劳动力转移对农户采用劳动节约技术行为的诱导效应及实现条件研究
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摘要
农村劳动力向城市和非农产业的转移引起了农业劳动力减少和汇款的流入农业生产人工成本的上升与资金的增加为劳动节约技术在农业生产中的应用带来了动力和机会,这一动力和机会在基于宏观数据的研究中得到了证实,而针对农户微观行为的调查却发现了相反的证据,劳动力转移对农户采用劳动节约技术行为没有形成强有力的诱导和促进,反而产生了负面影响。基于宏观数据的研究结果与农户微观行为分析结论的矛盾意味着劳动力转移对农户的生产和技术行为的影响在不同地区甚至不同农户间存在差异。而现有文献对该差异的研究较为缺乏,主要停留在分析劳动力转移对农业技术进步和技术效率产生的负面影响或者积极作用,没有进一步论证负面影响形成的原因,也没有寻求积极作用产生的条件。虽然劳动力迁移新经济学(NELM)认为发展中国家要素市场不完善是导致劳动力流失对农业生产形成负面效应的原因,但在实证研究中没有对该原因进行检验。也有少数研究认为劳动力转移模式的差异会导致劳动力转移对农业技术采纳会产生不同的影响,劳动力转移对不同类型技术需求的影响有所差异。但到目前为止都还没有找到令人信服的证据来解释为什么劳动力转移对农户生产和技术行为的影响在不同地区甚至不同农户间会存在如此大的差异。
基于上述背景,本文以诱导性技术创新理论、技术采纳行为理论、技术效率理论以及劳动力迁移的新经济学理论为借鉴,分析不同的要素市场完善程度、农民组织化程度、农户人力资本水平、农业技术推广有效性以及土地流转规范性等条件下劳动力转移对农户选择劳动节约技术行为的影响差异。本文旨在通过分析识别劳动力转移诱导农户采用劳动节约技术行为的主要条件,从而为劳动力转移背景下促进农业技术进步的政策设计提供理论借鉴。
本文要研究的问题是在什么条件下劳动力大量转移和人工成本的快速上升才能有效诱导农户对劳动节约技术的采纳以及技术效率的改善。本文希望论证的观点是：实现劳动力转移对农户采纳劳动节约技术以及改善技术效率的诱导必须具备一定的条件,只有当这些实现条件得到满足之后,劳动力转移引起的劳动力减少、人工成本的上升以及汇款的流入才会促使农户积极寻求劳动节约的技术方法。
本文的研究内容包括：
(1)劳动力转移对农户采纳劳动节约技术以及改善技术效率的诱导机理及其实现条件。运用诱导技术创新模型,从农户的生产行为中要素的投入配置原理入手,分析劳动力减少和汇款增加诱导农户改变投入配置,从而使用劳动节约技术以及改善技术效率的原理。在此基础上提出并分析完善的农业要素市场、农户组织化程度提高、农户人力资本水平改善、有效的农业技术推广以及土地流转的规范性等五个实现条件对劳动力转移的技术诱导效应的作用原理。
(2)劳动力转移对农户采纳劳动节约技术的诱导效应及其实现条件作用的实证检验。分别采用分组回归和构造交叉项的方法检验实现条件对劳动力转移的技术采纳诱导效应的影响。在分组回归中,将农户按照是否满足实现条件分为两个子样本,采用probit模型对两个子样本分别进行回归,然后对劳动力转移数量和汇款的两次回归系数进行卡方检验,判断系数的差异是否显著,从而判断条件的满足与否是否影响了劳动力转移的技术采纳诱导效应的实现。而将各个实现条件的代表变量与劳动力转移数量和汇款相乘构造交叉项进行回归分析,交叉项的系数是否显著就可以作为判断实现条件是否达到预期假设的依据。
(3)劳动力转移对农户改善技术效率的诱导效应及其实现条件作用的实证检验。分别采用分组回归和构造交叉项的方法检验实现条件对劳动力转移诱导农户改善技术效率效应的影响和制约。在分组回归中,将农户按照是否满足实现条件分为两个子样本,采用tobit模型对两个子样本分别进行回归,然后对劳动力转移数量和汇款的两次回归系数进行卡方检验,判断系数的差异是否显著,从而判断条件的满足与否是否影响了劳动力转移对农户改善技术效率诱导效应的实现。同样将各个实现条件的代表变量与劳动力转移数量和汇款相乘构造交叉项,通过交叉项系数的显著性来判断实现条件是否达到预期假设。
(4)实现条件对我国农户采用劳动节约技术行为的影响分析。进一步利用多渠道的数据对目前我国农业要素市场完善程度、农户组织化程度、农户人力资本水平、农业技术推广有效性以及土地流转的规范性等五个条件进行综合评价,在此基础上论证实现条件对农户采用劳动节约技术行为的影响和制约。
(5)劳动力转移背景下促进农户采纳技术以及改善技术效率的政策建议。主要从五个实现条件的角度提出措施,同时也从条件的全面性和系统性的角度探讨可行的建议。
本文的研究结论包括：
(1)劳动力大量转移导致的农业劳动力短缺以及汇款的流入并不必然诱导和促进农户在农业生产中采用劳动节约的技术行为。
(2)劳动力转移要实现对农户采用劳动节约的技术行为的诱导必须基于一定的条件,这些条件包括完善的农业要素市场、农户组织化程度的提高、农户人力资本水平的提升、农业技术推广有效性增强以及规范的土地流转。
(3)农业要素市场完善程度、农户组织化程度、农户人力资本水平、农业技术推广服务的有效性以及土地流转的规范性等实现条件的不同使得劳动力转移对农户采用劳动节约技术行为的诱导作用存在显著差异,其具体表现为：
①农业要素市场完善程度较低的条件下,劳动力转移数量对农户采纳劳动节约技术以及农户的技术效率均产生了负效应,而汇款的影响都不显著。当农业要素市场完善程度逐渐提高,劳动力转移数量对农户采纳劳动节约技术产生了正面影响,如果同时农户具有较高的组织化程度,劳动力转移数量增加还会诱导农户改善生产技术效率。
②农户组织化程度较低的条件下,劳动力转移数量和汇款的增加不会诱导农户采纳劳动节约技术以及改善生产技术效率,但随着农户组织化程度的提高,劳动力转移数量会显著的诱导和促进农户采纳劳动节约技术以及改善技术效率。
③农业技术推广有效性较低的条件下,劳动力转移数量对农户采纳劳动节约技术以及技术效率产生了负效应,而汇款的影响不显著。随着农业技术推广服务的有效性增强,劳动力转移数量对农户采纳劳动节约技术产生了积极影响,而劳动力转移数量对技术效率的负效应明显下降,汇款对农户技术效率也形成了显著的积极作用。
④农户人力资本水平单独不会对劳动力转移诱导农户采用劳动节约技术行为产生作用,但农业技术推广有效性增强与农户人力资本水平提升的共同作用下,劳动力转移对农户采纳劳动节约技术以及改善技术效率产生了诱导效应。
⑤土地流转规范性较弱的条件下,劳动力转移数量对农户采纳劳动节约技术或者改善技术效率产生了负面影响,而规范的土地流转抑制了劳动力转移数量对农户生产技术效率的消极作用。
(4)劳动力转移背景下,农业要素市场不完善、农户组织化程度不高、农户人力资本水平低下、农业技术推广服务不完善、土地流转的不规范是制约我国农户采用劳动节约技术行为的重要原因。
本文的创新之处在于：
(1)本文为完善农业诱导技术创新理论的微观基础提供了实证分析思路。本文提出了要素禀赋的改变诱导农户采用节约稀缺资源技术存在实现条件的命题,同时从劳动力大量转移的现实背景出发,利用农户调查数据证实了实现条件的差异对劳动力转移导致的农业劳动力短缺和汇款流入诱导农户采用劳动节约技术行为的不同约束作用。本文的研究不仅验证了上述命题,同时为有效弥补农业诱导技术创新理论缺乏微观实证基础的缺陷提供了研究视角和学术借鉴。
(2)本文扩展了劳动力迁移新经济学仅仅基于要素市场不完善的前提研究劳动力转移影响农业生产的研究内容。本文不仅分析了在土地和其他要素市场不完善条件下劳动力转移对农户技术行为的影响,还论证了在农户组织化程度不高、农户人力资本水平低下、农业技术推广服务不完善等条件下劳动力转移对农户采用劳动节约技术行为的约束,从而丰富和改进了劳动力迁移新经济学文献的研究结论。
The transfer of rural labor to urban and non-agricultural industries leads to the decrease in agricultural labor and remittances inflows, and the labor costs rise in agricultural production and the increase in funding have brought the power and opportunities for labor-saving technologies in agricultural production. The power and opportunities have been confirmed in the study based on macroeconomic data. But the investigation of farmers' microscopic behavior has discovered the opposite proof: labor transfer does not bring a strong induction and promotion for farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies, but has a negative impact. Contradiction between the findings from macro-data and the analyses of farmers'microscopic behavior means that the impact of labor transfer on farmers' production and technologies are varied in different regions, even among different farmers. The existing literature on the study of the differences is not enough, mainly about the analysis of the negative impact of the labor transfer on agricultural technology progress and technical efficiency or positive role of the labor transfer, without further proof for the reasons of the formation of the negative impact, and without seeking for the conditions of the positive role. Although New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM) holds that the imperfection of the factor markets in developing countries results in the negative impact of labor loss on agricultural production, but the reasons have not been inspected in the empirical study. There are also a few studies holding that differences in the mode of labor transfer will produce different impact of labor transfer on the adoption of agricultural technology, and labor transfer has different impact on the needs of different types of technologies. But so far no convincing evidence has been found to explain why labor transfer has such a big different impact on farmer's production and technical behavior in different regions, even among different farmers.
Based on the above background, drawing from the theory of induced technological innovation, the theory of technology adoption behavior, the theory of technical efficiency and the new theory of labor migration, this article analyzes the impact differences of labor transfer in farmers'choosing labor-saving technologies behavior under the following five conditions:the perfection degree of different factor markets, the degree of farmers'organizations, farmers'level of human capital, the effectiveness of agricultural technology promotion, and the normative of land transfer. This article, by means of analyzing and recognizing the main conditions of labor transfer to induce farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies behavior, aims to provide some theoretical references for policies designed to promote technological progress in agriculture in the context of labor transfer.
This paper is to study under what conditions the massive transfer of labor and the rapid rise of labor costs can effectively induce farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies and improve technical efficiency. This article hopes to prove the argument: achieving the induction of labor transfer for farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies and improve the technical efficiency must have certain conditions, and only after these achieving conditions are met, the reduced labor, the rise in labor costs as well as remittance inflows caused by labor transfer will encourage farmers to actively seek labor-saving technology.
The contents of this study include:
(1) The inductive mechanism and its achieving conditions of labor transfer for farmers to adopt labor-saving technology and improve the technical efficiency. By use of induced model of technological innovation, from the principle of the elements input configuration in farmers' production behavior, the paper analyzes reduced labor and increase in remittances to induce fanners to change the input configuration, and to use labor-saving technologies as well as to improve the technical efficiency. On this basis, the paper puts forward and analyzes the working principle of the induction effect of labor transfer from the following five achieving conditions:better agricultural factor markets, improvement of the degree of farmers'organizations, improvement of farmers' level of human capital, effective promotion of agricultural technology, as well as the system innovation of internalization of the benefits of technology.
(2) The empirical test of the inductive effects of labor transfer on farmers' adoption of labor-saving technologies and the achieving conditions. Grouped regression and construct cross terms are used respectively to test the influence of achieving conditions on the inductive effect of the adoption of the technology in labor transfer. In grouped regression, farmers are divided into two sub-samples according to whether they meet the achieving conditions or not. By probit model, the two sub-samples are regressed respectively. Then the number of labor transfer and the two regression coefficients of remittances are tested chi-squarely to detennine whether the differences of the coefficients are significant or not, so as to detennine the satisfaction of the conditions will affect the implementation of the labor transfer in induced effect of technology adoption or not. Multiply the representative variables of all achieving conditions, the number of labor transfer and remittances with construct cross-terms, and then make a regression analysis, the significance of the coefficients of the cross terms can be used as the basis to judge whether the achieving conditions can meet the expected assumptions.
(3) The empirical test of the inductive effects of labor transfer on farmers'technical efficiency and the achieving conditions. Grouped regression and construct cross terms are used respectively to test the influence of achieving conditions on the inductive effect of the adoption of the technology in labor transfer. In grouped regression, farmers are divided into two sub-samples according to whether they meet the achieving conditions or not. By tobit model, the two sub-samples are regressed respectively. Then the number of labor transfer and the two regression coefficients of remittances are tested chi-squarely to determine whether the differences of the coefficients are significant or not, so as to detennine the satisfaction of the conditions will affect the implementation of the labor transfer in induced effect of technical efficiency or not. At the same time, multiply the representative variables of all achieving conditions, the number of labor transfer and remittances with construct cross-terms, and then make a regression analysis, the significance of the coefficients of the cross terms can be used as the basis to judge whether the achieving conditions can meet the expected assumptions.
(4) Impact analysis of achieving conditions of farmers'behavior in using labor-saving technologies. By use of multi-channel data, make a further comprehensive evaluation of the five conditions:the perfection degree of China's current agricultural factor markets, the degree of farmers organizations, farmers'level of human capital, and the effectiveness of the promotion of agricultural technology and the nonnative of land transfer. On this basis, the impact and constraints are demonstrated about the achieving conditions of farmers' adoption of labor-saving technologies.
(5) Policy recommendations for farmers to adopt the technology and improve the technical efficiency on the background of labor transfer. Explore viable recommendations mainly from the perspective of the five conditions, but also from the perspective of comprehensive and systemic angle.
The conclusions of this study include:
(1) The shortages of agricultural labor resulted from massive labor transfer and remittance inflows do not necessarily induce and promote farmers' behavior in labor-saving technologies in agricultural production.
(2) The induction of labor transfer for farmers to adopt labor-saving technology behavior must be based on certain conditions, which include improved agricultural factor markets, the improvement in the level of farmers' organizations, the enhancing of farmers' level of human capital, the effectiveness of enhancements of agricultural technology promotion as well as the nonnative of land transfer.
(3)The different achieving conditions such as the perfection degree of agricultural factor markets, the degree of farmers organizations, farmers' level of human capital, the effectiveness of agricultural extension services and the normative of land transfer make the induced role of labor transfer have significant differences for farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies behavior. Its specific manifestations lie in:
①Under the condition of lower perfection degree of agricultural factor markets, the number of labor transfer has a negative effect on both farmers' adoption of labor-saving technologies and the technical efficiency of the farmers, while the impact of remittances is not significant. When the perfection degree of agricultural factor markets increases gradually, the number of labor transfer has a positive impact on farmers' adoption of labor-saving technologies, and at the same time if farmers have a high degree of organization, the increase in the number of labor transfer will induce farmers to improve the efficiency of production technology.
②Under the condition of lower degree of farmers' organizations, the increase in the number of labor transfer and remittance does not induce the farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies and improve the efficiency of production technology, but with the improvement in the level of farmers' organizations, the number of labor transfer will significantly induce and promote farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies and improve the technical efficiency.
③Under the condition of lower effectiveness of the promotion of agricultural technology,the number of labor transfer has a negative effect on farmers' adoption of labor-saving technologies and technical efficiency, and the impact of remittances is not significant. With the enhancements of the effectiveness of agricultural extension services, the number of labor transfer has a positive impact on farmers'adoption of labor-saving technologies, while the negative effects of the number of labor transfer on technical efficiency will be on the decrease, and remittances will form a significant positive effect on farmers'technical efficiency.
④Farmers'level of human capital alone does not produce the role of labor transfer in inducing farmers to adopt labor-saving technology acts, but together with the effectiveness of the promotion of agricultural technology and farmers' enhanced level of human capital, labor transfer has induced effect on farmers'adoption of labor-saving technologies and improvement of technical efficiency.
⑤Under the condition of weaker nonnative of land transfer, the number of labor transfer has a negative impact on farmers' adoption of labor-saving technologies or the improve of technical efficiency, while standardized land transfer will suppress the negative effects of the number of labor transfer on farmers'efficiency of production technology.
(4) In the context of labor transfer, the imperfection of agricultural factor markets, lower degree of farmers'organizations, farmers'low levels of human capital, inadequate agricultural extension services, and nonstandardized land transfer are important reasons in constraining farmers to adopt labor-saving technology acts.
The innovations of this paper lie in:
(1) Providing an idea of empirical analysis to improve the microscopic foundation of the agricultural induction technology innovation theory. This paper puts forward the proposition that there exist achieving condi tions for the changes of factor endowment to induce farmers to adopt conservative scarce resources, and from the realistic background of massive labor transfer, household survey data confirm that different achieving conditions have different constraints on agricultural labor shortages led by-labor transfer and remittance inflows inducing farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies behavior. This study is not only to verify the above proposition and agriculture induced technological innovation theory to effectively compensate for the lack of microscopic evidence base defects research perspectives and academic learn.
(2) Extending the contents of the research of the new economics of labor migration,which studies the impact of labor transfer on the agricultural production only based on the premise of imperfect factor markets. This paper not only analyzes the impact of labor transfer on farmers'technology behavior under the conditions of imperfection of the land and other market elements, also demonstrates the constraints of labor transfer on the conditions of lower degree of farmers' organizations, farmers low levels of human capital and inadequate agricultural extension services for farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies behavior, thereby enriching and improving the conclusions of the literature of the new economics labor migration.
基于上述背景,本文以诱导性技术创新理论、技术采纳行为理论、技术效率理论以及劳动力迁移的新经济学理论为借鉴,分析不同的要素市场完善程度、农民组织化程度、农户人力资本水平、农业技术推广有效性以及土地流转规范性等条件下劳动力转移对农户选择劳动节约技术行为的影响差异。本文旨在通过分析识别劳动力转移诱导农户采用劳动节约技术行为的主要条件,从而为劳动力转移背景下促进农业技术进步的政策设计提供理论借鉴。
本文要研究的问题是在什么条件下劳动力大量转移和人工成本的快速上升才能有效诱导农户对劳动节约技术的采纳以及技术效率的改善。本文希望论证的观点是：实现劳动力转移对农户采纳劳动节约技术以及改善技术效率的诱导必须具备一定的条件,只有当这些实现条件得到满足之后,劳动力转移引起的劳动力减少、人工成本的上升以及汇款的流入才会促使农户积极寻求劳动节约的技术方法。
本文的研究内容包括：
(1)劳动力转移对农户采纳劳动节约技术以及改善技术效率的诱导机理及其实现条件。运用诱导技术创新模型,从农户的生产行为中要素的投入配置原理入手,分析劳动力减少和汇款增加诱导农户改变投入配置,从而使用劳动节约技术以及改善技术效率的原理。在此基础上提出并分析完善的农业要素市场、农户组织化程度提高、农户人力资本水平改善、有效的农业技术推广以及土地流转的规范性等五个实现条件对劳动力转移的技术诱导效应的作用原理。
(2)劳动力转移对农户采纳劳动节约技术的诱导效应及其实现条件作用的实证检验。分别采用分组回归和构造交叉项的方法检验实现条件对劳动力转移的技术采纳诱导效应的影响。在分组回归中,将农户按照是否满足实现条件分为两个子样本,采用probit模型对两个子样本分别进行回归,然后对劳动力转移数量和汇款的两次回归系数进行卡方检验,判断系数的差异是否显著,从而判断条件的满足与否是否影响了劳动力转移的技术采纳诱导效应的实现。而将各个实现条件的代表变量与劳动力转移数量和汇款相乘构造交叉项进行回归分析,交叉项的系数是否显著就可以作为判断实现条件是否达到预期假设的依据。
(3)劳动力转移对农户改善技术效率的诱导效应及其实现条件作用的实证检验。分别采用分组回归和构造交叉项的方法检验实现条件对劳动力转移诱导农户改善技术效率效应的影响和制约。在分组回归中,将农户按照是否满足实现条件分为两个子样本,采用tobit模型对两个子样本分别进行回归,然后对劳动力转移数量和汇款的两次回归系数进行卡方检验,判断系数的差异是否显著,从而判断条件的满足与否是否影响了劳动力转移对农户改善技术效率诱导效应的实现。同样将各个实现条件的代表变量与劳动力转移数量和汇款相乘构造交叉项,通过交叉项系数的显著性来判断实现条件是否达到预期假设。
(4)实现条件对我国农户采用劳动节约技术行为的影响分析。进一步利用多渠道的数据对目前我国农业要素市场完善程度、农户组织化程度、农户人力资本水平、农业技术推广有效性以及土地流转的规范性等五个条件进行综合评价,在此基础上论证实现条件对农户采用劳动节约技术行为的影响和制约。
(5)劳动力转移背景下促进农户采纳技术以及改善技术效率的政策建议。主要从五个实现条件的角度提出措施,同时也从条件的全面性和系统性的角度探讨可行的建议。
本文的研究结论包括：
(1)劳动力大量转移导致的农业劳动力短缺以及汇款的流入并不必然诱导和促进农户在农业生产中采用劳动节约的技术行为。
(2)劳动力转移要实现对农户采用劳动节约的技术行为的诱导必须基于一定的条件,这些条件包括完善的农业要素市场、农户组织化程度的提高、农户人力资本水平的提升、农业技术推广有效性增强以及规范的土地流转。
(3)农业要素市场完善程度、农户组织化程度、农户人力资本水平、农业技术推广服务的有效性以及土地流转的规范性等实现条件的不同使得劳动力转移对农户采用劳动节约技术行为的诱导作用存在显著差异,其具体表现为：
①农业要素市场完善程度较低的条件下,劳动力转移数量对农户采纳劳动节约技术以及农户的技术效率均产生了负效应,而汇款的影响都不显著。当农业要素市场完善程度逐渐提高,劳动力转移数量对农户采纳劳动节约技术产生了正面影响,如果同时农户具有较高的组织化程度,劳动力转移数量增加还会诱导农户改善生产技术效率。
②农户组织化程度较低的条件下,劳动力转移数量和汇款的增加不会诱导农户采纳劳动节约技术以及改善生产技术效率,但随着农户组织化程度的提高,劳动力转移数量会显著的诱导和促进农户采纳劳动节约技术以及改善技术效率。
③农业技术推广有效性较低的条件下,劳动力转移数量对农户采纳劳动节约技术以及技术效率产生了负效应,而汇款的影响不显著。随着农业技术推广服务的有效性增强,劳动力转移数量对农户采纳劳动节约技术产生了积极影响,而劳动力转移数量对技术效率的负效应明显下降,汇款对农户技术效率也形成了显著的积极作用。
④农户人力资本水平单独不会对劳动力转移诱导农户采用劳动节约技术行为产生作用,但农业技术推广有效性增强与农户人力资本水平提升的共同作用下,劳动力转移对农户采纳劳动节约技术以及改善技术效率产生了诱导效应。
⑤土地流转规范性较弱的条件下,劳动力转移数量对农户采纳劳动节约技术或者改善技术效率产生了负面影响,而规范的土地流转抑制了劳动力转移数量对农户生产技术效率的消极作用。
(4)劳动力转移背景下,农业要素市场不完善、农户组织化程度不高、农户人力资本水平低下、农业技术推广服务不完善、土地流转的不规范是制约我国农户采用劳动节约技术行为的重要原因。
本文的创新之处在于：
(1)本文为完善农业诱导技术创新理论的微观基础提供了实证分析思路。本文提出了要素禀赋的改变诱导农户采用节约稀缺资源技术存在实现条件的命题,同时从劳动力大量转移的现实背景出发,利用农户调查数据证实了实现条件的差异对劳动力转移导致的农业劳动力短缺和汇款流入诱导农户采用劳动节约技术行为的不同约束作用。本文的研究不仅验证了上述命题,同时为有效弥补农业诱导技术创新理论缺乏微观实证基础的缺陷提供了研究视角和学术借鉴。
(2)本文扩展了劳动力迁移新经济学仅仅基于要素市场不完善的前提研究劳动力转移影响农业生产的研究内容。本文不仅分析了在土地和其他要素市场不完善条件下劳动力转移对农户技术行为的影响,还论证了在农户组织化程度不高、农户人力资本水平低下、农业技术推广服务不完善等条件下劳动力转移对农户采用劳动节约技术行为的约束,从而丰富和改进了劳动力迁移新经济学文献的研究结论。
The transfer of rural labor to urban and non-agricultural industries leads to the decrease in agricultural labor and remittances inflows, and the labor costs rise in agricultural production and the increase in funding have brought the power and opportunities for labor-saving technologies in agricultural production. The power and opportunities have been confirmed in the study based on macroeconomic data. But the investigation of farmers' microscopic behavior has discovered the opposite proof: labor transfer does not bring a strong induction and promotion for farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies, but has a negative impact. Contradiction between the findings from macro-data and the analyses of farmers'microscopic behavior means that the impact of labor transfer on farmers' production and technologies are varied in different regions, even among different farmers. The existing literature on the study of the differences is not enough, mainly about the analysis of the negative impact of the labor transfer on agricultural technology progress and technical efficiency or positive role of the labor transfer, without further proof for the reasons of the formation of the negative impact, and without seeking for the conditions of the positive role. Although New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM) holds that the imperfection of the factor markets in developing countries results in the negative impact of labor loss on agricultural production, but the reasons have not been inspected in the empirical study. There are also a few studies holding that differences in the mode of labor transfer will produce different impact of labor transfer on the adoption of agricultural technology, and labor transfer has different impact on the needs of different types of technologies. But so far no convincing evidence has been found to explain why labor transfer has such a big different impact on farmer's production and technical behavior in different regions, even among different farmers.
Based on the above background, drawing from the theory of induced technological innovation, the theory of technology adoption behavior, the theory of technical efficiency and the new theory of labor migration, this article analyzes the impact differences of labor transfer in farmers'choosing labor-saving technologies behavior under the following five conditions:the perfection degree of different factor markets, the degree of farmers'organizations, farmers'level of human capital, the effectiveness of agricultural technology promotion, and the normative of land transfer. This article, by means of analyzing and recognizing the main conditions of labor transfer to induce farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies behavior, aims to provide some theoretical references for policies designed to promote technological progress in agriculture in the context of labor transfer.
This paper is to study under what conditions the massive transfer of labor and the rapid rise of labor costs can effectively induce farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies and improve technical efficiency. This article hopes to prove the argument: achieving the induction of labor transfer for farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies and improve the technical efficiency must have certain conditions, and only after these achieving conditions are met, the reduced labor, the rise in labor costs as well as remittance inflows caused by labor transfer will encourage farmers to actively seek labor-saving technology.
The contents of this study include:
(1) The inductive mechanism and its achieving conditions of labor transfer for farmers to adopt labor-saving technology and improve the technical efficiency. By use of induced model of technological innovation, from the principle of the elements input configuration in farmers' production behavior, the paper analyzes reduced labor and increase in remittances to induce fanners to change the input configuration, and to use labor-saving technologies as well as to improve the technical efficiency. On this basis, the paper puts forward and analyzes the working principle of the induction effect of labor transfer from the following five achieving conditions:better agricultural factor markets, improvement of the degree of farmers'organizations, improvement of farmers' level of human capital, effective promotion of agricultural technology, as well as the system innovation of internalization of the benefits of technology.
(2) The empirical test of the inductive effects of labor transfer on farmers' adoption of labor-saving technologies and the achieving conditions. Grouped regression and construct cross terms are used respectively to test the influence of achieving conditions on the inductive effect of the adoption of the technology in labor transfer. In grouped regression, farmers are divided into two sub-samples according to whether they meet the achieving conditions or not. By probit model, the two sub-samples are regressed respectively. Then the number of labor transfer and the two regression coefficients of remittances are tested chi-squarely to detennine whether the differences of the coefficients are significant or not, so as to detennine the satisfaction of the conditions will affect the implementation of the labor transfer in induced effect of technology adoption or not. Multiply the representative variables of all achieving conditions, the number of labor transfer and remittances with construct cross-terms, and then make a regression analysis, the significance of the coefficients of the cross terms can be used as the basis to judge whether the achieving conditions can meet the expected assumptions.
(3) The empirical test of the inductive effects of labor transfer on farmers'technical efficiency and the achieving conditions. Grouped regression and construct cross terms are used respectively to test the influence of achieving conditions on the inductive effect of the adoption of the technology in labor transfer. In grouped regression, farmers are divided into two sub-samples according to whether they meet the achieving conditions or not. By tobit model, the two sub-samples are regressed respectively. Then the number of labor transfer and the two regression coefficients of remittances are tested chi-squarely to determine whether the differences of the coefficients are significant or not, so as to detennine the satisfaction of the conditions will affect the implementation of the labor transfer in induced effect of technical efficiency or not. At the same time, multiply the representative variables of all achieving conditions, the number of labor transfer and remittances with construct cross-terms, and then make a regression analysis, the significance of the coefficients of the cross terms can be used as the basis to judge whether the achieving conditions can meet the expected assumptions.
(4) Impact analysis of achieving conditions of farmers'behavior in using labor-saving technologies. By use of multi-channel data, make a further comprehensive evaluation of the five conditions:the perfection degree of China's current agricultural factor markets, the degree of farmers organizations, farmers'level of human capital, and the effectiveness of the promotion of agricultural technology and the nonnative of land transfer. On this basis, the impact and constraints are demonstrated about the achieving conditions of farmers' adoption of labor-saving technologies.
(5) Policy recommendations for farmers to adopt the technology and improve the technical efficiency on the background of labor transfer. Explore viable recommendations mainly from the perspective of the five conditions, but also from the perspective of comprehensive and systemic angle.
The conclusions of this study include:
(1) The shortages of agricultural labor resulted from massive labor transfer and remittance inflows do not necessarily induce and promote farmers' behavior in labor-saving technologies in agricultural production.
(2) The induction of labor transfer for farmers to adopt labor-saving technology behavior must be based on certain conditions, which include improved agricultural factor markets, the improvement in the level of farmers' organizations, the enhancing of farmers' level of human capital, the effectiveness of enhancements of agricultural technology promotion as well as the nonnative of land transfer.
(3)The different achieving conditions such as the perfection degree of agricultural factor markets, the degree of farmers organizations, farmers' level of human capital, the effectiveness of agricultural extension services and the normative of land transfer make the induced role of labor transfer have significant differences for farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies behavior. Its specific manifestations lie in:
①Under the condition of lower perfection degree of agricultural factor markets, the number of labor transfer has a negative effect on both farmers' adoption of labor-saving technologies and the technical efficiency of the farmers, while the impact of remittances is not significant. When the perfection degree of agricultural factor markets increases gradually, the number of labor transfer has a positive impact on farmers' adoption of labor-saving technologies, and at the same time if farmers have a high degree of organization, the increase in the number of labor transfer will induce farmers to improve the efficiency of production technology.
②Under the condition of lower degree of farmers' organizations, the increase in the number of labor transfer and remittance does not induce the farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies and improve the efficiency of production technology, but with the improvement in the level of farmers' organizations, the number of labor transfer will significantly induce and promote farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies and improve the technical efficiency.
③Under the condition of lower effectiveness of the promotion of agricultural technology,the number of labor transfer has a negative effect on farmers' adoption of labor-saving technologies and technical efficiency, and the impact of remittances is not significant. With the enhancements of the effectiveness of agricultural extension services, the number of labor transfer has a positive impact on farmers'adoption of labor-saving technologies, while the negative effects of the number of labor transfer on technical efficiency will be on the decrease, and remittances will form a significant positive effect on farmers'technical efficiency.
④Farmers'level of human capital alone does not produce the role of labor transfer in inducing farmers to adopt labor-saving technology acts, but together with the effectiveness of the promotion of agricultural technology and farmers' enhanced level of human capital, labor transfer has induced effect on farmers'adoption of labor-saving technologies and improvement of technical efficiency.
⑤Under the condition of weaker nonnative of land transfer, the number of labor transfer has a negative impact on farmers' adoption of labor-saving technologies or the improve of technical efficiency, while standardized land transfer will suppress the negative effects of the number of labor transfer on farmers'efficiency of production technology.
(4) In the context of labor transfer, the imperfection of agricultural factor markets, lower degree of farmers'organizations, farmers'low levels of human capital, inadequate agricultural extension services, and nonstandardized land transfer are important reasons in constraining farmers to adopt labor-saving technology acts.
The innovations of this paper lie in:
(1) Providing an idea of empirical analysis to improve the microscopic foundation of the agricultural induction technology innovation theory. This paper puts forward the proposition that there exist achieving condi tions for the changes of factor endowment to induce farmers to adopt conservative scarce resources, and from the realistic background of massive labor transfer, household survey data confirm that different achieving conditions have different constraints on agricultural labor shortages led by-labor transfer and remittance inflows inducing farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies behavior. This study is not only to verify the above proposition and agriculture induced technological innovation theory to effectively compensate for the lack of microscopic evidence base defects research perspectives and academic learn.
(2) Extending the contents of the research of the new economics of labor migration,which studies the impact of labor transfer on the agricultural production only based on the premise of imperfect factor markets. This paper not only analyzes the impact of labor transfer on farmers'technology behavior under the conditions of imperfection of the land and other market elements, also demonstrates the constraints of labor transfer on the conditions of lower degree of farmers' organizations, farmers low levels of human capital and inadequate agricultural extension services for farmers to adopt labor-saving technologies behavior, thereby enriching and improving the conclusions of the literature of the new economics labor migration.
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