal work and has need to be optimized.
3) PDCA cycle model is applicable for systemized residential design process for sustainable stormwater management. After comparing current major design processes and drawing upon another's strength to overcome one's own weakness, the specific contents of design process and procedure are proposed and have theoretical advantage, nevertheless it needs to be tested in practice.
引文
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92“无害入渗的要求”。(1)雨水不得经由家居、农业、工业或其他使用使其特征遭到负面改变,不允许与其他废水或污染物混合。(2)必须确保：1).雨水入渗设备的建设与运行必须符合公认的技术规章；2).入渗设备不得穿透自然序列中的防水土壤层；3).地下入渗设备底面距地下水水平面最小垂直间距大于1m;4).来自院落、交通用地、停车场、金属或沥青屋面的雨水只能通过有植被的地表入渗;5).如果在水体保护区域Ⅲ不通过专用设备进行雨水入渗,则须经过至少30cm厚的有植被的地表土层。HAMBURGE SENAT. Verordnung uber die erlaubnisfreie Versickerung von Niederschlagswasser auf Wohngrundstucken[S],2004：第2条
93“其他要求或例外情况”。1)在必要时,负责机构可针对个别地块或某些地区重新提出办理许可的义务, 或者为无需办理许可的雨水入渗提出更严格的要求,以便不损害公众幸福／利益或避免负面影响;2)如果雨水入渗不会引发地下水污染或水体特性改变,则负责机构可将个别案例规定为例外。HAMBURGE SENAT. Verordnung uber die erlaubnisfreie Versickerung von Niederschlagswasser auf Wohngrundstucken[S],2004：第3条
94无特殊情况,雨水引导系统必须得以标识。HAMBURGE SENAT. Verordnung uber die erlaubnisfreie Versickerung von Niederschlagswasser auf Wohngrundstucken[S],2004：第4条
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98德国《基本法》第20a条规定,“政府有责任在由符合宪法的规章所限定的框架下、通过立法手段、按照法律法规、通过行驶执行权与裁判权,为了子孙后代保护自然的生存基础、保护动物。”。
99“建设指导规划应保证可持续的城市建设,即为子孙后代负责,协调社会、经济与环境保护的要求,并保证为大众幸福服务的土地利用。它应为保护适合人类生存的环境、自然的生存基础作出贡献,并有责任进行气候保护,保护与发展城市形态、地方与大地景观。”BUNDESMINISTERIUM FUR VERKEHR, BAU UND STADTENTWICKLUNG:Baugesetzbuch (BauGB).2006,§1(5).
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88 Wassergesetz fur Baden-Wurttemberg (WG)[S].2005.
89 Verordnung des Ministeriums fur Umwelt und Verkehr uber die dezentrale Beseitigung von Niederschlagswasser[S].1999.
90 HAMBURGE SENAT. Verordnung uber die erlaubnisfreie Versickerung von Niederschlagswasser auf Wohngrundstiicken[S],2004.
91以下条件的居住用地上的雨水入渗不必颁发许可：1).在水体保护区域Ⅰ、Ⅱ以外的区域,2).与排水设备相连的或者相连硬质区域小于250m2的,3).根据第2条安装无害的雨水入渗设备,并遵守第3条规定.HAMBURGE SENAT. Verordnung iiber die erlaubnisfreie Versickerung von Niederschlagswasser auf Wohngrundstucken [S],2004:第1条.
92“无害入渗的要求”。(1)雨水不得经由家居、农业、工业或其他使用使其特征遭到负面改变,不允许与其他废水或污染物混合。(2)必须确保：1).雨水入渗设备的建设与运行必须符合公认的技术规章；2).入渗设备不得穿透自然序列中的防水土壤层；3).地下入渗设备底面距地下水水平面最小垂直间距大于1m;4).来自院落、交通用地、停车场、金属或沥青屋面的雨水只能通过有植被的地表入渗;5).如果在水体保护区域Ⅲ不通过专用设备进行雨水入渗,则须经过至少30cm厚的有植被的地表土层。HAMBURGE SENAT. Verordnung uber die erlaubnisfreie Versickerung von Niederschlagswasser auf Wohngrundstucken[S],2004：第2条
93“其他要求或例外情况”。1)在必要时,负责机构可针对个别地块或某些地区重新提出办理许可的义务, 或者为无需办理许可的雨水入渗提出更严格的要求,以便不损害公众幸福／利益或避免负面影响;2)如果雨水入渗不会引发地下水污染或水体特性改变,则负责机构可将个别案例规定为例外。HAMBURGE SENAT. Verordnung uber die erlaubnisfreie Versickerung von Niederschlagswasser auf Wohngrundstucken[S],2004：第3条
94无特殊情况,雨水引导系统必须得以标识。HAMBURGE SENAT. Verordnung uber die erlaubnisfreie Versickerung von Niederschlagswasser auf Wohngrundstucken[S],2004：第4条
95 Hamburgisches Abwassergesetz (HmbAbwG)[S],2001.
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97 Hamburgische Bauordnung, HBauO[S],2009.
98德国《基本法》第20a条规定,“政府有责任在由符合宪法的规章所限定的框架下、通过立法手段、按照法律法规、通过行驶执行权与裁判权,为了子孙后代保护自然的生存基础、保护动物。”。
99“建设指导规划应保证可持续的城市建设,即为子孙后代负责,协调社会、经济与环境保护的要求,并保证为大众幸福服务的土地利用。它应为保护适合人类生存的环境、自然的生存基础作出贡献,并有责任进行气候保护,保护与发展城市形态、地方与大地景观。”BUNDESMINISTERIUM FUR VERKEHR, BAU UND STADTENTWICKLUNG:Baugesetzbuch (BauGB).2006,§1(5).
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103 EUROPAISCHE PARLAMENT. Wasserrahmenrichtlinie2000/60/EG[S].2000. Artikel 2,20.
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