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商业银行小微企业金融服务研究
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摘要
2008年金融危机对外部需求的打击,直接导致长三角和珠三角的小微企业不断陷入“倒闭”危机。由于经营成本上升、存货增加、投资失败等因素的共同作用,大量中小企业出现资金链紧绷和经营困难。统计数据显示,中国小微企业利润率不足3%,而小微企业解决了80%以上的城乡就业,为GDP提供了近60%的贡献。小微企业能否解困,关乎国家稳定大局。
     基于此,国家将小微企业的发展提到前所未有的高度,并制定了相应政策。对商业银行而言,直接融资渠道的拓宽,减少了优质企业对商业银行的贷款需求;利率市场化的进程加快,直接收窄了商业银行的净息差,削弱了商业银行的政策红利。小微企业金融服务的战略转型,是商业银行在金融脱媒、利率市场化背景下的正确和必然选择。
     本文的研究对象是商业银行小微企业金融服务,即商业银行如何开展小微企业金融服务的问题。本文并不局限于小微企业信贷发放与风险防范的探讨,还从商业银行专业经营的高度、小微企业结算与综合服务、商业银行组织架构、内部流程及制度的重构等方面探讨商业银行小微企业金融服务的具体做法。与小微企业融资难的传统视角不同,本文从商业银行为何和应当如何发展小微企业金融服务这一视角进行研究。论文紧紧围绕三个问题展开:①商业银行专业化要求下的战略定位和市场选择;②商业银行如何设计小微企业金融产品和服务;③商业银行如何匹配小微企业金融服务的组织、流程和制度。
     客户分类分层的特性,决定了客户需求的多元化,因此专业化经营、差异化服务是银行战略转型的必然选择。在利率市场化、金融脱媒、资本约束的环境约束下,银行产品同质化和易模仿的特性,要求商业银行必须依托自身拥有的资源制定清晰正确的战略,最大限度地开发和培育新的资源和能力。小微企业金融市场以其广阔的市场空间,为商业银行的战略转型提供了新的思路,发展小微企业金融服务有助于培育竞争优势、提升资本效率、增强盈利能力、加快机构布局、强化客户群建设。
     由于存在逆向选择,小微企业融资的门槛越高、要价越高,越容易错失优质客户。而单个小微企业的融资规模偏低与市场开发成本偏高的矛盾,要求小微企业融资服务突破传统的评估模式,实现效率的有效提升。只有依托批量化和规模化的信贷工厂模式,通过分散的前台网点服务与高度整合的中后台支撑平台相结合,才能逐步实现由分散到集约、由非标准到标准、由多模式到规范化的转变。以小微融资为拳头产品,融合结算和综合金融服务,才能不断满足小微客户的功能性需求、情感需求和价值需求,实现客户满意水平和忠诚度的提升。
     商业银行应遵循流程银行建设的思想,以组织重构与业务流程优化为途径,以满足客户需求为核心原则,形成前台营销服务职能完善、中台风险控制严谨、后台保障支持有力的业务运行模式。在组织架构上,本文提出了商业银行小微企业金融服务的组织架构思路,即在总行层面成立小微事业部,主要从事产品研发设计、授信政策制定、开发模式准入、贷后监控等;在分行层面设立小微企业部,从事产品推动及风险控制;在支行层面组建小微企业营销团队,专司客户营销工作。同时,根据小微企业金融服务的特点,重构商业银行的内部管理制度,包括激励制度、授信评估模式、担保制度、贷款不良率的容忍度等。小微业务的组织、流程和制度保障,是小微企业金融服务成功的必要条件。
     论文在研究方法上,运用了文献分析、定量分析和实证分析。在研究过程中借鉴了管理学、经济学、统计学、系统论、营销学及应用数学等不同学科、领域的知识、方法、技巧和成果。
     通过研究,论文的主要结论是:①商业银行小微企业金融服务具有必然性和可行性;②小微企业金融服务在服务方式、产品及定价、服务内容等方面的都有自身的显著特性;③小微企业金融服务战略设计关键在于组织结构优化和制度安排。
     本文的创新之处主要在于:
     (1)系统地研究了商业银行小微企业金融服务问题。论文抛开小微企业融资难的传统视角,从商业银行应当如何开展小微企业金融服务的角度,深入剖析小微企业的生存形态和发展特征,探讨了小微企业金融服务的市场空间、产品和服务,以及商业银行开展小微企业金融服务的组织架构和业务流程。提出了基于产品供应的季节或时令的阶段性融资产品、法人账户透支产品、小微城市合作社的开拓模式、小微企业主俱乐部服务、小微企业金融服务在总分支行的组织架构和责权利设计、融资风险识别与防范方法、内部管理制度设计等思路,为商业银行开展小微企业金融服务提供了理论和实践参考。
     (2)构建了小微企业融资的定价模型。结合基于银行盈利角度的成本加成定价模式、基于小微企业盈利能力的利润分析模式和基于利润贡献的关系型贷款模式,构建了小微企业的融资定价模型,并进行了数学推导,得出结论:①贷款利率的区间下限为银行可接受的最低收益率,上限为借款企业经营预期收益率;②贷款利率是风险成本的单调递增函数,贷款利率必须覆盖风险成本。在此基础上,详细分析了影响风险成本的经济周期因素、区域因素和行业因素,探讨了如何降低影响贷款价格的资金成本、运营成本和风险成本,并运用大数定律预测和控制个体的风险损失率。
     (3)构建了小微企业金融需求层次模型。运用消费者效用理论,探讨小微企业对融资、结算和理财等功能性需求的影响因素,通过数学推导得出结论:①小微企业对金融产品或服务的选择,主要依赖于成本、交易时间和风险顾虑,且该三个因素与小微企业的效用均呈负相关关系;②小微企业在效用既定的情况下,成本、交易时间和风险顾虑彼此之间具有一定的替代性,即愿意支付更高的成本以缩短交易时间,反之亦然。基于同业竞争的存在,商业银行在提供融资、结算及理财等功能性服务时,需要关注小微企业对于不同要素的效用差别。并探讨了通过家庭资产管理服务、现金管理服务和成长计划,以期满足小微企业的情感和价值需求。
Due to the2008financial crisis dampening the external demand, the SMEs in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta continue to fall into "collapse" crisis. A large number of SMEs fall into tight funding chain and operating difficulties because of the rising operating cost, the increasing inventory and failure of investment. From the statistical dates, SMEs'profit rate is less than3%, while they provide more than80%employment for the urban and rural and nearly60%contribution to GDP. SMEs' development has an important influence on national stability.
     Based on this situation, our country has attached great importance to the development of SMEs and formulated corresponding policies. For commercial banks, the excellent enterprises continue to reduce loan demand under the condition of widening direct financing channels;with the accelerated process of interest rate liberalization, commercial bank's net interest margin continue to be narrowed, which weakening commercial banks'dividend policy. Under the background of financial disintermediation and interest rate liberalization, it is a correct and inevitable choice for commercial banks to develop SME market,
     The research object of this paper is SMEs'financial service of commercial banks. This article doesn't only discuss SMEs'credit and risk precaution, and also discusses the specific strategies from the degree of commercial banks'specialized operation, SMEs'settlement and comprehensive services, the organization structure, internal processes and system reconstruction. Different from the traditional way about financing difficulty of SMEs, this paper launches research on why and how to develop SME market. This paper begins study from three aspects:(1) commercial banks'strategic positioning and market selection under the professional requirement;(2) how to design financial products and services;(3) how to match the organization, process and system.
     Different customers have different demands, so it is the only choice for commercial banks to provide different and professional products and services. Under the condition of interest rate liberalization, financial disintermediation, capital restriction, the financial products are similar and easily replaced, so commercial banks must rely on their own resources to formulate clear and right strategies to maximize the development of new resources and capabilities. The broad space of SME market gives commercial banks a new direction for strategic transformation. Developing SME's financial services helps commercial banks to enhance competitive advantage, improve capital efficiency and profitability, accelerate organization layout, and strengthen customer group construction.
     Considering of adverse selection, it is easy to lose good customers if commercial banks demand higher price and threshold. The contradiction between low financing scale and high development cost requires commercial banks break through traditional evaluation mode and improve efficiency. Only relying on credit factory pattern to achieve quantity and scale, combining the distributed foreground network service and the highly integrated supporting platform, it is possible to realize the transformation from dispersed to concentration, from nonstandard to standard, from multiple mode to Standardization. With SMEs' financing, settlement and comprehensive services, it is possible to meet customers' functional needs, emotional needs and value needs, and to achieve customer satisfaction and loyalty.
     With meeting customer demand as the core principles, commercial banks should follow process bank mode to strengthen organization reconstruction and process optimization to form operation mode with perfect marketing service function, strict risk control and great support. This paper proposes an organization idea for SMEs' financial services. Establish SME department in the head office mainly engaging in product design, credit policy formulation, credit approval, post-loan monitoring. Establish SME institution in the branch engaging in product promotion and risk control. Build SME marketing-team at the sub-branch engaging in customer development. According to the characteristics of SMEs'financial services, commercial banks should reset different management modes, including internal incentive system, credit evaluation mode; guarantee system, non-performing loan rate tolerance etc. The organization, process and system guarantee is necessary for SMEs'financial services.
     This paper mainly uses literature analysis, quantitative analysis and empirical analysis. The study uses the knowledge, methods, skills and results from management science, economics, statistics, system theory, marketing, applied mathematics and so on.
     The main conclusions:(1) it is necessary and feasible to develop SMEs'financial services;(2) the SME finance has its own remarkable characteristics in services, products, and pricing;(3) the SMEs'financial services lie in organization optimization and system design.
     The major innovations in this article are as follows:
     (1) Systematically study the SMEs' financial services of commercial bank. The study puts away the traditional perspective of financing difficulty of SME and launches research on why and how to develop the market. This paper deeply analyses the existence and development characteristics of SMEs, and discusses the market space, products and services, organization structure and business process. The paper then gives some advices and thoughts, such as seasonal financing products, corporate account overdraft services, SMEs'cooperative organization mode, SMEs' owners club, the right and duty design between the head office and the branch, financing risk recognition and prevention, internal management system design, which providing theoretical and practical reference for commercial banks to develop SME market
     (2) Build a financing pricing model. Based on cost-plus loan pricing, customer profitability analysis loan pricing, price leading loan pricing, this paper proposes a pricing model of SMEs'finance and makes mathematical derivation. The conclusions are:①the lower limit of lending rate is the lowest rate of return acceptable to the bank, and the upper limit is the operation expected rate of the borrowing business;②the lending rate is a monotonically increasing function of the risk cost. The lending rates must cover the risk cost.This paper also analyses the imfluence of economic cycle, regional factors and industry factors and discusses how to reduce capital cost, operating cost and risk cost, and uses the law of large numbers to predict and control individual risk.
     (3) Construct a hierarchy model of SMEs' financial needs. This paper uses consumer utility theory to discuss the influence factors about financing, settlement and financial management and other functional demand influence factors. From mathematical derivation, we draw conclusions:①The financial products or service selection for SMEs mainly depends on the cost, transaction time and risk apprehension, and the three factors are negatively related to SMEs'utility.②under the constant utility, the change of cost, transaction time and risk apprehension needs another factor to change in the opposite direction. For example,SMEs are willing to pay higher cost to shorten the transaction time, and vice versa. Based on the industry competition, commercial banks should pay attention to SMEs'differential utility from different elements while they provide financing, settlement and financial management. The paper also discusses family asset management services, cash management services and development plans to meet SMEs'emotional and value demand.
引文
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