非平衡等离子体脱除NO的数值模拟研究
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摘要
非平衡等离子体脱除NO是集物理学、化学和环境工程学于一体的交叉学科,其影响NO转化脱除的本质是等离子体中进行的一系列微观物理化学反应过程,这些过程难以通过实验直接加以研究,但可以通过数值模拟进行分析。论文基于不同的背景气体,分别进行了以氦气为载气的模拟烟气系统He/NO、 He/NO/O2、He/NO/O2/H2O和以氮气为载气的模拟烟气系统N2/NO的非平衡等离子体脱除转化NO的数值模拟研究。依据非平衡等离子体脱除转化NO的反应机理和反应方程式,建立了各模拟烟气系统下的化学反应动力学方程,并对其进行了数值求解,通过调整反应物初值和反应中的各种参数,系统地考察了等离子体内的微观物理化学反应过程及各种因素对不同背景气体下非平衡等离子体脱除转化NO的影响机制,指出了各种系统脱除转化NO的主要途径。
对以氦气为载气的简化模拟烟气系统He/NO、He/NO/O2和He/NO/O2/H2O,主要考察了体系中NO转化为N2的反应及各因素对NO脱除的影响。结果表明,在He/NO/O2/H2O系统中,随微波等离子体输出功率增加,NO脱除效率呈现先快速增加后增加缓慢的趋势,N2的选择性也呈现同样规律,而在无水系统He/NO和He/NO/O2中,微波等离子体输出功率对NO脱除与转化影响不显著；模拟计算过程中,O·自由基和N·自由基的屏蔽与否对各系统的NO转化和N2选择性均有显著影响,其中N·自由基的影响尤为明显,存在O·屏蔽N·使NO主要转化为NO2,存在N·屏蔽O·有利于NO脱除并提高N2的选择性；O2和H2O的加入可增加产物中NO2的生成量,但仍小于N2的生成量；在3个体系中,He/NO体系脱除NO主要为还原反应,而He/NO/O2和He/NO/O2/H2O体系脱除NO则包括还原和氧化双重作用,其中以还原作用为主,氧化作用较弱,主要氧化物种为O·和·OH自由基,芬顿试剂为氧化添加剂的液相脱除实验研究证实了·OH自由基对NO的氧化脱除作用。
为使模拟烟气系统接近实际烟气成分,选取以氮气为载气的模拟烟气系统N2/NO。在N2/NO体系中,考察了等离子体主要特征量及各因素对NO脱除的影响。结果表明,等离子体电离度和电子平均能量对NO脱除效率影响显著；初始电子相对数密度是决定体系非平衡等离子体NO脱除的本质因素,初始电子相对数密度大,体系NO脱除效率高,当初始电子相对数密度为1/2时,NO脱除效率高达97.91%；电子平均能量与NO脱除效率成正相关关系,电子平均能量高于10eV时,NO的脱除效率可达到87%以上；反应的最终产物以N2为主,但也有一定量的O2和少量的N02,这表明在此体系中,还原反应是NO脱除的主要历程；O·自由基屏蔽前后,NO脱除效率由58.68%下降为49.75%,NO2选择性由8.86%下降为0；N·自由基屏蔽后,NO的脱除效率和NO2选择性均下降为0,表明体系中O·为氧化物种,N·为主要还原物种,NO的脱除在很大程度上取决于体系中的活性N·；O2的加入降低了NO脱除的还原氛围,导致NO脱除效率下降。
The removal of the NO by non-equilibrium plasma belongs to the interdiscipline combining physics, chemistry and environmental engineering, the essence which impacts the NO removal lies in the micro physical and chemical reactions. It is difficult to study these courses though experiments, but it can be researched by the numerical simulation experiments. Based on different gases backgrounds, the NO removal in the simulating gases systems with the He and N2as the carrier by non-equilibrium plasma were studied through the numerical simulation in this paper. According to the mechanism and the reaction equation of the NO removal by non-equilibrium plasma, the kinetic reaction equations of the simulating gases systems were obtained, and the numerical solutions were derived. By adjusting the initial values and the reaction parameters, the courses of the micro physical and chemical reactions of the plasma were systemically studied, and the cofactors which effect the NO removal by non-equilibrium plasma based on different gases were also studied. The major course of the NO removal in each system was revealed.
For the simplified simulating gas system with the He as the carrier, such as the He/NO、He/NO/O2and He/NO/O2/H2O systems, the reactions of NO converting to N2and the impactors on the NO removal were mainly studied. The results showed that the efficiency of the NO removal increased initially and then slowed down as the micro-wave output increased in the He/NO/O2/H2O system. The same result was found for the selectivity of the N2. But, for the no-water system, the micro-wave output had little impact on the NO removal. In the course of the simulation calculation, the NO removal and the selectivity of N2were obviously impacted by the O-radical and N-radical, and especially by the N· radical. Existing O· shielding N· facilitated the converting of the NO to NO2, and existing N· shielding O· facilitated the NO removal and increased the selectivity of the N2. The addition of the O2and H2O could increase the yield of NO2, but it was still lower than the production of N2. The major reaction of the NO removal in the He/NO system was reduction. The NO removal in the He/NO/O2and He/NO/O2/H2O systems included not only reduction process but also oxidation process, but the major reaction was reduction reaction and the oxidation reaction was comparably weaker. The oxidation agents were O· and·OH radicals. The effects of the oxidizing removal of the NO by the·OH radicals was verified by the addition of Fenton agents as the oxidizing agent in the liquid phase.
In order to simulate the actual flue gas, the N2/NO system was selected, the impact of main features of the plasma and other factors on the NO removal were studied. The results showed that the ionized degree of the plasma and the average energy of the electrons had strong effects on the efficiency of the NO removal. The NO removal by non-equilibrium plasma was essentially determined by the initial comparable electron number density. The higher the initial comparable electron number density was, the higher the NO removal efficiency. When the initial comparable electron number density was1/2, the efficiency of the NO removal reached to97.91%; The efficiency of the NO removal was positively related to the average energy of the electrons. When the average energy of the electrons was over10eV, the efficiency of the NO removal could be over to87%, the final reaction products were mainly N2with little O2and NO2. The above result showed that the main course for the NO removal was the reduction process. With the O· radicals shielding, the efficiency of the NO removal descended from58.68%to49.75%, and the selectivity of the NO2reduced from8.86%to0. With the N· radicals shielding, the efficiency of the NO removal and the selectivity of the NO2all decreased to0, which showed that O· radical was oxidizing agent and N· was reduction agent. The removal of NO was mainly depended on the reactivity of the N·. The addition of the O2was against to the reduction environment of the NO removal and made the efficiency of the NO removal decrease.
对以氦气为载气的简化模拟烟气系统He/NO、He/NO/O2和He/NO/O2/H2O,主要考察了体系中NO转化为N2的反应及各因素对NO脱除的影响。结果表明,在He/NO/O2/H2O系统中,随微波等离子体输出功率增加,NO脱除效率呈现先快速增加后增加缓慢的趋势,N2的选择性也呈现同样规律,而在无水系统He/NO和He/NO/O2中,微波等离子体输出功率对NO脱除与转化影响不显著；模拟计算过程中,O·自由基和N·自由基的屏蔽与否对各系统的NO转化和N2选择性均有显著影响,其中N·自由基的影响尤为明显,存在O·屏蔽N·使NO主要转化为NO2,存在N·屏蔽O·有利于NO脱除并提高N2的选择性；O2和H2O的加入可增加产物中NO2的生成量,但仍小于N2的生成量；在3个体系中,He/NO体系脱除NO主要为还原反应,而He/NO/O2和He/NO/O2/H2O体系脱除NO则包括还原和氧化双重作用,其中以还原作用为主,氧化作用较弱,主要氧化物种为O·和·OH自由基,芬顿试剂为氧化添加剂的液相脱除实验研究证实了·OH自由基对NO的氧化脱除作用。
为使模拟烟气系统接近实际烟气成分,选取以氮气为载气的模拟烟气系统N2/NO。在N2/NO体系中,考察了等离子体主要特征量及各因素对NO脱除的影响。结果表明,等离子体电离度和电子平均能量对NO脱除效率影响显著；初始电子相对数密度是决定体系非平衡等离子体NO脱除的本质因素,初始电子相对数密度大,体系NO脱除效率高,当初始电子相对数密度为1/2时,NO脱除效率高达97.91%；电子平均能量与NO脱除效率成正相关关系,电子平均能量高于10eV时,NO的脱除效率可达到87%以上；反应的最终产物以N2为主,但也有一定量的O2和少量的N02,这表明在此体系中,还原反应是NO脱除的主要历程；O·自由基屏蔽前后,NO脱除效率由58.68%下降为49.75%,NO2选择性由8.86%下降为0；N·自由基屏蔽后,NO的脱除效率和NO2选择性均下降为0,表明体系中O·为氧化物种,N·为主要还原物种,NO的脱除在很大程度上取决于体系中的活性N·；O2的加入降低了NO脱除的还原氛围,导致NO脱除效率下降。
The removal of the NO by non-equilibrium plasma belongs to the interdiscipline combining physics, chemistry and environmental engineering, the essence which impacts the NO removal lies in the micro physical and chemical reactions. It is difficult to study these courses though experiments, but it can be researched by the numerical simulation experiments. Based on different gases backgrounds, the NO removal in the simulating gases systems with the He and N2as the carrier by non-equilibrium plasma were studied through the numerical simulation in this paper. According to the mechanism and the reaction equation of the NO removal by non-equilibrium plasma, the kinetic reaction equations of the simulating gases systems were obtained, and the numerical solutions were derived. By adjusting the initial values and the reaction parameters, the courses of the micro physical and chemical reactions of the plasma were systemically studied, and the cofactors which effect the NO removal by non-equilibrium plasma based on different gases were also studied. The major course of the NO removal in each system was revealed.
For the simplified simulating gas system with the He as the carrier, such as the He/NO、He/NO/O2and He/NO/O2/H2O systems, the reactions of NO converting to N2and the impactors on the NO removal were mainly studied. The results showed that the efficiency of the NO removal increased initially and then slowed down as the micro-wave output increased in the He/NO/O2/H2O system. The same result was found for the selectivity of the N2. But, for the no-water system, the micro-wave output had little impact on the NO removal. In the course of the simulation calculation, the NO removal and the selectivity of N2were obviously impacted by the O-radical and N-radical, and especially by the N· radical. Existing O· shielding N· facilitated the converting of the NO to NO2, and existing N· shielding O· facilitated the NO removal and increased the selectivity of the N2. The addition of the O2and H2O could increase the yield of NO2, but it was still lower than the production of N2. The major reaction of the NO removal in the He/NO system was reduction. The NO removal in the He/NO/O2and He/NO/O2/H2O systems included not only reduction process but also oxidation process, but the major reaction was reduction reaction and the oxidation reaction was comparably weaker. The oxidation agents were O· and·OH radicals. The effects of the oxidizing removal of the NO by the·OH radicals was verified by the addition of Fenton agents as the oxidizing agent in the liquid phase.
In order to simulate the actual flue gas, the N2/NO system was selected, the impact of main features of the plasma and other factors on the NO removal were studied. The results showed that the ionized degree of the plasma and the average energy of the electrons had strong effects on the efficiency of the NO removal. The NO removal by non-equilibrium plasma was essentially determined by the initial comparable electron number density. The higher the initial comparable electron number density was, the higher the NO removal efficiency. When the initial comparable electron number density was1/2, the efficiency of the NO removal reached to97.91%; The efficiency of the NO removal was positively related to the average energy of the electrons. When the average energy of the electrons was over10eV, the efficiency of the NO removal could be over to87%, the final reaction products were mainly N2with little O2and NO2. The above result showed that the main course for the NO removal was the reduction process. With the O· radicals shielding, the efficiency of the NO removal descended from58.68%to49.75%, and the selectivity of the NO2reduced from8.86%to0. With the N· radicals shielding, the efficiency of the NO removal and the selectivity of the NO2all decreased to0, which showed that O· radical was oxidizing agent and N· was reduction agent. The removal of NO was mainly depended on the reactivity of the N·. The addition of the O2was against to the reduction environment of the NO removal and made the efficiency of the NO removal decrease.
引文
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