草原牧区生态移民研究
摘要
生态移民的提出是人类对资源生态恶化不断进行反思与觉醒的产物。草原牧区生态移民既是一项系统的草原生态保护工程，又是一项复杂的改善移民生计工程，具有资源生态科学与经济社会科学双重属性。近十年来，国内有关生态移民试点研究、对策研究不断增多，但生态移民进展并不顺利，其中涉及诸多的实际与理论问题。本文以内蒙古为例，运用定性分析与定量分析方法，对草原牧区生态移民进行研究。
全文由8章内容构成：
第一章导论本章主要阐述论文的研究背景、研究目的和意义。就生态移民国内外研究动态进行梳理和述评，在此基础上，提出本文的研究思路和研究方法，列出论文的创新点与不足之处。本文认为，深化草原牧区生态移民研究，既是保护草原生态的迫切需要，也是改善移民生计的实际需要。
第二章草原牧区生态移民内涵及其基础理论本章在对相关内涵及其基础理论进行界定与梳理的同时，形成如下认识：一是草原牧区是一个集自然、经济、社会、文化为一体的区域，有其自身的发展与问题。二是无论生态移民界定的内容是繁是简，其内含3个共性要素，即资源生态恶化、人居生存环境破坏、人口迁移过程，并以生态承载理论、生态恢复理论、反贫困理论、人口迁移理论以及可持续发展理论作为其立论之基。三是草原牧区生态移民具有明显的地域性特征，与反贫困紧密相联，并以实现生态与生计统筹双赢为目标。该类移民在性质上属于政府引导与帮扶下的自愿性移民，它与工程移民，避灾移民在迁移的自愿性与目标性上是不同的。
第三章草原牧区生态移民的必要性与移民范围的确定现阶段草原牧区之所以要实施生态移民，归纳起来，一是缓解牧区人、畜过快增长与资源生态矛盾加剧的压力，实现草原生态恢复的迫切需要；二是帮助牧民摆脱恶劣人居生存环境，提高其生产生活质量的需要。并在此基础上，本文从人居环境，资源条件，经济水平，社会发展以及区域的特殊性5个方面提出综合判定移民范围的10项主体指标和39项辅助指标的分析框架与依据，同时，就移民范围分为“需要迁移”、“急需迁移”、“暂缓迁移”和“不需迁移”四种类型，并提出确定每种迁移类型的指标参考值，从而为地方政府确定移民范围和移民规模提供重要参考依据。
第四章草原牧区生态移民的动力机制与平衡机制本章在阐述牧区生态移民运行的动力、阻力、合力、吸引力、排斥力以及平衡力过程中，剖析了生态移民相关方（政府与移民，迁出地与迁入地，生态保护区与生态受益区）形成合力的条件，标准和目标。形成两点重要认识：一是生态移民相关方互动是形成合力的前提条件，行动一致是衡量合力的根本标准，迁移者得实惠、迁入地得发展、组织者得民心、政府和受益区得生态是形成合力的根本目标。二是构建平衡机制要密切关注相关方心态平衡、利益平衡、迁移过程平衡以及重点（生态保护与建设）与核心（移民生计改善）的平衡。并以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟为例，运用Logit计量经济模型对生态移民迁移意愿和影响因素进行了分析。
第五章草原牧区生态移民安置地与产业选择本章首先将迁出地与迁入地在人居环境、资源条件以及经济社会发展水平上的差异性作为安置地选择的基本原则。其次，将人居环境的自然适宜性、生活便利性以及限制性；土、草、水资源丰度对生产发展所起作用；相邻城镇的交通条件、人口规模、经济水平、人均收入、就业渠道和市场对农畜产品需求，以及为移民及其子女提供公共服务的便利性和服务水平，作为选择安置地的重要条件。在分析4种安置类型优缺点后，本文认为，适度集中安置的移民新村，有利于提高公共服务的配置效率，有利于移民创造新的生活方式，有利于与城镇化发展相衔接，应作为安置类型的首选。
第六章草原牧区生态移民迁移计划与迁移方式本章在论述迁移计划，迁移组织和迁移方式后形成以下认识：一是迁移计划内容广泛，其中帮助移民制定发展计划更显重要。针对靠传统种植业和畜牧业的简单复制不能解决移民发展问题，致富问题。本文认为，帮助移民明确发展方向，拓展发展空间，创造发展条件，提高发展能力，是制定移民发展计划要解决的核心问题，其中帮助移民选准发展项目，制定推进发展项目的保障计划，能力培育计划，政府帮扶计划，对加快移民转变发展方式，提高移民发展质量和效益具有重要意义。二是鉴于牧区移民居住分散，信息不畅，搬迁困难多等特点，为使搬迁工作安全、有序、顺利进行，有必要成立“移民搬迁代办所”，以解决移民搬迁中迁出与迁入诸多具体事宜。三是考虑一步到位迁移方式存在缺陷，本文认为对待生态移民可设置1-2年的过渡期，采取“先体验，先搭架，后商议，再搬迁”的二步走的迁移方式，不仅可行，也更为稳妥。
第七章草原牧区生态移民迁移效应评价与风险分析本章首先从生态与生计、物质与精神、迁出地与迁入地多视角、多层面提出评价牧区生态移民迁移效应的10项内容与指标，其评价的全面性、系统性和实用性在全国同类评价中很少见。基于移民群体应成为评价迁移效应主体的认识，笔者调查了5个移民新村87户移民对迁移安置的满意程度，得出整体评价为“及格”，其中决定长期定居与想回迁原住地的户比为2∶1。其次，在运用AHP定量分析影响贫困风险的因子及排序中，产业选择风险、收入减少风险以及移民文化素质和科技培训风险位列前3位。针对移民迁移风险，本文提出了培育新产业等有针对性的防控措施。
第八章人畜迁出后草场管护形式与管护效果研究这个问题既是保护草场资源，恢复草场植被的需要，也是解除移民后顾之忧，巩固迁移成果，降低回迁率的需要。在论述组建草场管护专业队伍的必要性和紧迫性之后，本文详细比较了5种草场管护形式的优点与不足，认为由迁移户推荐留守户代表组建草场合作管护小组，是现阶段比较现实可行的管护形式，并就提高合作管护小组的草场管护效果提出对策建议。
Ecological emigration results from the constant reflection upon thedeterioration of resources and ecological environment. In prairie areas, it hasdouble attributes of resource and ecological science as well as economic andsocial science: it is a systematic grassland ecological protection project, and alsoa complex project of lives improvement. In recent decade, more researchemerge regarding ecological emigration pilot study and countermeasures, butthe process of emigration is not smooth as it is related to practical andtheoretical problems. I conducted a further study on the ecological emigration inInner Mongolia Region with qualitative and quantitative research methods.
The dissertation consists of eight chapters.
Chapter Ⅰ Introduction This chapter introduces the researchbackground, purpose and significance of study. By reviewing the domestic andinternational ecological emigration research, this dissertation puts forward thetheme and methods of the research and lists the innovative and deficient points.The dissertation argues that the further development on the research ofecological emigration is not only the urgent need to protect the grassland, but also the practical needs to improve the lives of emigrants.
Chapter Ⅱ Connotation and basic theory of ecological emigration fromgrassland This chapter defines and discusses the connotation and its basictheory of ecological emigration from grassland. The literature review shows thefollowing consensus: First, grassland pastoral area possesses natural, economic,social, and cultural traits and has its own development and problems. Second,despite the definitions of ecological emigration, it contains three commonfactors, namely, resource and ecological deterioration, human livingenvironment destruction, and population emigration. The theoreticalfoundations of its operation include ecological bearing capacity theory,ecological restoration theory, anti-poverty theory, population migration theory,and the theory of sustainable development. Third, ecological emigration fromgrassland pastoral area has obvious regional characteristics and is closelyrelated to the practice of anti-poverty. Achieving the improvement of ecologyand lives are the double aims of the operation. This type of emigration is undergovernment guidance and assistance to the voluntary emigrants, which isdifferent from project resettlement and refugee immigrants in the nature ofvoluntariness and goal-orientedness.
Chapter Ⅲ The necessity of ecological emigration and the scopedetermination in the grassland pastoral areas At present, there are two purposes to implement ecological emigration in pastoral areas on grassland. Thefirst purpose is to release the pressure from too fast growth of population andlivestock and the sharp contradictions of ecological resources and environmentdeteriaration, to realize the urgent need of grassland ecological restoration. Thesecond purpose is to help farmers improve living environment and the quality ofproduction.
This paper puts forward the framework and criteria to determine the scopeof emigration, namely in five aspects: the living environment, resourceconditions, economic level, social development, and the area characters. Theframework includes10main indexes and39auxiliary indexes. At the same time,I divided the emigration into four types,"need to transfer","urgent need totransfer","deferring transfer" and "no need to transfer." Meanwhile, referencevalues of indexes for each migration type are provided in the dissertation, whileprovides important reference for the local government to determine the scopeand scale of emigration.
Chapter Ⅳ The dynamic mechanism and balancing mechanism of theecological emigration in grassland pastoral areas In describing the power,resistance, joint forces, attraction, repulsion, balancing force during in theoperation of ecological emigration in the grassland pastoral areas, I analyzes thecondition, the standard and the targets for related parties of ecological emigration (governments and emigrants, emigrating and immigrating areas,ecological preserving and beneficial areas) to form joint efforts. Two importantarguments: First, the interaction among the ecological emigration related partyis the precondition to form joint efforts. Acting in concert is the basic standardfor measuring force. The fundamental goals including benefits to the emigrants,development for immigrating areas, organizers winning the hearts of the people,and that government and the beneficial areas obtain ecological balance. Second,to reach balancing mechanism is to pay close attention to related parties’ mentalbalance, interests balance, migration process balance, and the key (ecologicalprotection and construction) and core (emigrants’ lives improvement) balances.I take XiLinGuoLe Meng in Inner Mongolia as an example and use Logiteconometric model to analyse the aspiration of the ecological migration andinfluencing factors.
Chapter Ⅴ Resettlement areas and industry choice in grassland pastoralareas First, I take the difference in living environment, resources conditionsand social economic development as the basic principles of choosing theplacement of the emigrants and immigrating areas. Secondly, the importantconditions for selective settlement are the living environment of the naturalsuitability; living convenience and restriction; soil, grass, water resourceabundance for the development of production; adjacent urban traffic conditions; population size, the economic level, per capita income; employment channels,market demand of agricultural and livestock products; and the convenience andservice level of public services for immigrants and their children.
After analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of four types ofresettlement, this paper argues that, moderately concentrated resettlement ofimmigrants village, which helps improving the allocating efficiency of publicservices and helps immigrants to create a new way of life, conducive to dovetailwith the development of urbanization, should be the best choice.
Chapter Ⅵ Planning and methods of ecological emigration in grasslandpastoral areas This chapter discusses the emigration planning andorganization for emigration. First, migration planning is complicated while theformulation of development plans to help immigrants is very important. Simplereplication of traditional farming and animal husbandry cannot resolveemigration development problem. This paper argues that, to help immigrants toform a clear direction of development, to expand the space for development, tocreate conditions for development, and to improve the development of ability,are the keys to solve the immigrant development plan. This helps immigrants tochoose appropriate project, to promote the development of project plan,capacity cultivation plan, and government assistance program. This is ofimportant significance to accelerate immigrant change development way and to improve the quality and efficiency of immigrants development.
Second, given the conditions of the pastoral immigrants living dispersively,lacking information, difficult to relocation, in order to make the relocationaccomplished safely, orderly, and smoothly, it is necessary to set up an "Emigration Office ", to solve specific issues regarding relocation of emigrants.
Third, given that one-step migration patterns is defective, I argue that thetreatment of ecological migration can be set with1-2year transition period. It isnot only feasible, but also more secure to adopting the two step transfer method:" experiencing first, framework followed, deliberation and negotiation, andrelocation finally."
Chapter Ⅶ Emigration effect evaluation and risk system ofecological migration in grassland pastoral areas First, I propose tenevaluation content and indexes to measure emigration effects from perspectivesof ecology, living, material and spiritual gain, emigration and immigrationlocations. The evaluation is comprehensive, systematic, practical and rare of itskind nationwide. Based on the understanding that emigrants should be themain evaluators on emigration effects, I surveyed87migrants from five villagesabout their satisfaction of the migration and resettlement. Analysis shows thatthe overall evaluation is "passing grade." The ratio of the household decidinglong-term settle-down to moving back to original residency is2to1.
Second, among all the poverty risk factors analyzed with quantitativemethod AHP, industrial placement risk, income risk, as well as cultural qualityand training risk of emigration are among the top3.
Chapter Ⅷ Form and effects of grassland preservation andmanagement post to human and animal emigration It is very necessary tostudy this problem to protect grassland resources, restore the grasslandvegetation, consolidate the migration accomplishment and reduce the return rate.After discussing the urgency and necessity to form professional grasslandpreservation and management teams, I make a detailed comparison of strengthsand weaknesses among the five types of grassland management. I argue that,forming grassland preservation and management co-op groups by the remainingherders recommended by the emigrants, is a practical and feasible managementform for the present stage of development. In addition, I suggestcountermeasures to improve the effects of grassland preservation andmanagement by co-op groups.
全文由8章内容构成：
第一章导论本章主要阐述论文的研究背景、研究目的和意义。就生态移民国内外研究动态进行梳理和述评，在此基础上，提出本文的研究思路和研究方法，列出论文的创新点与不足之处。本文认为，深化草原牧区生态移民研究，既是保护草原生态的迫切需要，也是改善移民生计的实际需要。
第二章草原牧区生态移民内涵及其基础理论本章在对相关内涵及其基础理论进行界定与梳理的同时，形成如下认识：一是草原牧区是一个集自然、经济、社会、文化为一体的区域，有其自身的发展与问题。二是无论生态移民界定的内容是繁是简，其内含3个共性要素，即资源生态恶化、人居生存环境破坏、人口迁移过程，并以生态承载理论、生态恢复理论、反贫困理论、人口迁移理论以及可持续发展理论作为其立论之基。三是草原牧区生态移民具有明显的地域性特征，与反贫困紧密相联，并以实现生态与生计统筹双赢为目标。该类移民在性质上属于政府引导与帮扶下的自愿性移民，它与工程移民，避灾移民在迁移的自愿性与目标性上是不同的。
第三章草原牧区生态移民的必要性与移民范围的确定现阶段草原牧区之所以要实施生态移民，归纳起来，一是缓解牧区人、畜过快增长与资源生态矛盾加剧的压力，实现草原生态恢复的迫切需要；二是帮助牧民摆脱恶劣人居生存环境，提高其生产生活质量的需要。并在此基础上，本文从人居环境，资源条件，经济水平，社会发展以及区域的特殊性5个方面提出综合判定移民范围的10项主体指标和39项辅助指标的分析框架与依据，同时，就移民范围分为“需要迁移”、“急需迁移”、“暂缓迁移”和“不需迁移”四种类型，并提出确定每种迁移类型的指标参考值，从而为地方政府确定移民范围和移民规模提供重要参考依据。
第四章草原牧区生态移民的动力机制与平衡机制本章在阐述牧区生态移民运行的动力、阻力、合力、吸引力、排斥力以及平衡力过程中，剖析了生态移民相关方（政府与移民，迁出地与迁入地，生态保护区与生态受益区）形成合力的条件，标准和目标。形成两点重要认识：一是生态移民相关方互动是形成合力的前提条件，行动一致是衡量合力的根本标准，迁移者得实惠、迁入地得发展、组织者得民心、政府和受益区得生态是形成合力的根本目标。二是构建平衡机制要密切关注相关方心态平衡、利益平衡、迁移过程平衡以及重点（生态保护与建设）与核心（移民生计改善）的平衡。并以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟为例，运用Logit计量经济模型对生态移民迁移意愿和影响因素进行了分析。
第五章草原牧区生态移民安置地与产业选择本章首先将迁出地与迁入地在人居环境、资源条件以及经济社会发展水平上的差异性作为安置地选择的基本原则。其次，将人居环境的自然适宜性、生活便利性以及限制性；土、草、水资源丰度对生产发展所起作用；相邻城镇的交通条件、人口规模、经济水平、人均收入、就业渠道和市场对农畜产品需求，以及为移民及其子女提供公共服务的便利性和服务水平，作为选择安置地的重要条件。在分析4种安置类型优缺点后，本文认为，适度集中安置的移民新村，有利于提高公共服务的配置效率，有利于移民创造新的生活方式，有利于与城镇化发展相衔接，应作为安置类型的首选。
第六章草原牧区生态移民迁移计划与迁移方式本章在论述迁移计划，迁移组织和迁移方式后形成以下认识：一是迁移计划内容广泛，其中帮助移民制定发展计划更显重要。针对靠传统种植业和畜牧业的简单复制不能解决移民发展问题，致富问题。本文认为，帮助移民明确发展方向，拓展发展空间，创造发展条件，提高发展能力，是制定移民发展计划要解决的核心问题，其中帮助移民选准发展项目，制定推进发展项目的保障计划，能力培育计划，政府帮扶计划，对加快移民转变发展方式，提高移民发展质量和效益具有重要意义。二是鉴于牧区移民居住分散，信息不畅，搬迁困难多等特点，为使搬迁工作安全、有序、顺利进行，有必要成立“移民搬迁代办所”，以解决移民搬迁中迁出与迁入诸多具体事宜。三是考虑一步到位迁移方式存在缺陷，本文认为对待生态移民可设置1-2年的过渡期，采取“先体验，先搭架，后商议，再搬迁”的二步走的迁移方式，不仅可行，也更为稳妥。
第七章草原牧区生态移民迁移效应评价与风险分析本章首先从生态与生计、物质与精神、迁出地与迁入地多视角、多层面提出评价牧区生态移民迁移效应的10项内容与指标，其评价的全面性、系统性和实用性在全国同类评价中很少见。基于移民群体应成为评价迁移效应主体的认识，笔者调查了5个移民新村87户移民对迁移安置的满意程度，得出整体评价为“及格”，其中决定长期定居与想回迁原住地的户比为2∶1。其次，在运用AHP定量分析影响贫困风险的因子及排序中，产业选择风险、收入减少风险以及移民文化素质和科技培训风险位列前3位。针对移民迁移风险，本文提出了培育新产业等有针对性的防控措施。
第八章人畜迁出后草场管护形式与管护效果研究这个问题既是保护草场资源，恢复草场植被的需要，也是解除移民后顾之忧，巩固迁移成果，降低回迁率的需要。在论述组建草场管护专业队伍的必要性和紧迫性之后，本文详细比较了5种草场管护形式的优点与不足，认为由迁移户推荐留守户代表组建草场合作管护小组，是现阶段比较现实可行的管护形式，并就提高合作管护小组的草场管护效果提出对策建议。
Ecological emigration results from the constant reflection upon thedeterioration of resources and ecological environment. In prairie areas, it hasdouble attributes of resource and ecological science as well as economic andsocial science: it is a systematic grassland ecological protection project, and alsoa complex project of lives improvement. In recent decade, more researchemerge regarding ecological emigration pilot study and countermeasures, butthe process of emigration is not smooth as it is related to practical andtheoretical problems. I conducted a further study on the ecological emigration inInner Mongolia Region with qualitative and quantitative research methods.
The dissertation consists of eight chapters.
Chapter Ⅰ Introduction This chapter introduces the researchbackground, purpose and significance of study. By reviewing the domestic andinternational ecological emigration research, this dissertation puts forward thetheme and methods of the research and lists the innovative and deficient points.The dissertation argues that the further development on the research ofecological emigration is not only the urgent need to protect the grassland, but also the practical needs to improve the lives of emigrants.
Chapter Ⅱ Connotation and basic theory of ecological emigration fromgrassland This chapter defines and discusses the connotation and its basictheory of ecological emigration from grassland. The literature review shows thefollowing consensus: First, grassland pastoral area possesses natural, economic,social, and cultural traits and has its own development and problems. Second,despite the definitions of ecological emigration, it contains three commonfactors, namely, resource and ecological deterioration, human livingenvironment destruction, and population emigration. The theoreticalfoundations of its operation include ecological bearing capacity theory,ecological restoration theory, anti-poverty theory, population migration theory,and the theory of sustainable development. Third, ecological emigration fromgrassland pastoral area has obvious regional characteristics and is closelyrelated to the practice of anti-poverty. Achieving the improvement of ecologyand lives are the double aims of the operation. This type of emigration is undergovernment guidance and assistance to the voluntary emigrants, which isdifferent from project resettlement and refugee immigrants in the nature ofvoluntariness and goal-orientedness.
Chapter Ⅲ The necessity of ecological emigration and the scopedetermination in the grassland pastoral areas At present, there are two purposes to implement ecological emigration in pastoral areas on grassland. Thefirst purpose is to release the pressure from too fast growth of population andlivestock and the sharp contradictions of ecological resources and environmentdeteriaration, to realize the urgent need of grassland ecological restoration. Thesecond purpose is to help farmers improve living environment and the quality ofproduction.
This paper puts forward the framework and criteria to determine the scopeof emigration, namely in five aspects: the living environment, resourceconditions, economic level, social development, and the area characters. Theframework includes10main indexes and39auxiliary indexes. At the same time,I divided the emigration into four types,"need to transfer","urgent need totransfer","deferring transfer" and "no need to transfer." Meanwhile, referencevalues of indexes for each migration type are provided in the dissertation, whileprovides important reference for the local government to determine the scopeand scale of emigration.
Chapter Ⅳ The dynamic mechanism and balancing mechanism of theecological emigration in grassland pastoral areas In describing the power,resistance, joint forces, attraction, repulsion, balancing force during in theoperation of ecological emigration in the grassland pastoral areas, I analyzes thecondition, the standard and the targets for related parties of ecological emigration (governments and emigrants, emigrating and immigrating areas,ecological preserving and beneficial areas) to form joint efforts. Two importantarguments: First, the interaction among the ecological emigration related partyis the precondition to form joint efforts. Acting in concert is the basic standardfor measuring force. The fundamental goals including benefits to the emigrants,development for immigrating areas, organizers winning the hearts of the people,and that government and the beneficial areas obtain ecological balance. Second,to reach balancing mechanism is to pay close attention to related parties’ mentalbalance, interests balance, migration process balance, and the key (ecologicalprotection and construction) and core (emigrants’ lives improvement) balances.I take XiLinGuoLe Meng in Inner Mongolia as an example and use Logiteconometric model to analyse the aspiration of the ecological migration andinfluencing factors.
Chapter Ⅴ Resettlement areas and industry choice in grassland pastoralareas First, I take the difference in living environment, resources conditionsand social economic development as the basic principles of choosing theplacement of the emigrants and immigrating areas. Secondly, the importantconditions for selective settlement are the living environment of the naturalsuitability; living convenience and restriction; soil, grass, water resourceabundance for the development of production; adjacent urban traffic conditions; population size, the economic level, per capita income; employment channels,market demand of agricultural and livestock products; and the convenience andservice level of public services for immigrants and their children.
After analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of four types ofresettlement, this paper argues that, moderately concentrated resettlement ofimmigrants village, which helps improving the allocating efficiency of publicservices and helps immigrants to create a new way of life, conducive to dovetailwith the development of urbanization, should be the best choice.
Chapter Ⅵ Planning and methods of ecological emigration in grasslandpastoral areas This chapter discusses the emigration planning andorganization for emigration. First, migration planning is complicated while theformulation of development plans to help immigrants is very important. Simplereplication of traditional farming and animal husbandry cannot resolveemigration development problem. This paper argues that, to help immigrants toform a clear direction of development, to expand the space for development, tocreate conditions for development, and to improve the development of ability,are the keys to solve the immigrant development plan. This helps immigrants tochoose appropriate project, to promote the development of project plan,capacity cultivation plan, and government assistance program. This is ofimportant significance to accelerate immigrant change development way and to improve the quality and efficiency of immigrants development.
Second, given the conditions of the pastoral immigrants living dispersively,lacking information, difficult to relocation, in order to make the relocationaccomplished safely, orderly, and smoothly, it is necessary to set up an "Emigration Office ", to solve specific issues regarding relocation of emigrants.
Third, given that one-step migration patterns is defective, I argue that thetreatment of ecological migration can be set with1-2year transition period. It isnot only feasible, but also more secure to adopting the two step transfer method:" experiencing first, framework followed, deliberation and negotiation, andrelocation finally."
Chapter Ⅶ Emigration effect evaluation and risk system ofecological migration in grassland pastoral areas First, I propose tenevaluation content and indexes to measure emigration effects from perspectivesof ecology, living, material and spiritual gain, emigration and immigrationlocations. The evaluation is comprehensive, systematic, practical and rare of itskind nationwide. Based on the understanding that emigrants should be themain evaluators on emigration effects, I surveyed87migrants from five villagesabout their satisfaction of the migration and resettlement. Analysis shows thatthe overall evaluation is "passing grade." The ratio of the household decidinglong-term settle-down to moving back to original residency is2to1.
Second, among all the poverty risk factors analyzed with quantitativemethod AHP, industrial placement risk, income risk, as well as cultural qualityand training risk of emigration are among the top3.
Chapter Ⅷ Form and effects of grassland preservation andmanagement post to human and animal emigration It is very necessary tostudy this problem to protect grassland resources, restore the grasslandvegetation, consolidate the migration accomplishment and reduce the return rate.After discussing the urgency and necessity to form professional grasslandpreservation and management teams, I make a detailed comparison of strengthsand weaknesses among the five types of grassland management. I argue that,forming grassland preservation and management co-op groups by the remainingherders recommended by the emigrants, is a practical and feasible managementform for the present stage of development. In addition, I suggestcountermeasures to improve the effects of grassland preservation andmanagement by co-op groups.
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