CBTC车地通信系统跨层设计研究
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摘要
作为轨道交通系统的中枢和大脑,列车运行控制系统控制列车运行速度和方向,确保列车间保持安全的间隔,在保证列车行车安全的前提下提高轨道交通系统的效率。随着通信与计算机技术的发展,列车运行控制系统发生了根本变化,逐渐由传统的基于轨道电路的列车控制向基于通信的列车控制(Communication Based Train Control, CBTC)方向发展。
CBTC系统中的车地通信系统将车载和地面控制设备联系在一起,保障列车高效、安全运行。基于IEEE802.11协议簇的WLAN,由于其在频段开放、安装维护方便、标准开放、商用现成品成熟等方面的优势,已经广泛被城市轨道交通CBTC车地通信系统所采用。然而,由于基于IEEE802.11协议簇的WLAN并不是为移动环境下的数据传输所设计的,其作为CBTC车地通信系统时,当列车离开一个AP(Access Point)的覆盖范围进入另一个AP的覆盖时,将会有一个切换过程。实验和仿真结果都表明,这一切换过程可能导致几百毫秒甚至几秒的通信延迟。这么长的通信延迟将会影响高密度行车时CBTC的服务质量(Qaulity of Service, QoS)。
本文针对基于WLAN的CBTC车地通信系统中存在的切换异常问题,设计了更加适合于车地通信环境的通信系统协议栈。通过跨层设计方法,首先映射CBTC系统中随机的实际信道条件和高层的服务质量之间的关系,用随机控制优化的方法计算得到车地通信系统中最优的切换决策策略和通信参数自适应策略。最优策略优化了车地通信系统的性能,提高了CBTC的服务质量。同时,本文将CBTC车地通信系统的跨层设计方法运用于城市轨道交通乘客信息系统,通过映射乘客信息系统中传输视频的服务质量与底层的信道条件,随机控制优化得到应用层的参数自适应策略与切换决策策略,最终提高系统中视频的传输质量。
论文的主要创新点如下：
1.设计了基于具有MIMO性能WLAN的CBTC车地通信系统协议栈。利用跨层设计的方法,将系统中的切换决策问题和MIMO参数自适应问题建模成一个半马尔科夫决策过程。CBTC车地通信系统的信道被建模成一个有限状态的马尔科夫过程,其中信道的状态转移概率从实际的现场测试数据中获得。
2.与现有的通信系统跨层设计不同的是,本文将CBTC系统中列车控制器的线性二次型成本函数(Linear Quadratic Cost Function)作为切换过程中的一个性能指标,将优化列车控制系统的性能作为通信系统的优化目标。在基于具有MIMO性能WLAN的CBTC车地通信系统中,根据列车控制的优化目标,MIMO系统中分集增益和复用增益之间的折中得到了优化设计。
3.设计了基于传输层SCTP和IEEE802.11p的车地通信系统以提高CBTC车地通信的可用性和低延迟特性。利用跨层设计的思想,我们将该车地通信系统中的切换决策问题建模成一个半马尔科夫决策过程。半马尔科夫决策过程的优化目标是求出最优的切换决策策略以最小化SCTP通信延迟以及最大化SCTP的传输带宽。深入的仿真表明,相比于现有的基于UDP与IEEE802.11g的车地通信系统,我们提出的切换机制能显著提高系统切换性能。仿真结果同样表明,我们提出的基于SMDP的切换决策算法能显著提高SCTP带宽。
4.作为跨层设计方法应用的扩展。本文针对乘客信息系统(Passenger Information System, PIS)中频繁切换造成的对视频传输质量的影响,提出了基于IEEE802.11p的城市轨道交通PIS车地视频传输系统,喷泉编码(Fountain Code)作为该系统应用层的前向纠错编码方案。利用跨层设计的方法,我们将所提出的车地视频传输系统中的切换决策问题和应用层参数自适应问题建模成半马尔科夫决策过程。半马尔科夫决策过程的优化目标是求出最优的切换决策策略和应用层参数自适应策略以减小视频传输失真。深入的仿真结果表明,我们所提出的跨层优化设计算法能显著提高PIS中的视频传输质量。
As the center and brain of a rail transit system, the train control system controls the train's moving speed and direction, and guarantees the safe distance between trains. In the premise of train operation safety, train control systems also improve the rail transit operation efficiency. With the development of communication and computer techniques, train control systems have radically changed. They are gradually developing from Track Based Train Control (TBTC) to Communication Based Train Control (CBTC).
Train-ground communication systems are primarily designed to connect each com-ponent of CBTC systems, and its performance is essential to guarantee the high safety and efficiency of train operation. Due to the open frequency, open standard, easy instal-lation, low maintenance costs, and sufficient available commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment, IEEE802.11series based WLAN has been widely adopted as the urban rail transit CBTC train ground communication systems. However, IEEE802.11series stan-dard is not designed for train moving environments. Particularly, when a train moves away from the coverage of a WLAN access point (AP) and enters the coverage of an-other AP along the railway, a handoff procedure occurs. Both experiment and simulation results show that this handoff process may result in long communication latency. This long latency will have a considerable influence on the Quality of Service (QoS) of CBTC systems with high train density.
Aiming to solve the long latency problem when abnormal handoff happens, in this thesis, we design more suitable communication stacks for train ground communication systems. With the proposed cross-layer design approach, we first map the stochastic channel state to the high layer QoS. The optimal handoff policy and communication pa-rameters adaption policy are obtained from stochastic control optimization. The optimal policy optimizes the train ground communication system performance, and improves the CBTC system QoS. Meanwhile, we apply the cross-layer design approach to urban transit passenger information system. Through mapping the stochastic channel state to the video service quality, the application layer parameters adaption policy and handoff policy are obtained by stochastic control optimization. The obtained policy can improve the video transmission quality.
The innovations of the thesis are as follows:
1). We design a CBTC train-ground communication system protocol stack based on MIMO-enabled WLANs. With the cross-layer design approach, the handoff decision and MIMO parameters adaption problem is modeled as a Semi-Markov Decision Process. The wireless channel is modeled as a finite-sate Markov chain, and the channel state transition probability matrix is derived from the data measured in real field test.
2). Unlike the existing works, linear quadratic cost for the train controller in CBTC systems is considered as the performance measure in the handoff design. We take the control performance as the optimization objective in communication system. In MIMO-enabled WLANs based train ground communication system, with the control perfor-mance optimization objective, the tradeoff between MIMO diversity gain and multiplex-ing gain is optimized according to the train control performance.
3). We design a seamless handoff train ground communication system based on SCTP and IEEE802.11p to provide high link availability in CBTC systems. With the cross-layer design approach, we formulate the handoff decision problem as a stochas-tic semi-Markov decision process. Maximizing the SCTP throughput and minimizing the handoff latency are the objectives in the SMDP model. Extensive simulation results are presented. Compared with the existing system based on IEEE802.11g and UDP, it is illustrated that the proposed system can significantly improve SCTP throughput and achieve seamless handoff in CBTC systems.
4). As an extension to our cross-layer design application. We propose an urban rail Passenger Information System (PIS) train-ground video communication network based on IEEE802.11p, and fountain codes are used as the FEC scheme in application layer. With the cross-layer design approach, we formulate the handoff decision and application layer parameters adaption problem as a stochastic semi-Markov decision process. Min-imizing the end-to-end total distortion is the objective in our SMDP model. Extensive simulation results are presented. It is illustrated that the proposed optimization algorithm can significantly improve the end-to-end video quality in urban rail PIS systems.
CBTC系统中的车地通信系统将车载和地面控制设备联系在一起,保障列车高效、安全运行。基于IEEE802.11协议簇的WLAN,由于其在频段开放、安装维护方便、标准开放、商用现成品成熟等方面的优势,已经广泛被城市轨道交通CBTC车地通信系统所采用。然而,由于基于IEEE802.11协议簇的WLAN并不是为移动环境下的数据传输所设计的,其作为CBTC车地通信系统时,当列车离开一个AP(Access Point)的覆盖范围进入另一个AP的覆盖时,将会有一个切换过程。实验和仿真结果都表明,这一切换过程可能导致几百毫秒甚至几秒的通信延迟。这么长的通信延迟将会影响高密度行车时CBTC的服务质量(Qaulity of Service, QoS)。
本文针对基于WLAN的CBTC车地通信系统中存在的切换异常问题,设计了更加适合于车地通信环境的通信系统协议栈。通过跨层设计方法,首先映射CBTC系统中随机的实际信道条件和高层的服务质量之间的关系,用随机控制优化的方法计算得到车地通信系统中最优的切换决策策略和通信参数自适应策略。最优策略优化了车地通信系统的性能,提高了CBTC的服务质量。同时,本文将CBTC车地通信系统的跨层设计方法运用于城市轨道交通乘客信息系统,通过映射乘客信息系统中传输视频的服务质量与底层的信道条件,随机控制优化得到应用层的参数自适应策略与切换决策策略,最终提高系统中视频的传输质量。
论文的主要创新点如下：
1.设计了基于具有MIMO性能WLAN的CBTC车地通信系统协议栈。利用跨层设计的方法,将系统中的切换决策问题和MIMO参数自适应问题建模成一个半马尔科夫决策过程。CBTC车地通信系统的信道被建模成一个有限状态的马尔科夫过程,其中信道的状态转移概率从实际的现场测试数据中获得。
2.与现有的通信系统跨层设计不同的是,本文将CBTC系统中列车控制器的线性二次型成本函数(Linear Quadratic Cost Function)作为切换过程中的一个性能指标,将优化列车控制系统的性能作为通信系统的优化目标。在基于具有MIMO性能WLAN的CBTC车地通信系统中,根据列车控制的优化目标,MIMO系统中分集增益和复用增益之间的折中得到了优化设计。
3.设计了基于传输层SCTP和IEEE802.11p的车地通信系统以提高CBTC车地通信的可用性和低延迟特性。利用跨层设计的思想,我们将该车地通信系统中的切换决策问题建模成一个半马尔科夫决策过程。半马尔科夫决策过程的优化目标是求出最优的切换决策策略以最小化SCTP通信延迟以及最大化SCTP的传输带宽。深入的仿真表明,相比于现有的基于UDP与IEEE802.11g的车地通信系统,我们提出的切换机制能显著提高系统切换性能。仿真结果同样表明,我们提出的基于SMDP的切换决策算法能显著提高SCTP带宽。
4.作为跨层设计方法应用的扩展。本文针对乘客信息系统(Passenger Information System, PIS)中频繁切换造成的对视频传输质量的影响,提出了基于IEEE802.11p的城市轨道交通PIS车地视频传输系统,喷泉编码(Fountain Code)作为该系统应用层的前向纠错编码方案。利用跨层设计的方法,我们将所提出的车地视频传输系统中的切换决策问题和应用层参数自适应问题建模成半马尔科夫决策过程。半马尔科夫决策过程的优化目标是求出最优的切换决策策略和应用层参数自适应策略以减小视频传输失真。深入的仿真结果表明,我们所提出的跨层优化设计算法能显著提高PIS中的视频传输质量。
As the center and brain of a rail transit system, the train control system controls the train's moving speed and direction, and guarantees the safe distance between trains. In the premise of train operation safety, train control systems also improve the rail transit operation efficiency. With the development of communication and computer techniques, train control systems have radically changed. They are gradually developing from Track Based Train Control (TBTC) to Communication Based Train Control (CBTC).
Train-ground communication systems are primarily designed to connect each com-ponent of CBTC systems, and its performance is essential to guarantee the high safety and efficiency of train operation. Due to the open frequency, open standard, easy instal-lation, low maintenance costs, and sufficient available commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment, IEEE802.11series based WLAN has been widely adopted as the urban rail transit CBTC train ground communication systems. However, IEEE802.11series stan-dard is not designed for train moving environments. Particularly, when a train moves away from the coverage of a WLAN access point (AP) and enters the coverage of an-other AP along the railway, a handoff procedure occurs. Both experiment and simulation results show that this handoff process may result in long communication latency. This long latency will have a considerable influence on the Quality of Service (QoS) of CBTC systems with high train density.
Aiming to solve the long latency problem when abnormal handoff happens, in this thesis, we design more suitable communication stacks for train ground communication systems. With the proposed cross-layer design approach, we first map the stochastic channel state to the high layer QoS. The optimal handoff policy and communication pa-rameters adaption policy are obtained from stochastic control optimization. The optimal policy optimizes the train ground communication system performance, and improves the CBTC system QoS. Meanwhile, we apply the cross-layer design approach to urban transit passenger information system. Through mapping the stochastic channel state to the video service quality, the application layer parameters adaption policy and handoff policy are obtained by stochastic control optimization. The obtained policy can improve the video transmission quality.
The innovations of the thesis are as follows:
1). We design a CBTC train-ground communication system protocol stack based on MIMO-enabled WLANs. With the cross-layer design approach, the handoff decision and MIMO parameters adaption problem is modeled as a Semi-Markov Decision Process. The wireless channel is modeled as a finite-sate Markov chain, and the channel state transition probability matrix is derived from the data measured in real field test.
2). Unlike the existing works, linear quadratic cost for the train controller in CBTC systems is considered as the performance measure in the handoff design. We take the control performance as the optimization objective in communication system. In MIMO-enabled WLANs based train ground communication system, with the control perfor-mance optimization objective, the tradeoff between MIMO diversity gain and multiplex-ing gain is optimized according to the train control performance.
3). We design a seamless handoff train ground communication system based on SCTP and IEEE802.11p to provide high link availability in CBTC systems. With the cross-layer design approach, we formulate the handoff decision problem as a stochas-tic semi-Markov decision process. Maximizing the SCTP throughput and minimizing the handoff latency are the objectives in the SMDP model. Extensive simulation results are presented. Compared with the existing system based on IEEE802.11g and UDP, it is illustrated that the proposed system can significantly improve SCTP throughput and achieve seamless handoff in CBTC systems.
4). As an extension to our cross-layer design application. We propose an urban rail Passenger Information System (PIS) train-ground video communication network based on IEEE802.11p, and fountain codes are used as the FEC scheme in application layer. With the cross-layer design approach, we formulate the handoff decision and application layer parameters adaption problem as a stochastic semi-Markov decision process. Min-imizing the end-to-end total distortion is the objective in our SMDP model. Extensive simulation results are presented. It is illustrated that the proposed optimization algorithm can significantly improve the end-to-end video quality in urban rail PIS systems.
引文
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