自供能磁流变阻尼器的振动能量捕获技术研究
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摘要
磁流变阻尼器是以智能材料磁流变液为工作液体的新型振动控制结构,相比于常规液压阻尼器,磁流变阻尼器具有结构简单、输出阻尼力连续可调、动态范围宽、响应速度快、方便与计算机控制相结合等优异特性。基于磁流变阻尼器的结构振动半主动控制系统同时兼备主动控制的系统参数可调性和被动控制的可靠性,已经开始广泛地应用于交通运输、工程建筑、航空宇航以及自动武器系统等振动控制领域,并取得了良好的控制效果。为了输出不同阻尼力,磁流变阻尼器工作过程中需要外部电源设备提供直流电激励磁流变液,同时根据不同的振动防护需求,还要有专用的传感器和电流控制设备根据结构的振动响应控制电流大小,以便获得预期的控制效果。然而,在大型桥梁等户外结构振动控制场合,不方便或无法保证持续可靠的供电,制约了磁流变阻尼器在这些领域的应用。同时外部电源设备和传感控制设备会增大系统的复杂程度,降低其工程应用可靠性。
针对磁流变阻尼器对外部电源控制设备的需求问题,本文对两种振动能量捕获技术,即基于压电和电磁感应的振动能量捕获技术,进行了系统的研究和探讨,以期为磁流变阻尼器提供电能,构建自供能磁流变阻尼器系统。由于可以不需要外部电源控制设备,因此可以有效地推动磁流变振动控制技术在一些无法持续可靠供电领域里的应用,减小了磁流变振动控制系统的尺寸、重量、日常维修费用和成本,提高其可靠性。此外,自供能技术也是一种节能环保技术,符合世界发展潮流。
论文首先对磁流变液的磁流变特性和磁流变阻尼器的力学特性进行了深入系统的研究,建立了磁流变阻尼器输出阻尼力与输入电流之间的数学模型。设计了一个单杆单筒磁流变阻尼器,并对其阻尼力特性进行了实验研究。根据理论分析和实验研究的结果,总结得出磁流变阻尼器工作时所需电能大小的范围在2W-10W之间,为下文振动能量捕获装置的研究提供了一个评估电能捕获能力的标准。
随后对压电振动能量捕获技术开展了一系列理论和实验研究,根据磁流变阻尼器的结构特点,设计了适合磁流变阻尼器使用的压电堆振动能量捕获装置。首先从系统角度出发,基于压电堆发电装置的机械和电气两个部分之间的耦合关系,建立了一个从系统级别描述压电堆发电装置动态特性的机电耦合模型,深入研究其输出电能与外部振动、结构参数和外部负载阻抗之间的关系。然后对设计加工的压电堆振动能量捕获装置进行了系统的实验研究分析,结果表明：设计的压电堆发电装置可以在高频段振动条件下满足磁流变阻尼器的电能需求,在低频段振动条件下部分地满足磁流变阻尼器的使用要求。
为了能够在低频段振动条件下收集足够多的电能,构建自供能磁流变振动控制系统。基于法拉第电磁感应定律,对一种新型的两相管式直线型电磁感应振动能量捕获装置进行了系统的理论和实验研究,以捕获结构振动能供磁流变阻尼器使用。设计了两相管式直线型电磁感应振动能量捕获装置的结构,建立了其磁路模型和电能输出理论模型,对影响电能输出效率的关键问题进行了深入系统的研究和分析。最后进行了样机的实验研究,实验结果表明：设计研究的两相管式直线型电磁感应振动能量捕获装置可以在低频段振动条件下,收集足够磁流变阻尼器使用的直流稳压电能,激励磁流变阻尼器达到磁饱和状态,输出最大阻尼力；同时电磁感应振动能量捕获装置收集的电能与外部振动强度成正比,振动越强,捕获的电能越大,磁流变阻尼器的输出阻尼力越大,对振动的控制力也就越大。从而表明设计的两相管式直线型电磁感应振动能量捕获装置可以在无需外部电源控制设备和传感设备的条件下,构建自供能磁流变振动控制系统,实现对结构振动的自适应控制。
最后,对全文工作进行了总结,介绍了本论文研究的特色和创新之处,指出了今后工作有待深入研究的问题。
Comparing with normal hydraulic damper, magneto-rheological (MR) damper, which is a structural vibration control device and uses controllable magneto-rheological fluid as the working liquid, has a lot of merits, such as simple structure, adjustable damping force output, wide dynamic range, fast response, easily to combine with computer, etc. Because it combines the advantages of both active vibration control device, i.e. real-time adjustable damping force and passive vibration control device, i.e. the ability of fail-safe protection, MR damper system has been widely used in the vibration control areas, such as transportation, building, aerospace, automatic weapons, and has achieved good control results for mitigating the effect of undesired vibrations and protecting the structures from damage. To practically construct vibration and shock mitigation systems using MR dampers, either external power supply or current-control equipment is inevitably necessary for activating electromagnetic coils inside MR dampers for provision of magnetic field to the MR fluid. However, the external power supply and current control system will inevitably increase the complexity of the MR damper system and reduce the reliability of the vibration control system, in particular for some applications such as large-scale bridge and other outdoor structural vibration control applications, which inconvenience provide or cannot guarantee a reliable apply of electricity for MR dampers.
This dissertation will study the state-of-the-art technology of harvesting electrical power from external vibrations, which exist in the working environment of the MR damper, and using the harvested electrical power to energize the magneto-rheological damper. Because of not requiring the external power and control equipments, great merits such as size and weight reduction, less maintenance and lower cost could be achieved for the current MR damper systems. And it's possible to improve its reliability and promote the use of MR dampers to control the vibration of outdoor structures. In addition, the self-powered (power generation) technology is energy saving and environmentally friendly, and in line with the world development trend.
First of all, this paper systematically studied the magneto-rheological properties of MR fluids and the mechanical proterties of the MR damper in order to obtain the mathematical model of the output damping force and the external input current. An experimental prototype of the single-rod and single-cylinder MR damper was designed and manufactured with the aim of experimental study. Based on the theoretical and test research results, it can be seen that the normal electrical power for MR damper is about2W10W and this will be an evulation criteria for success of the vibration energy harvesting research.
In order to convert vibration energy into electrical energy, a PZT disc-stack vibration harvester, which is fit for the MR damper use, was designed. The electromechanical model for the PZT harvester, considering the coupled relation between the mechanical and electrical part, was built to investigate the relationship between the output electrical and external vibration, structural parameters and external resistance. An experimental prototype of the PZT disc-stack harvester was manufactured in order to experimentally investigate the harvested electrical power. The test results show that the designed PZT harvester can generate enough electrical power for the MR damper under high-frequency vibration condition, and partially meet the electricity needs of the MR damper under low-frequency vibration conditions.
Another vibration energy harvesting method, the electromagnetic vibration energy harvesting technology, is analyzed to harvest sufficient electrical power to power the MR damper. A novel two-phase tubular linear electromagnetic vibration energy harvester was designed and evaluated to harvest electrical power. The magnetic circuit model and the output power model of this novel electromagnetic harvester were investigated. Firstly, an experimental prototype of the electromagnetic harvester was designed and manufactured. A series of test were done to evaluate the ability of the electromagnetic vibration energy harvester. The results show that the electromagnetic harvester can generate enough electrical power for the MR damper under low-frequency vibration conditions and the output electrical power is proportional to the strength of the structural vibration. So, it indicates that the proposed two-phase tubular linear electromagnetic vibration energy harvester can be used to construct self-powering MR damper system and give an adaptive control to the environmental vibrations.
Finally, the works of this dissertation was concluded. The innovations and contributions of this dissertation were evaluated. The potential research issues as the continuation of this research were pointed out.
针对磁流变阻尼器对外部电源控制设备的需求问题,本文对两种振动能量捕获技术,即基于压电和电磁感应的振动能量捕获技术,进行了系统的研究和探讨,以期为磁流变阻尼器提供电能,构建自供能磁流变阻尼器系统。由于可以不需要外部电源控制设备,因此可以有效地推动磁流变振动控制技术在一些无法持续可靠供电领域里的应用,减小了磁流变振动控制系统的尺寸、重量、日常维修费用和成本,提高其可靠性。此外,自供能技术也是一种节能环保技术,符合世界发展潮流。
论文首先对磁流变液的磁流变特性和磁流变阻尼器的力学特性进行了深入系统的研究,建立了磁流变阻尼器输出阻尼力与输入电流之间的数学模型。设计了一个单杆单筒磁流变阻尼器,并对其阻尼力特性进行了实验研究。根据理论分析和实验研究的结果,总结得出磁流变阻尼器工作时所需电能大小的范围在2W-10W之间,为下文振动能量捕获装置的研究提供了一个评估电能捕获能力的标准。
随后对压电振动能量捕获技术开展了一系列理论和实验研究,根据磁流变阻尼器的结构特点,设计了适合磁流变阻尼器使用的压电堆振动能量捕获装置。首先从系统角度出发,基于压电堆发电装置的机械和电气两个部分之间的耦合关系,建立了一个从系统级别描述压电堆发电装置动态特性的机电耦合模型,深入研究其输出电能与外部振动、结构参数和外部负载阻抗之间的关系。然后对设计加工的压电堆振动能量捕获装置进行了系统的实验研究分析,结果表明：设计的压电堆发电装置可以在高频段振动条件下满足磁流变阻尼器的电能需求,在低频段振动条件下部分地满足磁流变阻尼器的使用要求。
为了能够在低频段振动条件下收集足够多的电能,构建自供能磁流变振动控制系统。基于法拉第电磁感应定律,对一种新型的两相管式直线型电磁感应振动能量捕获装置进行了系统的理论和实验研究,以捕获结构振动能供磁流变阻尼器使用。设计了两相管式直线型电磁感应振动能量捕获装置的结构,建立了其磁路模型和电能输出理论模型,对影响电能输出效率的关键问题进行了深入系统的研究和分析。最后进行了样机的实验研究,实验结果表明：设计研究的两相管式直线型电磁感应振动能量捕获装置可以在低频段振动条件下,收集足够磁流变阻尼器使用的直流稳压电能,激励磁流变阻尼器达到磁饱和状态,输出最大阻尼力；同时电磁感应振动能量捕获装置收集的电能与外部振动强度成正比,振动越强,捕获的电能越大,磁流变阻尼器的输出阻尼力越大,对振动的控制力也就越大。从而表明设计的两相管式直线型电磁感应振动能量捕获装置可以在无需外部电源控制设备和传感设备的条件下,构建自供能磁流变振动控制系统,实现对结构振动的自适应控制。
最后,对全文工作进行了总结,介绍了本论文研究的特色和创新之处,指出了今后工作有待深入研究的问题。
Comparing with normal hydraulic damper, magneto-rheological (MR) damper, which is a structural vibration control device and uses controllable magneto-rheological fluid as the working liquid, has a lot of merits, such as simple structure, adjustable damping force output, wide dynamic range, fast response, easily to combine with computer, etc. Because it combines the advantages of both active vibration control device, i.e. real-time adjustable damping force and passive vibration control device, i.e. the ability of fail-safe protection, MR damper system has been widely used in the vibration control areas, such as transportation, building, aerospace, automatic weapons, and has achieved good control results for mitigating the effect of undesired vibrations and protecting the structures from damage. To practically construct vibration and shock mitigation systems using MR dampers, either external power supply or current-control equipment is inevitably necessary for activating electromagnetic coils inside MR dampers for provision of magnetic field to the MR fluid. However, the external power supply and current control system will inevitably increase the complexity of the MR damper system and reduce the reliability of the vibration control system, in particular for some applications such as large-scale bridge and other outdoor structural vibration control applications, which inconvenience provide or cannot guarantee a reliable apply of electricity for MR dampers.
This dissertation will study the state-of-the-art technology of harvesting electrical power from external vibrations, which exist in the working environment of the MR damper, and using the harvested electrical power to energize the magneto-rheological damper. Because of not requiring the external power and control equipments, great merits such as size and weight reduction, less maintenance and lower cost could be achieved for the current MR damper systems. And it's possible to improve its reliability and promote the use of MR dampers to control the vibration of outdoor structures. In addition, the self-powered (power generation) technology is energy saving and environmentally friendly, and in line with the world development trend.
First of all, this paper systematically studied the magneto-rheological properties of MR fluids and the mechanical proterties of the MR damper in order to obtain the mathematical model of the output damping force and the external input current. An experimental prototype of the single-rod and single-cylinder MR damper was designed and manufactured with the aim of experimental study. Based on the theoretical and test research results, it can be seen that the normal electrical power for MR damper is about2W10W and this will be an evulation criteria for success of the vibration energy harvesting research.
In order to convert vibration energy into electrical energy, a PZT disc-stack vibration harvester, which is fit for the MR damper use, was designed. The electromechanical model for the PZT harvester, considering the coupled relation between the mechanical and electrical part, was built to investigate the relationship between the output electrical and external vibration, structural parameters and external resistance. An experimental prototype of the PZT disc-stack harvester was manufactured in order to experimentally investigate the harvested electrical power. The test results show that the designed PZT harvester can generate enough electrical power for the MR damper under high-frequency vibration condition, and partially meet the electricity needs of the MR damper under low-frequency vibration conditions.
Another vibration energy harvesting method, the electromagnetic vibration energy harvesting technology, is analyzed to harvest sufficient electrical power to power the MR damper. A novel two-phase tubular linear electromagnetic vibration energy harvester was designed and evaluated to harvest electrical power. The magnetic circuit model and the output power model of this novel electromagnetic harvester were investigated. Firstly, an experimental prototype of the electromagnetic harvester was designed and manufactured. A series of test were done to evaluate the ability of the electromagnetic vibration energy harvester. The results show that the electromagnetic harvester can generate enough electrical power for the MR damper under low-frequency vibration conditions and the output electrical power is proportional to the strength of the structural vibration. So, it indicates that the proposed two-phase tubular linear electromagnetic vibration energy harvester can be used to construct self-powering MR damper system and give an adaptive control to the environmental vibrations.
Finally, the works of this dissertation was concluded. The innovations and contributions of this dissertation were evaluated. The potential research issues as the continuation of this research were pointed out.
引文
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