基于长周期光纤光栅及非线性效应的多波长光纤激光器的研究
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摘要
多波长光纤激光器（MWFL）是一种可以在几十纳米的光谱范围内同时产生几个、十几个、几十个甚至上百个激光波长的光纤激光器，在未来的密集波分复用（DWDM）光通信系统、光纤传感、高精度光谱分析和光仪器检测等领域具有广阔的应用前景。本论文研究了基于级联非匹配长周期光纤光栅（LPFG）的新型可开关、可调谐MWFL和利用光纤的非线性效应实现的具有大量波长输出的MWFL。同时，我们也研究了LPFG的制作方法以及新特性。本论文的主要研究工作及成果包括：
首先，介绍了我们自行设计、搭建的一套用线聚焦、长脉冲CO2激光全自动刻写LPFG的装置，这是目前成本最低、操作最为简单的制作LPFG的平台之一。解释了写入光斑的大小可以影响纤芯模和非对称包层模耦合的机理，并用基于有限元方法（FEM）的模拟和包层腐蚀实验加以验证。结论是小光斑写入法主要激发对称模式耦合，产生单峰共振的透射谱；大光斑写入法有利于激发非对称模式耦合，从而产生多峰共振的透射谱。
其次，提出了“级联非匹配LPFG”的概念，即级联两个不同的LPFG，并对它的光谱特性进行了理论分析和实验研究。通过推导出其梳状透射谱的上、下包络的解析表达式，证明了其光谱上包络的固有不平坦性，但其下包络弯曲的曲率更大，而且对包层模损耗变化非常敏感。实验上，我们通过适当地弯曲级联非匹配LPFG，实现了在1530nm~1560nm波长范围内连续可调的局部高衬比度梳状透射谱。这一技术可应用于高精度弯曲传感器。
再次，我们自制了具有偏振相关损耗（PDL）特性的级联非匹配LPFG，其梳状透射谱上包络可以随着入射光偏振态（SOP）起伏，即不同波长处的透射峰会随着入射SOP不同程度地升高或降低，这样就形成了一个各通道透射率可以非均匀变化的特殊梳状滤波器。它在EDFL中可以同时起到波长选择器和开关滤波器的作用。再辅以一个宽带高双折射萨格纳克光纤环（HiBi-SLM）来调节掺铒光纤（EDF）的增益带，我们的可开关、可调谐MWFL最终可以在1540nm~1570nm波长范围内输出数十种波长组合的激光。
然后，我们研究了利用色散位移光纤（DSF）作为非线性介质同时引入非线性偏振旋转（NPR）效应和四波混频（FWM）效应用于MWFL。前者可以引入强度相关损耗（IDL）机制，用于抑制EDF的均匀展宽增益特性带来的模式竞争，后者可以促进各波长间的能量均衡分配，二者都有利于实现稳定工作的MWFL。对比发现，使用DSF比使用相同长度的单模光纤（SMF）产生的波长数目更多，效率更高。使用简单的环形谐振腔结构，实现了0.4nm波长间距，最多38个波长输出的MWFL。
接着，利用非线性放大环形镜（NALM）产生多波长。理论和实验证明，这种方法的最大优点在于通过控制腔内损耗，可以方便地修正NALM的透射率特性，从而优化多波长激光振荡。使用“8”字形腔结构，辅以一段未泵浦的EDF来调节腔内损耗和吸收放大的自发辐射（ASE），在只有70mW的泵浦功率下，可以产生0.45nm波长间距，多达62个波长的可调谐激光输出。其中，利用MATLAB软件，通过数值求解激光器的原子速率方程和谐振腔速率方程，对基于NALM的MWFL的激光振荡过程进行了动态仿真，这有利于在理论上深入研究MWFL的性质。
最后，我们研究了一种新颖的基于NALM的双态MW-EDFL，它采用数百米长的SMF作为非线性介质，既可以实现被动锁模，产生纳秒量级矩形波光脉冲，同时在光谱上产生非常稳定的数十个激光波长；又可以实现连续波多波长，产生高SNR、窄线宽的四波长可调谐输出。通过调节偏振控制器，可以使激光器在两种工作状态间切换。
Multiwavelength fiber laser (MWFL) outputs dozens of wavelengths in spectral range oftens of nanometers. It is hopeful to be applied in potential dense wavelength-divisionmultiplexing (DWDM) optical communication system, optical fiber sensing, high-precisionspectroscopy and optical instrument testing, etc. The thesis presents a novel switchable andtunable MWFL based on cascaded mismatching long-period fiber gratings (LPFG) and somesimple-structure but high-effect MWFLs utilizing nonlinear effects of fiber. Meanwhile, wealso research LPFG-fabrication technologies and find some novel characteristic of LPFGs.The main and original achievements include:
Firstly, we design and establish an automatic LPFG-fabrication setup by use of line-focusedand long-pulse CO2laser, which is one of the most low-cost and simplified LPFG fabricationtechnologies. We explain the dependence of mode coupling between fiber core mode andasymmetric cladding mode on irradiation-spot size of CO2laser, during the LPFG fabrication.Simulation based on finite element method (FEM) and cladding-etching experiment bothagree with our explanation.
Secondly, we research cascaded LPFGs with differences, named “cascaded mismatchingLPFGs”, for the spectral characteristics in theory and experiment. We derive the analyticalexpressions of the upper and lower envelopes around the transmission spectrum of cascadedmismatching LPFGs. We prove the upper envelope of the comb spectrum is intrinsicallycurved, but less than the lower envelope, which is sensitive to the cladding mode loss. Inexperiment, through bending the grating pair of cascaded mismatching LPFGs properly,continuously tunable and high-contrast comb spectrum is realized in wavelength range of 1530nm~1560nm.
Thirdly, we produced cascaded mismatching LPFGs with polarization-dependent loss(PDL) property. The upper envelope of such cascaded mismatching LPFGs is fluctuated withincident state of polarization (SOP), i.e., the spectral peaks will raise or fall with incident SOPinhomogeneously, and then a channel-transmissivity-individually-variable comb filter isformed. When such a pair of LPFGs is inserted into MWFL, it can act as a wavelengthselector and a switching filter simultaneously. With fine cooperation of a high-birefringenceSagnac loop mirror (HiBi-SLM) to tune the gain region，our individually switchable andwidely tunable MW-EDFL can output tens of types of lasing-wavelength combinations from1540nm to1570nm, which is difficult to achieve by other means.
Fourthly, a length of dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) is used in MWFL as a nonlinear mediumto induce both nonlinear-polarization-rotation (NPR) and four-wave-mixing (FWM) effects.The former induces intensity-dependent loss (IDL) to suppress the mode competition resultedfrom homogenous linewidth broadening of erbium-doped fiber (EDF); the latter equalizespower distribution on wavelengths, and both of them perform in favor of multiwavelengthgeneration. Comparative experiment demonstrates DSF has higher efficiencies thanconventional single-mode fiber (SMF) with the same length in term of wavelength count.From a simple ring-cavity MWFL, up to38wavelengths with channel spacing of0.4nm arerealized.
Fifthly, a MWFL based on a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror (NALM) is demonstrated.Our theoretical and experimental researches both prove NALM has a unique advantage thatmodifying the transmission characteristic of NALM through controlling the cavity loss of thelaser, can optimizes the MWFL performance conveniently. In the “8”-figure-cavity MWFLassisted by a section of un-pumped EDF to adjust the cavity loss, as many as62wavelengthswith0.45nm channel spacing are achieved, with only70mW pump power. Meanwhile, wenumerically calculate the atomic-rate equation and cavity-rate equation of laser with software of MATLAB. We carry out dynamic simulation of MWFL based on a NALM, which ismeaningful for deep study on MWFL principles in theory.
At last, we research a novel two-state MWFL based on a NALM, in which several hundredsof meters of SMFs are used as the nonlinear medium. In passively mode-locked state, thisMWFL can output nanosecond-scale square pulses at the fundamental cavity-frequency, whenas many as seventy-eight stable wavelengths are observed on the optical spectrum. Throughadjusting the polarization controllers, the laser turns to continous-wave state, generatingtunable four wavelengths with high signal-noise-ratio and narrow linewidth.
首先，介绍了我们自行设计、搭建的一套用线聚焦、长脉冲CO2激光全自动刻写LPFG的装置，这是目前成本最低、操作最为简单的制作LPFG的平台之一。解释了写入光斑的大小可以影响纤芯模和非对称包层模耦合的机理，并用基于有限元方法（FEM）的模拟和包层腐蚀实验加以验证。结论是小光斑写入法主要激发对称模式耦合，产生单峰共振的透射谱；大光斑写入法有利于激发非对称模式耦合，从而产生多峰共振的透射谱。
其次，提出了“级联非匹配LPFG”的概念，即级联两个不同的LPFG，并对它的光谱特性进行了理论分析和实验研究。通过推导出其梳状透射谱的上、下包络的解析表达式，证明了其光谱上包络的固有不平坦性，但其下包络弯曲的曲率更大，而且对包层模损耗变化非常敏感。实验上，我们通过适当地弯曲级联非匹配LPFG，实现了在1530nm~1560nm波长范围内连续可调的局部高衬比度梳状透射谱。这一技术可应用于高精度弯曲传感器。
再次，我们自制了具有偏振相关损耗（PDL）特性的级联非匹配LPFG，其梳状透射谱上包络可以随着入射光偏振态（SOP）起伏，即不同波长处的透射峰会随着入射SOP不同程度地升高或降低，这样就形成了一个各通道透射率可以非均匀变化的特殊梳状滤波器。它在EDFL中可以同时起到波长选择器和开关滤波器的作用。再辅以一个宽带高双折射萨格纳克光纤环（HiBi-SLM）来调节掺铒光纤（EDF）的增益带，我们的可开关、可调谐MWFL最终可以在1540nm~1570nm波长范围内输出数十种波长组合的激光。
然后，我们研究了利用色散位移光纤（DSF）作为非线性介质同时引入非线性偏振旋转（NPR）效应和四波混频（FWM）效应用于MWFL。前者可以引入强度相关损耗（IDL）机制，用于抑制EDF的均匀展宽增益特性带来的模式竞争，后者可以促进各波长间的能量均衡分配，二者都有利于实现稳定工作的MWFL。对比发现，使用DSF比使用相同长度的单模光纤（SMF）产生的波长数目更多，效率更高。使用简单的环形谐振腔结构，实现了0.4nm波长间距，最多38个波长输出的MWFL。
接着，利用非线性放大环形镜（NALM）产生多波长。理论和实验证明，这种方法的最大优点在于通过控制腔内损耗，可以方便地修正NALM的透射率特性，从而优化多波长激光振荡。使用“8”字形腔结构，辅以一段未泵浦的EDF来调节腔内损耗和吸收放大的自发辐射（ASE），在只有70mW的泵浦功率下，可以产生0.45nm波长间距，多达62个波长的可调谐激光输出。其中，利用MATLAB软件，通过数值求解激光器的原子速率方程和谐振腔速率方程，对基于NALM的MWFL的激光振荡过程进行了动态仿真，这有利于在理论上深入研究MWFL的性质。
最后，我们研究了一种新颖的基于NALM的双态MW-EDFL，它采用数百米长的SMF作为非线性介质，既可以实现被动锁模，产生纳秒量级矩形波光脉冲，同时在光谱上产生非常稳定的数十个激光波长；又可以实现连续波多波长，产生高SNR、窄线宽的四波长可调谐输出。通过调节偏振控制器，可以使激光器在两种工作状态间切换。
Multiwavelength fiber laser (MWFL) outputs dozens of wavelengths in spectral range oftens of nanometers. It is hopeful to be applied in potential dense wavelength-divisionmultiplexing (DWDM) optical communication system, optical fiber sensing, high-precisionspectroscopy and optical instrument testing, etc. The thesis presents a novel switchable andtunable MWFL based on cascaded mismatching long-period fiber gratings (LPFG) and somesimple-structure but high-effect MWFLs utilizing nonlinear effects of fiber. Meanwhile, wealso research LPFG-fabrication technologies and find some novel characteristic of LPFGs.The main and original achievements include:
Firstly, we design and establish an automatic LPFG-fabrication setup by use of line-focusedand long-pulse CO2laser, which is one of the most low-cost and simplified LPFG fabricationtechnologies. We explain the dependence of mode coupling between fiber core mode andasymmetric cladding mode on irradiation-spot size of CO2laser, during the LPFG fabrication.Simulation based on finite element method (FEM) and cladding-etching experiment bothagree with our explanation.
Secondly, we research cascaded LPFGs with differences, named “cascaded mismatchingLPFGs”, for the spectral characteristics in theory and experiment. We derive the analyticalexpressions of the upper and lower envelopes around the transmission spectrum of cascadedmismatching LPFGs. We prove the upper envelope of the comb spectrum is intrinsicallycurved, but less than the lower envelope, which is sensitive to the cladding mode loss. Inexperiment, through bending the grating pair of cascaded mismatching LPFGs properly,continuously tunable and high-contrast comb spectrum is realized in wavelength range of 1530nm~1560nm.
Thirdly, we produced cascaded mismatching LPFGs with polarization-dependent loss(PDL) property. The upper envelope of such cascaded mismatching LPFGs is fluctuated withincident state of polarization (SOP), i.e., the spectral peaks will raise or fall with incident SOPinhomogeneously, and then a channel-transmissivity-individually-variable comb filter isformed. When such a pair of LPFGs is inserted into MWFL, it can act as a wavelengthselector and a switching filter simultaneously. With fine cooperation of a high-birefringenceSagnac loop mirror (HiBi-SLM) to tune the gain region，our individually switchable andwidely tunable MW-EDFL can output tens of types of lasing-wavelength combinations from1540nm to1570nm, which is difficult to achieve by other means.
Fourthly, a length of dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) is used in MWFL as a nonlinear mediumto induce both nonlinear-polarization-rotation (NPR) and four-wave-mixing (FWM) effects.The former induces intensity-dependent loss (IDL) to suppress the mode competition resultedfrom homogenous linewidth broadening of erbium-doped fiber (EDF); the latter equalizespower distribution on wavelengths, and both of them perform in favor of multiwavelengthgeneration. Comparative experiment demonstrates DSF has higher efficiencies thanconventional single-mode fiber (SMF) with the same length in term of wavelength count.From a simple ring-cavity MWFL, up to38wavelengths with channel spacing of0.4nm arerealized.
Fifthly, a MWFL based on a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror (NALM) is demonstrated.Our theoretical and experimental researches both prove NALM has a unique advantage thatmodifying the transmission characteristic of NALM through controlling the cavity loss of thelaser, can optimizes the MWFL performance conveniently. In the “8”-figure-cavity MWFLassisted by a section of un-pumped EDF to adjust the cavity loss, as many as62wavelengthswith0.45nm channel spacing are achieved, with only70mW pump power. Meanwhile, wenumerically calculate the atomic-rate equation and cavity-rate equation of laser with software of MATLAB. We carry out dynamic simulation of MWFL based on a NALM, which ismeaningful for deep study on MWFL principles in theory.
At last, we research a novel two-state MWFL based on a NALM, in which several hundredsof meters of SMFs are used as the nonlinear medium. In passively mode-locked state, thisMWFL can output nanosecond-scale square pulses at the fundamental cavity-frequency, whenas many as seventy-eight stable wavelengths are observed on the optical spectrum. Throughadjusting the polarization controllers, the laser turns to continous-wave state, generatingtunable four wavelengths with high signal-noise-ratio and narrow linewidth.
引文
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