基于NURBS技术的电大复杂目标RCS预估技术研究
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摘要
战争的发展从冷兵器战争开始到机械化战争,现如今已步入信息化、电子化战争,掌握了科技的脉搏,才能在未来战争中立于不败之地,强大的国防才能保障国泰民安。知己知彼,百战不殆,如何准确评估我方军事设备在雷达探测下的生存能力,如何提高我方雷达对来犯敌方的探测能力?这都有待于电大复杂目标电磁特性分析平台的支持。
本文针对电大复杂目标电磁散射特性搭建了与计算机辅助设计软件有良好接口的分析平台,完成复杂目标从模型到输出RCS (Radar Cross section,雷达散射截面积)的预估过程。
论文针对网格模型及实体模型采用点云重构NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline,非均匀有理B样条)曲面模型的技术完成目标的电磁建模；针对CAM及CAD软件设计中常用的NURBS曲面模型,通过IGES(Initial Graphics Exchange Specification,基本图形转换规范)文件提取目标NURBS参数。通过这两种NURBS参数提取技术,构成RCS预估软件与现在绝大多数CAD/CAM软件的接口,实现RCS预估与外形设计的数据交流,可用以与CAD软件互动完成电大复杂目标的外形设计联调。
NURBS曲面建模与传统建模方法相比有着不可比拟的优势,是论文搭建平台所采用的电磁建模技术。由于传统NURBS计算采用迭代求解,计算速度受到限制,本文将迭代求解这种自顶向下的求解过程转换成自下而上的直接求解,同时通过对B样条基函数的研究,大量减少了NURBS曲面的计算消耗。论文亦将这种方法推广至NURBS曲面切矢、法矢以及两阶偏导的求解过程,通过所设计算例的验证,证明了该方法及所推公式的准确性,为基于NURBS建模技术的电磁散射分析提供优良的电磁建模手段。
论文研究了复杂目标散射的三种主要散射机理,实现了基于NURBS建模的电磁目标散射分析。鉴于物理光学法对于处理作为威胁电大复杂目标的主要散射机理之一的直接散射类问题适用范围相对较广,论文采用PO(Physical Optics,物理光学)方法完成NURBS曲面片的直接散射计算。对于双参数形式的曲面积分,论文所搭建平台使用Ludwig积分完成基于NURBS表面的物理光积分。为了修正物理光学法的结果,论文采用物理绕射理论计算基于NURBS曲面棱边的边缘绕射场,以改善物理光学法的结果。在论文中,详细研究了电磁散射计算中的基于NURBS模型的遮挡消隐算法,通过引入并修正计算机图形学中Z-Buffer技术,完成基于NURBS建模的电磁目标遮挡消隐,为了进一步提高Z-Buffer技术对于掠入射问题的处理能力,文中提出了辅助Z-Buffer技术,结合NURBS建模特点,实现目标遮挡的准确判断。
腔体结构是威胁军事目标生存的一大隐患,军事目标的腔体一般为电大腔体,而且往往涂覆介质层,论文采用了腔体散射技术中适用范围较广的SBR (Shooting and Bouncing Ray,射线弹跳法)技术完成腔体的散射计算。论文针对军事目标腔体结构中常见的矩形腔体及圆柱形腔体详细讨论了其射线追踪及口径积分特点,利用SBR方法推导了可用以计算电大理想导体矩形腔体以及电大涂覆介质层矩形腔体的RCS公式,经过算例验证,表明该公式具有不低于原SBR方法的精度,同时,由于采用公式形式求解,其占用资源及消耗时间大为减少,原则上说,对于矩形腔体,论文所推导的公式适用于原SBR方法适用的任何场合,不仅限于电大,但是对于电大腔体,原SBR方法分析难度非常大。论文也针对圆柱形腔体的特点,给出了其射线追踪的一组公式,可以有效地完成腔体内的射线追踪,节省原SBR方法在腔体内射线追踪消耗的资源及计算时间。对于更为常见的端接非平面的矩形腔体及圆柱形腔体,论文将求解区域分为腔体及终端两个区域,终端区域采用NURBS描述其外形,通过公式求解入射线以及终端反射线在腔体内的射线追踪,通过数值方法完成终端区域入射线的射线追踪以及口径面上的远场积分,最终实现腔体的RCS计算。对于更为复杂的腔体形式,采用NURBS描述腔体内壁及终端结构,采用文中提出的射线与NURBS曲面、曲线求交点的方法完成射线追踪、场强追踪,最终通过数值方法实现口径面积分,从而得到腔体的RCS。
论文将基于NURBS建模的电大复杂目标RCS预估问题分解为5个功能模块,结合3个外围模块,集成为一个完整的电大目标散射分析平台。文中对模块及平台的搭建做了详细的讨论,并利用某飞行器RCS实测完成对该平台的检验,实测表明本文所搭建的基于NURBS建模技术的复杂电大目标RCS预估平台可以有效地完成给定目标的RCS预估。
From cold weapon war to the mechanization war, nowadays the information war age is coming. Each war will bring about changes in world pattern. How to improve the survivability of our military equipment under the radar detection? how to find the weakness of enemy's weapon? They are all need to be supported by the electromagnetic properties analysis platform for the complex electrically large targets.
In this dissertation, the analysis platform for scattering properties of complex electrically large targets is constructed with a good interface to computer aided design software (CADS), and the radar cross section (RCS) prediction of complex targets is realized.
The interface module is constructed as the base layer for the platform to exchange data with CAD/CAM software. The electromagentic models in the platform are got in two access. The existing grid models and solid models are completed by reconstruction technique with point cloud data to get the parameters of non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS). For the models designed by NURBS, the interface between RCS prediction software and CAD/CAM software is constructed by Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES), which can be used in the modeling design adjustment of electrically large complex target with the CAD software.
NURBS modeling is much better than traditional modeling method, however, because of the use of iterative method, the computing speed is limited. This dissertation changes the iterative top-down solution process to directive bottom-up process, the computing consume of NURBS modeing is greatly reduced. Such method is also extended to NURBS surface tangential vector, normal vector and the solution of two-order partial derivatives. By the given examples, the method and formulas are proved to be accurate.
The physical optics method (PO) is used in the dissertation to complete the direct scattering computation of NURBS modeling. Because the shape parameters of the target is described in the NURBS, the scattering should be computed based on NURBS modeling techniques. The analysis platform in the dissertation completes the physical optics integrals based on NURBS modeling by using Ludwig integral. In order to correct the PO results, the edge diffraction field based on NURBS curved edge is computed by physical theory of diffraction (PTD). In the dissertation, the shadowing problem is also discussed in electromagnetic scattering computing. The Z-buffer technology in introduced to complete the shadowing process, and a assistant buffer is proposed to improve the traditional Z-Buffer technique in NURBS modeling.
Cavity structure is a threat to the survival of military targets. Cavity for military targets is electrically large cavity in the general, and is often coated by dielectric layer. The dissertation analyze the scattering from cavity with shooting and bouncing ray method (SBR). The ray tracing and aperture integration features of rectangular cavity and cylindrical cavity commonly used as the military cavity targets are discussed in detail. The RCS formulas are derived with SBR, which can be used to calculate the perfectly electrically large conducting or coated rectangular cavity. It is proved by examples that such formula has the accuracy not less than the accuracy of original SBR method. At the same time, due to the adoption of the formula form to solve, the memory requirement and time consume are both reduced greatly. The dissertation gives a group of formulas for the characteristics of a cylindrical cavity to effectively predicte the ray tracing in a cavity, which save the original SBR ray-tracing consumption and computing time. For the more common terminated non-planar rectangular and cylindrical cavity, dissertation divides the solving region into regular cavity region and terminal region which molded in NURBS. The ray tracing in regular cavity is solved by formulas proposed in paper, and the ray-tracing of ray tracing in terminal region is completed by numerical methods. For more complex cavity, NURBS is used to describe the cavity, the numerical methods are used in ray tracing, field tracking and aperture surface integral.
Electromagnetic modeling and scattering computation are gathered in the final part of the dissertation to be a complete scattering analysis platform for electrically large targets. By using the principle of locality of high-frequency field, the PO scattering and cavity scattering are combined to complete the RCS prediction of electrically large complex objects. The effectiveness of proposed analysis platform is verified by the experiment datas of an aircraft.
本文针对电大复杂目标电磁散射特性搭建了与计算机辅助设计软件有良好接口的分析平台,完成复杂目标从模型到输出RCS (Radar Cross section,雷达散射截面积)的预估过程。
论文针对网格模型及实体模型采用点云重构NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline,非均匀有理B样条)曲面模型的技术完成目标的电磁建模；针对CAM及CAD软件设计中常用的NURBS曲面模型,通过IGES(Initial Graphics Exchange Specification,基本图形转换规范)文件提取目标NURBS参数。通过这两种NURBS参数提取技术,构成RCS预估软件与现在绝大多数CAD/CAM软件的接口,实现RCS预估与外形设计的数据交流,可用以与CAD软件互动完成电大复杂目标的外形设计联调。
NURBS曲面建模与传统建模方法相比有着不可比拟的优势,是论文搭建平台所采用的电磁建模技术。由于传统NURBS计算采用迭代求解,计算速度受到限制,本文将迭代求解这种自顶向下的求解过程转换成自下而上的直接求解,同时通过对B样条基函数的研究,大量减少了NURBS曲面的计算消耗。论文亦将这种方法推广至NURBS曲面切矢、法矢以及两阶偏导的求解过程,通过所设计算例的验证,证明了该方法及所推公式的准确性,为基于NURBS建模技术的电磁散射分析提供优良的电磁建模手段。
论文研究了复杂目标散射的三种主要散射机理,实现了基于NURBS建模的电磁目标散射分析。鉴于物理光学法对于处理作为威胁电大复杂目标的主要散射机理之一的直接散射类问题适用范围相对较广,论文采用PO(Physical Optics,物理光学)方法完成NURBS曲面片的直接散射计算。对于双参数形式的曲面积分,论文所搭建平台使用Ludwig积分完成基于NURBS表面的物理光积分。为了修正物理光学法的结果,论文采用物理绕射理论计算基于NURBS曲面棱边的边缘绕射场,以改善物理光学法的结果。在论文中,详细研究了电磁散射计算中的基于NURBS模型的遮挡消隐算法,通过引入并修正计算机图形学中Z-Buffer技术,完成基于NURBS建模的电磁目标遮挡消隐,为了进一步提高Z-Buffer技术对于掠入射问题的处理能力,文中提出了辅助Z-Buffer技术,结合NURBS建模特点,实现目标遮挡的准确判断。
腔体结构是威胁军事目标生存的一大隐患,军事目标的腔体一般为电大腔体,而且往往涂覆介质层,论文采用了腔体散射技术中适用范围较广的SBR (Shooting and Bouncing Ray,射线弹跳法)技术完成腔体的散射计算。论文针对军事目标腔体结构中常见的矩形腔体及圆柱形腔体详细讨论了其射线追踪及口径积分特点,利用SBR方法推导了可用以计算电大理想导体矩形腔体以及电大涂覆介质层矩形腔体的RCS公式,经过算例验证,表明该公式具有不低于原SBR方法的精度,同时,由于采用公式形式求解,其占用资源及消耗时间大为减少,原则上说,对于矩形腔体,论文所推导的公式适用于原SBR方法适用的任何场合,不仅限于电大,但是对于电大腔体,原SBR方法分析难度非常大。论文也针对圆柱形腔体的特点,给出了其射线追踪的一组公式,可以有效地完成腔体内的射线追踪,节省原SBR方法在腔体内射线追踪消耗的资源及计算时间。对于更为常见的端接非平面的矩形腔体及圆柱形腔体,论文将求解区域分为腔体及终端两个区域,终端区域采用NURBS描述其外形,通过公式求解入射线以及终端反射线在腔体内的射线追踪,通过数值方法完成终端区域入射线的射线追踪以及口径面上的远场积分,最终实现腔体的RCS计算。对于更为复杂的腔体形式,采用NURBS描述腔体内壁及终端结构,采用文中提出的射线与NURBS曲面、曲线求交点的方法完成射线追踪、场强追踪,最终通过数值方法实现口径面积分,从而得到腔体的RCS。
论文将基于NURBS建模的电大复杂目标RCS预估问题分解为5个功能模块,结合3个外围模块,集成为一个完整的电大目标散射分析平台。文中对模块及平台的搭建做了详细的讨论,并利用某飞行器RCS实测完成对该平台的检验,实测表明本文所搭建的基于NURBS建模技术的复杂电大目标RCS预估平台可以有效地完成给定目标的RCS预估。
From cold weapon war to the mechanization war, nowadays the information war age is coming. Each war will bring about changes in world pattern. How to improve the survivability of our military equipment under the radar detection? how to find the weakness of enemy's weapon? They are all need to be supported by the electromagnetic properties analysis platform for the complex electrically large targets.
In this dissertation, the analysis platform for scattering properties of complex electrically large targets is constructed with a good interface to computer aided design software (CADS), and the radar cross section (RCS) prediction of complex targets is realized.
The interface module is constructed as the base layer for the platform to exchange data with CAD/CAM software. The electromagentic models in the platform are got in two access. The existing grid models and solid models are completed by reconstruction technique with point cloud data to get the parameters of non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS). For the models designed by NURBS, the interface between RCS prediction software and CAD/CAM software is constructed by Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES), which can be used in the modeling design adjustment of electrically large complex target with the CAD software.
NURBS modeling is much better than traditional modeling method, however, because of the use of iterative method, the computing speed is limited. This dissertation changes the iterative top-down solution process to directive bottom-up process, the computing consume of NURBS modeing is greatly reduced. Such method is also extended to NURBS surface tangential vector, normal vector and the solution of two-order partial derivatives. By the given examples, the method and formulas are proved to be accurate.
The physical optics method (PO) is used in the dissertation to complete the direct scattering computation of NURBS modeling. Because the shape parameters of the target is described in the NURBS, the scattering should be computed based on NURBS modeling techniques. The analysis platform in the dissertation completes the physical optics integrals based on NURBS modeling by using Ludwig integral. In order to correct the PO results, the edge diffraction field based on NURBS curved edge is computed by physical theory of diffraction (PTD). In the dissertation, the shadowing problem is also discussed in electromagnetic scattering computing. The Z-buffer technology in introduced to complete the shadowing process, and a assistant buffer is proposed to improve the traditional Z-Buffer technique in NURBS modeling.
Cavity structure is a threat to the survival of military targets. Cavity for military targets is electrically large cavity in the general, and is often coated by dielectric layer. The dissertation analyze the scattering from cavity with shooting and bouncing ray method (SBR). The ray tracing and aperture integration features of rectangular cavity and cylindrical cavity commonly used as the military cavity targets are discussed in detail. The RCS formulas are derived with SBR, which can be used to calculate the perfectly electrically large conducting or coated rectangular cavity. It is proved by examples that such formula has the accuracy not less than the accuracy of original SBR method. At the same time, due to the adoption of the formula form to solve, the memory requirement and time consume are both reduced greatly. The dissertation gives a group of formulas for the characteristics of a cylindrical cavity to effectively predicte the ray tracing in a cavity, which save the original SBR ray-tracing consumption and computing time. For the more common terminated non-planar rectangular and cylindrical cavity, dissertation divides the solving region into regular cavity region and terminal region which molded in NURBS. The ray tracing in regular cavity is solved by formulas proposed in paper, and the ray-tracing of ray tracing in terminal region is completed by numerical methods. For more complex cavity, NURBS is used to describe the cavity, the numerical methods are used in ray tracing, field tracking and aperture surface integral.
Electromagnetic modeling and scattering computation are gathered in the final part of the dissertation to be a complete scattering analysis platform for electrically large targets. By using the principle of locality of high-frequency field, the PO scattering and cavity scattering are combined to complete the RCS prediction of electrically large complex objects. The effectiveness of proposed analysis platform is verified by the experiment datas of an aircraft.
引文
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