棉花不同类型品种钾吸收利用效率特征及其生理机制
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摘要
本文以钾肥利用率、钾素生理利用率、钾素子棉生产效率和钾肥农学利用率四个钾吸收效率指标,对来源于黄河流域和长江流域推广应用的19个棉花品种的钾的吸收利用效率及其与不同部位的产量及纤维品质形成、生长发育、株型和生理活性等关系的研究表明：
1.供试品种钾的吸收利用效率存在钾高效型、高需钾型、中间型和钾肥低效型四种类型。钾高效型品种的钾肥利用率、钾肥农学利用率、钾素生理利用率、钾素子棉生产效率都高(钾肥利用率40%左右、农学利用率6kg子棉/kg钾肥以上生理利用率9.0kg子棉/kg钾以上,子棉生产效率18kg子棉/kg钾肥以上)。科棉6号、泗杂3号、鲁棉研15和苏杂66基本上属于这一类型。高需钾型表现为钾肥利用率高(40%以上),但其农学利用率(5kg子棉/kg钾肥左右)、钾素生理利用率(8-9kg子棉/kg钾)、钾素子棉生产效率(15.0kg子棉/kg钾肥左右)指标值显著低于上述几个品种,但其单株吸钾量最多。供试品种苏杂3号、中棉所48、湘杂棉3号、宁杂棉3号、岱杂1号都属于该类型。钾肥效率中间型表现为钾肥利用率中等水平(35%左右),钾肥农学利用率(3-4kg子棉/kg钾肥)、钾素生理利用率(7.5kg子棉/kg钾肥左右)、钾素子棉生产效率(14-15kg子棉/kg钾肥)不高,子棉产量和单株吸钾量都介于上述2类之间,徐杂3号、泗棉3号、渝棉1号、盐抗杂1号、泗抗1号、GK19都属于这种类型。第4种类型为低效型,表现为钾肥利用率低(30-32%),钾肥农学利用率(2.1-2.5kg子棉/kg钾肥)和钾素生理利用率(6.3-6.56kg子棉/kg钾肥)都低,钾素子棉生产效率也不高(14-15子棉/kg钾肥),单株吸钾量和子棉产量都低。
2.钾吸收利用效率高低与整株产量和品质的形成密切相关。本文结果表明,钾高效品种表现为铃数多、铃重高,不同部位之间相差很小,上、中、下部和内、外围的产量分布均衡。钾高效品种中、上部纤维长度相差不大,且都高于下部,内外围也表现同样的特征；中、上部纤维比强较高,且相差不大,内、外围同样分布比较均匀；钾高效品种上部和外围的成熟度高。相关分析表明,四个钾吸收利用效率指标与产量都呈极显著水平正相关,其中,钾肥利用率与棉株下部产量的相关系数(0.8699**)最大,农学利用率与棉株中部产量相关系数(0.9530**)最大,生理利用率和子棉生产效率与棉株上部产量相关系数(0.9200**、0.9022**)最大；四个钾的吸收利用效率指标与外围成铃数达显著以上正相关水平,其相关系数分别为0.7921*、0.8208*、0.8487**、0.8392**,生理利用率和子棉生产效率与中部铃数也达到显著正相关水平,相关系数分别为0.7834*、0.7087*。四个钾吸收利用效率指标与内、外围铃重都达显著以上正相关水平,下部和上部铃重与钾肥利用率、农学利用率和生理利用率达到显著以上正相关水平。钾肥利用率与上部纤维长度、农学利用率与上部和外围纤维长度、生理利用率与中、上部和外围纤维长度、子棉生产效率与中部和外围纤维长度都达到显著水平正相关关系,其相关系数分别为0.7623*、0.7721*、0.8540*、0.7632*、0.7570*、0.8631*、0.7554*和0.73]2*。钾素子棉生产效率与棉株各部位纤维强度的相关系数最大,且与下部、内、外围都达到了显著以上水平,其相关系数分别为0.7736*、0.7150*、0.7116*。
3、不同钾吸收利用效率的生长发育特征不同。不同钾效率品种的株高差异无明显的规律性,钾的吸收利用效率高低对株高生长无明显影响；钾高效型LAI适宜且下降速率慢；钾高效型品种其营养器官干重在棉株上分布较为均匀,特别是中、上部相差不大,其生殖器官干重及干重增长率一直较高,且中、上部生殖器官干重高,并相差不大；钾高效品种从盛蕾(6／20)至现蕾临界期(8／15)现蕾数一直保持最高,在6／20-7／20现蕾强度最高,并且在7／20-8／15下降速度较慢；钾高效品种8月15号及以后的成铃数高,而且伏桃和早秋桃成铃强度也高。
4.钾吸收利用效率对株型具有显著的影响。钾高效品种表现为果节间长度和果节粗度表现适中,果枝基角、开张角和果枝弯曲度下部最大,上部最小,由下向上逐渐变小；而果枝向值下部小,中上部大,且中上部相差不大；冠层叶角一直比较大。相关分析表明,四个钾吸收利用效率指标与果节粗度呈正相关关系,其中钾肥利用率与外围果节间粗度达显著水平,其相关系数为0.76525*。四个钾吸收利用效率指标与上部和下部果枝基角呈正相关关系,与中部果枝基角呈负相关关系。农学利用率、生理利用率和子棉生产效率与下部果枝开张角呈显著水平正相关,其相关系数分别为0.7176*、0.7740*、0.7740*。农学利用率、生理利用率、子棉生产效率与果枝上部弯曲度呈显著水平负相关,其相关系数分别为-0.8099*、-0.7067*、-0.7933*。四个钾利用效率指标与不同生育期冠层叶角都呈显著以上水平正相关关系。
5.钾的吸收利用效率与叶片光合生产存在密切的相关性。钾高效品种的叶绿素a、b含量居于其次,而且吐絮期叶绿素含量下降速度慢,盛花至盛铃(7／20-8／15),钾高效型叶片光合速率稍低于高需钾型,盛铃期后,钾高效品种光合速率最高,后期(8／30-9／20)光合速率下降慢。钾高效品种的可溶性总糖、蔗糖含量及蔗糖转化酶活性一直最高。相关分析表明,钾肥利用率、农学利用率与叶绿素a含量呈显著水平以上正相关。叶绿素b及叶绿素总量与钾肥利用率关系最为密切。4个钾效率指标基本上都与盛花后的叶片光合速率、气孔导度、气孔直径、可溶性糖、蔗糖含量及蔗糖转化酶活性呈极显著水平正相关,而且后期的相关系数也更为密切。
6.钾的吸收利用效率影响光合产物的运输和分配,钾高效品种表现为：钾高效品种科棉6号和泗杂3号的根系伤流量、伤流中钾含量及钾流量、果枝叶的可溶性总糖和蔗糖输出速率、铃柄导管与筛管直径、铃柄中可溶性总糖和蔗糖输含量都。相关分析表明,4个钾吸收利用效率指标与根系伤流量、含钾量、根系钾流量、棉铃对位叶蔗糖及可溶性总糖的输出速率、铃柄导管和筛管直径及可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量、铃壳中蔗糖和可溶性总糖的运转速率、单铃经济系数和纤维素积累等都呈显著和极显著正相关。
7.钾的吸收利用效率影响棉株内源激素的含量。钾高效品种表现为：根系IAA含量较高、ABA含量低,不同部位10日铃对位叶中IAA、GA3、ZR、ABA含量均较高。相关分析表明,钾肥利用率、农学利用率、钾素生理利用率和子棉生产效率4个钾效率指标与根系伤流中IAA含量都呈显著水平正相关,而且以生理利用率相关系数最大,钾肥利用率与ABA含量呈负相关关系,且不同时期均达到显著或极显著水平。
The relationship among potassium absorption, use efficiency, yield, the formation of the fiber quality, growing development, and plant type, physiological activity in the different organs of19cotton varieties was studied in this paper. These cotton varieties come from the Huanghe valley and Yangtze valley. Potassium fertilizer use efficiency, potassium physiological use efficiency, potassium seed cotton production efficiency, potassium fertilizer agronomic use efficiency were taken as indexes, and the results were as follows:
1. Four types were consisted in the potassium absorption and use efficiency of testing various, which were potassium-efficiency type, potassium-high required type, intermediate type and potassium-inefficiency type. The potassium fertilizer use efficiency, potassium physiological use efficiency, potassium seed cotton production efficiency, potassium fertilizer agronomic use efficiency were higher (Potassium fertilizer use efficiency at about40%, agronomic use efficiency was6kg/seed cotton potassium fertilizer above, physiological use efficiency was9.0kg seed cotton/kg potassium above, seed cotton production efficiency was18kg/seed cotton/potassium fertilizer above). Kemian4, Siza3, Lumianyan15and Suza66mainly belonged to this type. Potassium-high required types were represented by high Potassium fertilizer use efficiency (40%above), but its agronomic use efficiency (about5kg seed cotton/kg potassium fertilizer), potassium physiological use efficiency (8-9kg seed cotton/kg potassium), Potassium seed cotton production efficiency (about15.0kg seed cotton/kg potassium fertilizer) all below the index above around several varieties, but its k uptake per plant is the maximum. Suza3, Zhongmiansuo48, Xiangzamian3, ningzamian3, Daiza1all belong to this type, intermediate genotype represents the intermediate level of Potassium fertilizer use efficiency(about35%), potassium agronomic use efficiency (3-4kg seed cotton/kg potassium fertilizer), potassium physiological use efficiency (about7.5kg seed cotton/kg potassium fertilizer), Potassium seed cotton production efficiency (14.0-15.0kg seed cotton/kg potassium fertilizer) were not high,seed cotton yield and k uptake per plant were between above two types, Xuza3, Simian3, Yumian1, Yankangza1, Sikang1, GK19all belonged to this type. Number4was potassium-inefficiency genotype,it represents lower Potassium fertilizer use efficiency (30-32%), potassium agronomic use efficiency (2.1-2.5kg seed cotton/kg potassium fertilizer) and Potassium physiological use efficiency (about6.3-6.56kg seed cotton/kg potassium fertilizer) were low, potassium seed cotton production efficiency (14-15kg seed cotton/kg potassium fertilizer) neither were high, k uptake per plant and seed cotton yield were low.
2. The absorption and use efficiency of Potassium was closely related to the formation of whole plant yield and quality. Results in this paper show that potassium-efficiency cultivars (PEC) always have more bolls, and the weights higher. The difference between different parts is small. The yields of different parts, upper, central, lower, internal, and external, is a balanced distribution. The lengths of fibres from upper parts and middle parts were close, and they were longer than the fibres from lower parts, the features were the same from the internal to external. Upper and middle fibre strength is higher, internal to external features were also the same. Upper and external parts of PEC have a higher maturity.Correlation analysis shows that, there were significant positive correlations between four indexes of potassium absorption and use efficiency and yield. Among them, Potassium fertilizer use efficiency has the largest correlation coefficient (0.8699**) with the yield of lower part; potassium fertilizer agronomic use efficiency has the largest correlation coefficient (0.9530**) with the yield of middle part; physiological use efficiency and seed cotton production efficiency has the largest correlation coefficient (0.9200**,0.9022**) with the yield of upper part; there were positive correlations between four indexes of potassium absorption and use efficiency and the number of external boll. The correlation coefficients were respectively0.7921*,0.8208*,0.8487**,0.8392**. There were also positive correlations between physiological use efficiency and seed cotton production efficiency and the number of central boll. The correlation coefficients were respectively0.7834*,0.7087*. There were positive correlations between four indexes of potassium absorption and use efficiency and the weights of internal and external part. The weights of upper and lower part have a high degree of positive correlation with potassium fertilizer use efficiency, agronomic use efficiency and physiological use efficiency. All of potassium fertilizer use efficiency and the upper fiber length, agronomic use efficiency and the upper external fiber length, physiological use efficiency and the upper, central, external fiber length; seed cotton production efficiency and central, external fiber length, have a high degree of positive correlation, which were respectively0.7623*,0.7721*,0.8540*,0.7632*,0.7570*,0.8631*,0.7554*and0.7312*. Potassium seed cotton production efficiency has the largest correlation coefficient with strength of each part fibre, and it also a high degree of positive correlation with the internal and external. The correlation coefficients were respectively0.7736*,0.7150*,0.7116*.
3. Different potassium absorption and use efficiency leads to different growth characteristic. Varieties of different potassium-efficiency had no obvious regularity in height of plants. Potassium absorption and use efficiency don't have obvious effects on the plant height. LAI of the potassium-efficiency type is suitable and the rate decrease slowly; The dry weight distribution of the vegetative organs of potassium-efficiency varieties is well-proportioned, especially those middle and upper ones. Dry weight of reproductive organ and the dry weight growth were always high. The dry weight of upper reproductive organs is high, and the difference is small. The bud number of PEC is always the biggest from full bud time (6/20) to bud appearance critical period (8/15). The intensity of bud appearance is the highest from6/20to7/20, and the decreasing is slow from7/20-8/15.The number of PEC cotton bolls formed after Aug.15th is large, and the intensity of bolls formed in middle summer and early autumn is high.
4. Potassium absorption and use efficiency had a significant effect on plant type.potassium-efficiency genotype varieties represent that fruit internode length and fruit node diameter were moderate, fruit branch base angle, opening angle and fruit branch flexibility of lower part of the plant were maximum, the upper of the plant were minimum, decreased from the lower to upper part; while fruit branch toward main stem of the lower part is small, fruit branch toward main stem of the middle and upper part is high, the difference of this index between them is not significant; canopy leaf angle is always great. Correlation analysis shows that, there were positive correlations between four indexes of potassium absorption and use efficiency and fruit node diameter,especially there were significant positive correlations between potassium fertilizer use efficiency and peripheral fruit node diameter, the correlation coefficient is0.76525*. There were positive correlations between four indexes of potassium absorption and use efficiency and the upper and the lower fruit branch base angle, there were negative correlations between four indexes of potassium absorption and use efficiency and middle fruit branch base angle. There were significant positive correlations between agronomic use efficiency, physiological use efficiency, seed cotton production efficiency and fruit branch opening angle of the lower part of the plant, the correlation coefficient were respectively0.7176*,0.7740*,0.7740*. there were significant negative correlations between agronomic use efficiency, physiological use efficiency, seed cotton production efficiency and fruit branch flexibility of the upper part of the plant, the correlation coefficient were respectively-0.8099*,-0.7067*,-0.7933*. There were above positive correlations between four indexes of potassium absorption and use efficiency and canopy leaf angle in different growth stages.
5. Relationship between the efficiency of potassium absorption and Photosynthesis of cotton leaves was close. The content of chlorophyll a, b of PEC were in the second place, and the decreasing speed of chlorophyll content is slow, full bloom to boll (7/20-8/15), photosynthetic rate of PEC is slightly lower than the High-need potassium-type. Belling period, PEC has the highest speed of photosynthesis, late period (8/30-9/20), photosynthetic speed decreased slowly. PEC's total soluble sugar, Sucrose content and invertase activity always keep the highest level. Analysis shows, K-Fertilizer use efficiency, agronomic efficiency and chlorophyll a content were significantly above the level of positive correlation. Chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll is most closely related to the utilization of potassium.4potassium efficiency indicators showed high significant positive correlation with photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, stomatal diameter, soluble sugar, sucrose content and invertase activity after full bloom, and the correlation coefficient is even closer in late period.
6.The transportation and distribution of photosynthetic was influenced by potassium absorption and use efficiency, potassium-efficiency varieties represent that:There were performance of varities of k efficient.They were root injury flow of Kemian6and Siza3,k content and flow in injury flow,output rate of the whole sugar cane and soluble sugar in fruit branche leaves,the diameter of duct and sive tube in boll stalk,soluble sugar and sugar cane in boll stalk.All of their content were high level.Related analysis shows that4indexes of k absorption utilization efficiency were positively associated with root injury flow,k content,k flow of root and transport rate of whole sugar cane and soluble sugar in boll shell.beside,they also were significantly positive relation with single boll economic coefficient and accumulation of fibers and so on.
7.k absorption and utilization efficiency influence content of endogenous hormones cotton plant.There were performance of varities of k efficient.They were IAA of high level content and ABA of low level content in root.Contrapuntal leaves of cotton boll growing in10days in different places contain IAA,GA3,ZR,ABA of high level content.Rlated analysis shows that4k efficiency indexes,k fertilizer use effiiency, agronomic use efficiency,k physiological use efficiency and seed cotton production efficiency,have significantly positive relation with IAA content in the root of injury flow.But also k physiological use efficiency correlation coefficient is the largest.k utilization is inversely associated with ABA content.They all reach on significant or very significant level in different plant periods.
1.供试品种钾的吸收利用效率存在钾高效型、高需钾型、中间型和钾肥低效型四种类型。钾高效型品种的钾肥利用率、钾肥农学利用率、钾素生理利用率、钾素子棉生产效率都高(钾肥利用率40%左右、农学利用率6kg子棉/kg钾肥以上生理利用率9.0kg子棉/kg钾以上,子棉生产效率18kg子棉/kg钾肥以上)。科棉6号、泗杂3号、鲁棉研15和苏杂66基本上属于这一类型。高需钾型表现为钾肥利用率高(40%以上),但其农学利用率(5kg子棉/kg钾肥左右)、钾素生理利用率(8-9kg子棉/kg钾)、钾素子棉生产效率(15.0kg子棉/kg钾肥左右)指标值显著低于上述几个品种,但其单株吸钾量最多。供试品种苏杂3号、中棉所48、湘杂棉3号、宁杂棉3号、岱杂1号都属于该类型。钾肥效率中间型表现为钾肥利用率中等水平(35%左右),钾肥农学利用率(3-4kg子棉/kg钾肥)、钾素生理利用率(7.5kg子棉/kg钾肥左右)、钾素子棉生产效率(14-15kg子棉/kg钾肥)不高,子棉产量和单株吸钾量都介于上述2类之间,徐杂3号、泗棉3号、渝棉1号、盐抗杂1号、泗抗1号、GK19都属于这种类型。第4种类型为低效型,表现为钾肥利用率低(30-32%),钾肥农学利用率(2.1-2.5kg子棉/kg钾肥)和钾素生理利用率(6.3-6.56kg子棉/kg钾肥)都低,钾素子棉生产效率也不高(14-15子棉/kg钾肥),单株吸钾量和子棉产量都低。
2.钾吸收利用效率高低与整株产量和品质的形成密切相关。本文结果表明,钾高效品种表现为铃数多、铃重高,不同部位之间相差很小,上、中、下部和内、外围的产量分布均衡。钾高效品种中、上部纤维长度相差不大,且都高于下部,内外围也表现同样的特征；中、上部纤维比强较高,且相差不大,内、外围同样分布比较均匀；钾高效品种上部和外围的成熟度高。相关分析表明,四个钾吸收利用效率指标与产量都呈极显著水平正相关,其中,钾肥利用率与棉株下部产量的相关系数(0.8699**)最大,农学利用率与棉株中部产量相关系数(0.9530**)最大,生理利用率和子棉生产效率与棉株上部产量相关系数(0.9200**、0.9022**)最大；四个钾的吸收利用效率指标与外围成铃数达显著以上正相关水平,其相关系数分别为0.7921*、0.8208*、0.8487**、0.8392**,生理利用率和子棉生产效率与中部铃数也达到显著正相关水平,相关系数分别为0.7834*、0.7087*。四个钾吸收利用效率指标与内、外围铃重都达显著以上正相关水平,下部和上部铃重与钾肥利用率、农学利用率和生理利用率达到显著以上正相关水平。钾肥利用率与上部纤维长度、农学利用率与上部和外围纤维长度、生理利用率与中、上部和外围纤维长度、子棉生产效率与中部和外围纤维长度都达到显著水平正相关关系,其相关系数分别为0.7623*、0.7721*、0.8540*、0.7632*、0.7570*、0.8631*、0.7554*和0.73]2*。钾素子棉生产效率与棉株各部位纤维强度的相关系数最大,且与下部、内、外围都达到了显著以上水平,其相关系数分别为0.7736*、0.7150*、0.7116*。
3、不同钾吸收利用效率的生长发育特征不同。不同钾效率品种的株高差异无明显的规律性,钾的吸收利用效率高低对株高生长无明显影响；钾高效型LAI适宜且下降速率慢；钾高效型品种其营养器官干重在棉株上分布较为均匀,特别是中、上部相差不大,其生殖器官干重及干重增长率一直较高,且中、上部生殖器官干重高,并相差不大；钾高效品种从盛蕾(6／20)至现蕾临界期(8／15)现蕾数一直保持最高,在6／20-7／20现蕾强度最高,并且在7／20-8／15下降速度较慢；钾高效品种8月15号及以后的成铃数高,而且伏桃和早秋桃成铃强度也高。
4.钾吸收利用效率对株型具有显著的影响。钾高效品种表现为果节间长度和果节粗度表现适中,果枝基角、开张角和果枝弯曲度下部最大,上部最小,由下向上逐渐变小；而果枝向值下部小,中上部大,且中上部相差不大；冠层叶角一直比较大。相关分析表明,四个钾吸收利用效率指标与果节粗度呈正相关关系,其中钾肥利用率与外围果节间粗度达显著水平,其相关系数为0.76525*。四个钾吸收利用效率指标与上部和下部果枝基角呈正相关关系,与中部果枝基角呈负相关关系。农学利用率、生理利用率和子棉生产效率与下部果枝开张角呈显著水平正相关,其相关系数分别为0.7176*、0.7740*、0.7740*。农学利用率、生理利用率、子棉生产效率与果枝上部弯曲度呈显著水平负相关,其相关系数分别为-0.8099*、-0.7067*、-0.7933*。四个钾利用效率指标与不同生育期冠层叶角都呈显著以上水平正相关关系。
5.钾的吸收利用效率与叶片光合生产存在密切的相关性。钾高效品种的叶绿素a、b含量居于其次,而且吐絮期叶绿素含量下降速度慢,盛花至盛铃(7／20-8／15),钾高效型叶片光合速率稍低于高需钾型,盛铃期后,钾高效品种光合速率最高,后期(8／30-9／20)光合速率下降慢。钾高效品种的可溶性总糖、蔗糖含量及蔗糖转化酶活性一直最高。相关分析表明,钾肥利用率、农学利用率与叶绿素a含量呈显著水平以上正相关。叶绿素b及叶绿素总量与钾肥利用率关系最为密切。4个钾效率指标基本上都与盛花后的叶片光合速率、气孔导度、气孔直径、可溶性糖、蔗糖含量及蔗糖转化酶活性呈极显著水平正相关,而且后期的相关系数也更为密切。
6.钾的吸收利用效率影响光合产物的运输和分配,钾高效品种表现为：钾高效品种科棉6号和泗杂3号的根系伤流量、伤流中钾含量及钾流量、果枝叶的可溶性总糖和蔗糖输出速率、铃柄导管与筛管直径、铃柄中可溶性总糖和蔗糖输含量都。相关分析表明,4个钾吸收利用效率指标与根系伤流量、含钾量、根系钾流量、棉铃对位叶蔗糖及可溶性总糖的输出速率、铃柄导管和筛管直径及可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量、铃壳中蔗糖和可溶性总糖的运转速率、单铃经济系数和纤维素积累等都呈显著和极显著正相关。
7.钾的吸收利用效率影响棉株内源激素的含量。钾高效品种表现为：根系IAA含量较高、ABA含量低,不同部位10日铃对位叶中IAA、GA3、ZR、ABA含量均较高。相关分析表明,钾肥利用率、农学利用率、钾素生理利用率和子棉生产效率4个钾效率指标与根系伤流中IAA含量都呈显著水平正相关,而且以生理利用率相关系数最大,钾肥利用率与ABA含量呈负相关关系,且不同时期均达到显著或极显著水平。
The relationship among potassium absorption, use efficiency, yield, the formation of the fiber quality, growing development, and plant type, physiological activity in the different organs of19cotton varieties was studied in this paper. These cotton varieties come from the Huanghe valley and Yangtze valley. Potassium fertilizer use efficiency, potassium physiological use efficiency, potassium seed cotton production efficiency, potassium fertilizer agronomic use efficiency were taken as indexes, and the results were as follows:
1. Four types were consisted in the potassium absorption and use efficiency of testing various, which were potassium-efficiency type, potassium-high required type, intermediate type and potassium-inefficiency type. The potassium fertilizer use efficiency, potassium physiological use efficiency, potassium seed cotton production efficiency, potassium fertilizer agronomic use efficiency were higher (Potassium fertilizer use efficiency at about40%, agronomic use efficiency was6kg/seed cotton potassium fertilizer above, physiological use efficiency was9.0kg seed cotton/kg potassium above, seed cotton production efficiency was18kg/seed cotton/potassium fertilizer above). Kemian4, Siza3, Lumianyan15and Suza66mainly belonged to this type. Potassium-high required types were represented by high Potassium fertilizer use efficiency (40%above), but its agronomic use efficiency (about5kg seed cotton/kg potassium fertilizer), potassium physiological use efficiency (8-9kg seed cotton/kg potassium), Potassium seed cotton production efficiency (about15.0kg seed cotton/kg potassium fertilizer) all below the index above around several varieties, but its k uptake per plant is the maximum. Suza3, Zhongmiansuo48, Xiangzamian3, ningzamian3, Daiza1all belong to this type, intermediate genotype represents the intermediate level of Potassium fertilizer use efficiency(about35%), potassium agronomic use efficiency (3-4kg seed cotton/kg potassium fertilizer), potassium physiological use efficiency (about7.5kg seed cotton/kg potassium fertilizer), Potassium seed cotton production efficiency (14.0-15.0kg seed cotton/kg potassium fertilizer) were not high,seed cotton yield and k uptake per plant were between above two types, Xuza3, Simian3, Yumian1, Yankangza1, Sikang1, GK19all belonged to this type. Number4was potassium-inefficiency genotype,it represents lower Potassium fertilizer use efficiency (30-32%), potassium agronomic use efficiency (2.1-2.5kg seed cotton/kg potassium fertilizer) and Potassium physiological use efficiency (about6.3-6.56kg seed cotton/kg potassium fertilizer) were low, potassium seed cotton production efficiency (14-15kg seed cotton/kg potassium fertilizer) neither were high, k uptake per plant and seed cotton yield were low.
2. The absorption and use efficiency of Potassium was closely related to the formation of whole plant yield and quality. Results in this paper show that potassium-efficiency cultivars (PEC) always have more bolls, and the weights higher. The difference between different parts is small. The yields of different parts, upper, central, lower, internal, and external, is a balanced distribution. The lengths of fibres from upper parts and middle parts were close, and they were longer than the fibres from lower parts, the features were the same from the internal to external. Upper and middle fibre strength is higher, internal to external features were also the same. Upper and external parts of PEC have a higher maturity.Correlation analysis shows that, there were significant positive correlations between four indexes of potassium absorption and use efficiency and yield. Among them, Potassium fertilizer use efficiency has the largest correlation coefficient (0.8699**) with the yield of lower part; potassium fertilizer agronomic use efficiency has the largest correlation coefficient (0.9530**) with the yield of middle part; physiological use efficiency and seed cotton production efficiency has the largest correlation coefficient (0.9200**,0.9022**) with the yield of upper part; there were positive correlations between four indexes of potassium absorption and use efficiency and the number of external boll. The correlation coefficients were respectively0.7921*,0.8208*,0.8487**,0.8392**. There were also positive correlations between physiological use efficiency and seed cotton production efficiency and the number of central boll. The correlation coefficients were respectively0.7834*,0.7087*. There were positive correlations between four indexes of potassium absorption and use efficiency and the weights of internal and external part. The weights of upper and lower part have a high degree of positive correlation with potassium fertilizer use efficiency, agronomic use efficiency and physiological use efficiency. All of potassium fertilizer use efficiency and the upper fiber length, agronomic use efficiency and the upper external fiber length, physiological use efficiency and the upper, central, external fiber length; seed cotton production efficiency and central, external fiber length, have a high degree of positive correlation, which were respectively0.7623*,0.7721*,0.8540*,0.7632*,0.7570*,0.8631*,0.7554*and0.7312*. Potassium seed cotton production efficiency has the largest correlation coefficient with strength of each part fibre, and it also a high degree of positive correlation with the internal and external. The correlation coefficients were respectively0.7736*,0.7150*,0.7116*.
3. Different potassium absorption and use efficiency leads to different growth characteristic. Varieties of different potassium-efficiency had no obvious regularity in height of plants. Potassium absorption and use efficiency don't have obvious effects on the plant height. LAI of the potassium-efficiency type is suitable and the rate decrease slowly; The dry weight distribution of the vegetative organs of potassium-efficiency varieties is well-proportioned, especially those middle and upper ones. Dry weight of reproductive organ and the dry weight growth were always high. The dry weight of upper reproductive organs is high, and the difference is small. The bud number of PEC is always the biggest from full bud time (6/20) to bud appearance critical period (8/15). The intensity of bud appearance is the highest from6/20to7/20, and the decreasing is slow from7/20-8/15.The number of PEC cotton bolls formed after Aug.15th is large, and the intensity of bolls formed in middle summer and early autumn is high.
4. Potassium absorption and use efficiency had a significant effect on plant type.potassium-efficiency genotype varieties represent that fruit internode length and fruit node diameter were moderate, fruit branch base angle, opening angle and fruit branch flexibility of lower part of the plant were maximum, the upper of the plant were minimum, decreased from the lower to upper part; while fruit branch toward main stem of the lower part is small, fruit branch toward main stem of the middle and upper part is high, the difference of this index between them is not significant; canopy leaf angle is always great. Correlation analysis shows that, there were positive correlations between four indexes of potassium absorption and use efficiency and fruit node diameter,especially there were significant positive correlations between potassium fertilizer use efficiency and peripheral fruit node diameter, the correlation coefficient is0.76525*. There were positive correlations between four indexes of potassium absorption and use efficiency and the upper and the lower fruit branch base angle, there were negative correlations between four indexes of potassium absorption and use efficiency and middle fruit branch base angle. There were significant positive correlations between agronomic use efficiency, physiological use efficiency, seed cotton production efficiency and fruit branch opening angle of the lower part of the plant, the correlation coefficient were respectively0.7176*,0.7740*,0.7740*. there were significant negative correlations between agronomic use efficiency, physiological use efficiency, seed cotton production efficiency and fruit branch flexibility of the upper part of the plant, the correlation coefficient were respectively-0.8099*,-0.7067*,-0.7933*. There were above positive correlations between four indexes of potassium absorption and use efficiency and canopy leaf angle in different growth stages.
5. Relationship between the efficiency of potassium absorption and Photosynthesis of cotton leaves was close. The content of chlorophyll a, b of PEC were in the second place, and the decreasing speed of chlorophyll content is slow, full bloom to boll (7/20-8/15), photosynthetic rate of PEC is slightly lower than the High-need potassium-type. Belling period, PEC has the highest speed of photosynthesis, late period (8/30-9/20), photosynthetic speed decreased slowly. PEC's total soluble sugar, Sucrose content and invertase activity always keep the highest level. Analysis shows, K-Fertilizer use efficiency, agronomic efficiency and chlorophyll a content were significantly above the level of positive correlation. Chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll is most closely related to the utilization of potassium.4potassium efficiency indicators showed high significant positive correlation with photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, stomatal diameter, soluble sugar, sucrose content and invertase activity after full bloom, and the correlation coefficient is even closer in late period.
6.The transportation and distribution of photosynthetic was influenced by potassium absorption and use efficiency, potassium-efficiency varieties represent that:There were performance of varities of k efficient.They were root injury flow of Kemian6and Siza3,k content and flow in injury flow,output rate of the whole sugar cane and soluble sugar in fruit branche leaves,the diameter of duct and sive tube in boll stalk,soluble sugar and sugar cane in boll stalk.All of their content were high level.Related analysis shows that4indexes of k absorption utilization efficiency were positively associated with root injury flow,k content,k flow of root and transport rate of whole sugar cane and soluble sugar in boll shell.beside,they also were significantly positive relation with single boll economic coefficient and accumulation of fibers and so on.
7.k absorption and utilization efficiency influence content of endogenous hormones cotton plant.There were performance of varities of k efficient.They were IAA of high level content and ABA of low level content in root.Contrapuntal leaves of cotton boll growing in10days in different places contain IAA,GA3,ZR,ABA of high level content.Rlated analysis shows that4k efficiency indexes,k fertilizer use effiiency, agronomic use efficiency,k physiological use efficiency and seed cotton production efficiency,have significantly positive relation with IAA content in the root of injury flow.But also k physiological use efficiency correlation coefficient is the largest.k utilization is inversely associated with ABA content.They all reach on significant or very significant level in different plant periods.
引文
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