特高压输电塔线体系的抗风可靠度研究
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摘要
特高压输电塔线体系作为大型复杂的重要生命线工程，与普通输电塔线体系相比，具有塔体高、跨度大和电压等级高等特点，属于典型的风荷载敏感结构。因此，风荷载作用下特高压输电塔线体系可靠度的研究需求日益迫切。然而，与塔线耦合体系的结构建模和分析相比，其抗风可靠度理论的研究尚处于初期。本文在发展可靠度理论的基础上，对特高压输电塔线体系的风振静力可靠度、抗风动力可靠度和基于性能水准的塔体可靠度等问题展开系统研究，主要包括以下几方面内容：
1）基于风荷载随机模型对输电塔线体系的风振响应进行时程分析。首先采用谐波合成法基于随机Fourier谱拟合出适于塔线风振响应分析的风荷载时程，再由数值算例验证模拟时程的功率谱与目标谱的吻合程度；利用有限元程序对单塔和塔线体系分别进行时程分析，验证塔线有限元模型中各杆件简化处理的合理性，并为后续可靠度分析提供了有利的工具。
2）提出了基于变量结构分析的自适应响应面法，并结合等价极值事件原理建立了基于响应面法的体系可靠度分析思路；同时，在等效静风荷载随机模型的基础上，建议了输电塔线体系的风振静力可靠度分析框架。根据单变量分析结果判断响应面中各变量项次，进而构造出合理的高次响应面形式，并结合数论选点方案建立相应的实现算法；利用等价极值事件原理将体系可靠度问题转化为单一功能函数的简单可靠度问题，然后采用自适应响应面法重构该等效的单一功能函数，建立基于响应面的体系可靠度分析方法；将该建议方法与等效静风荷载随机模型相结合对塔线体系的风振静力可靠度展开研究。
3）基于等价极值事件和自适应响应面法，建立了塔线体系的动力可靠度分析方法。根据等价极值事件原理，将结构体系的动力可靠度转化为仅涉及单一功能函数的简单可靠度问题，并结合自适应响应面法和风荷载的随机Fourier谱合成，建立了一般结构体系的动力可靠度分析方法。基于此建议方法，提出了塔线体系的风振动力可靠度计算方法。
4）借鉴基于性能的抗震设计理论，提出特高压输电塔线体系的抗风性能水准，进而对基于性能的输电塔线体系可靠度展开研究。首先结合灾害实例对塔线体系中输电塔的破坏形式和失效规律进行分析，以塔顶位移和局部变形为性能目标，给出了塔体结构抗风性能4阶段水准的定性描述；根据试验和规范确定出输电塔的性能水准量化模型，再利用有限元法建立检验量化取值合理与否的力学模型，综合二者给出既满足规范要求又便于工程设计需要的输电塔性能水准量化模型；利用前文建议的塔线体系风振可靠度方法分析，对不同塔型的性能可靠度进行了系统地分析。
The line system of UHV transmission tower, as an important large and complexlifeline project, compared with the line system of ordinary transmission tower, ischaracterized by high tower body, large span and high voltage grade and etc, belongingto typical wind load sensitive structure, therefore, the research of the reliability of linesystem of UHV transmission tower under the action of wind load is coming to be moreand more imperative. However, compared with the architecture modeling and analysisof tower-line coupling system, the study of its wind resisting reliability theory is just inearly stage. This paper, on the basis of development of reliability theory, makes asystematic research on the issues such as the wind vibration static reliability, windvibration dynamic reliability and tower body reliability based on the performance level,of the line system of UHV transmission tower, mainly including the following aspects:
1) In this paper, the time-history analysis based on the wind vibration response ofwind load random model to the line system of transmission tower is made. First, theharmonic synthesis method based on random Fourier spectrum is adopted to fit the windload time-history suitable for the wind vibration response analysis of tower line, beforeverifying the coincidence of simulated time-history power spectrum with targetspectrum by means of numerical example; then using finite element program to maketime-history analysis of single tower and tower-line system respectively so as to verifythe reasonability of simplified treatment of each rod piece in finite element model oftower line, and provide favorable tool for subsequent reliability analysis.
2) This paper puts forward a adaptive response surface method based on theanalysis of variable structure and sets up a thought, combined with the principle ofequivalent extreme events, for analyzing the system reliability, based on responsesurface method; at the same time, on the basis of equivalent static wind load randommodel, this paper gives a suggestion of the frame for analyzing wind vibration staticreliability of the line system of transmission tower, and furthermore, constructs areasonable high order response surface form by judging each variable item according tothe result of univariate analysis and sets up a corresponding actual algorithm bycombination with the scheme of the selecting points in number theory; and convertssystem reliability problem to a simple reliability problem of sing performance functionby use of the principle of equivalent extreme events, then adopts the adaptive responsesurface method to reconstruct the equivalent single performance function so as to set up a system reliability analysis method based on response surface; then, combined thesuggested method with equivalent static wind load random model to study the windvibration static reliability of tower line system.
3) In this paper, based on the equivalent extreme events and the adaptive responsesurface method, the method for analyzing the dynamic reliability of tower line system isset up. According to the principle of equivalent extreme events, the dynamic reliabilityof structural system is converted to a simple reliability problem only involving singleperformance function and combined with adaptive response surface method and therandom Fourier spectrum synthesis of wind load, the method for analyzing the dynamicreliability of general structural system is set up. Based on this solution, this paper putsforward the method for calculation of the reliability of wind vibration of tower linesystem.
4) Using for reference of the seismic design theory based on performance, thispaper proposes wind resisting performance level of the line system of UHVtransmission tower, and further, starts a research of the reliability of the line system ofUHV transmission tower based on performance. First, combined with the example ofdisasters, it analyzes the destruction form and failure rules of transmission tower intower line system, taking the displacement and partial deformation of tower top forperformance objectives, gives out a qualitative description of the4thstage level of windresisting performance of tower body structure; the paper confirms the quantitativemodel of performance level of power transmission tower according to test and standard,using finite element method to establish a mechanical model for examination of whetherquantitative value is reasonable or not, before synthesizing the both to give out thequantitative model of performance level of power transmission tower, not only meetingstandard requirements but also convenient for the needs of engineering design; thispaper makes systematic analysis of the performance reliability of different tower modelsby the analysis of the methods of wind vibration reliability of tower line systemsuggested as above.
1）基于风荷载随机模型对输电塔线体系的风振响应进行时程分析。首先采用谐波合成法基于随机Fourier谱拟合出适于塔线风振响应分析的风荷载时程，再由数值算例验证模拟时程的功率谱与目标谱的吻合程度；利用有限元程序对单塔和塔线体系分别进行时程分析，验证塔线有限元模型中各杆件简化处理的合理性，并为后续可靠度分析提供了有利的工具。
2）提出了基于变量结构分析的自适应响应面法，并结合等价极值事件原理建立了基于响应面法的体系可靠度分析思路；同时，在等效静风荷载随机模型的基础上，建议了输电塔线体系的风振静力可靠度分析框架。根据单变量分析结果判断响应面中各变量项次，进而构造出合理的高次响应面形式，并结合数论选点方案建立相应的实现算法；利用等价极值事件原理将体系可靠度问题转化为单一功能函数的简单可靠度问题，然后采用自适应响应面法重构该等效的单一功能函数，建立基于响应面的体系可靠度分析方法；将该建议方法与等效静风荷载随机模型相结合对塔线体系的风振静力可靠度展开研究。
3）基于等价极值事件和自适应响应面法，建立了塔线体系的动力可靠度分析方法。根据等价极值事件原理，将结构体系的动力可靠度转化为仅涉及单一功能函数的简单可靠度问题，并结合自适应响应面法和风荷载的随机Fourier谱合成，建立了一般结构体系的动力可靠度分析方法。基于此建议方法，提出了塔线体系的风振动力可靠度计算方法。
4）借鉴基于性能的抗震设计理论，提出特高压输电塔线体系的抗风性能水准，进而对基于性能的输电塔线体系可靠度展开研究。首先结合灾害实例对塔线体系中输电塔的破坏形式和失效规律进行分析，以塔顶位移和局部变形为性能目标，给出了塔体结构抗风性能4阶段水准的定性描述；根据试验和规范确定出输电塔的性能水准量化模型，再利用有限元法建立检验量化取值合理与否的力学模型，综合二者给出既满足规范要求又便于工程设计需要的输电塔性能水准量化模型；利用前文建议的塔线体系风振可靠度方法分析，对不同塔型的性能可靠度进行了系统地分析。
The line system of UHV transmission tower, as an important large and complexlifeline project, compared with the line system of ordinary transmission tower, ischaracterized by high tower body, large span and high voltage grade and etc, belongingto typical wind load sensitive structure, therefore, the research of the reliability of linesystem of UHV transmission tower under the action of wind load is coming to be moreand more imperative. However, compared with the architecture modeling and analysisof tower-line coupling system, the study of its wind resisting reliability theory is just inearly stage. This paper, on the basis of development of reliability theory, makes asystematic research on the issues such as the wind vibration static reliability, windvibration dynamic reliability and tower body reliability based on the performance level,of the line system of UHV transmission tower, mainly including the following aspects:
1) In this paper, the time-history analysis based on the wind vibration response ofwind load random model to the line system of transmission tower is made. First, theharmonic synthesis method based on random Fourier spectrum is adopted to fit the windload time-history suitable for the wind vibration response analysis of tower line, beforeverifying the coincidence of simulated time-history power spectrum with targetspectrum by means of numerical example; then using finite element program to maketime-history analysis of single tower and tower-line system respectively so as to verifythe reasonability of simplified treatment of each rod piece in finite element model oftower line, and provide favorable tool for subsequent reliability analysis.
2) This paper puts forward a adaptive response surface method based on theanalysis of variable structure and sets up a thought, combined with the principle ofequivalent extreme events, for analyzing the system reliability, based on responsesurface method; at the same time, on the basis of equivalent static wind load randommodel, this paper gives a suggestion of the frame for analyzing wind vibration staticreliability of the line system of transmission tower, and furthermore, constructs areasonable high order response surface form by judging each variable item according tothe result of univariate analysis and sets up a corresponding actual algorithm bycombination with the scheme of the selecting points in number theory; and convertssystem reliability problem to a simple reliability problem of sing performance functionby use of the principle of equivalent extreme events, then adopts the adaptive responsesurface method to reconstruct the equivalent single performance function so as to set up a system reliability analysis method based on response surface; then, combined thesuggested method with equivalent static wind load random model to study the windvibration static reliability of tower line system.
3) In this paper, based on the equivalent extreme events and the adaptive responsesurface method, the method for analyzing the dynamic reliability of tower line system isset up. According to the principle of equivalent extreme events, the dynamic reliabilityof structural system is converted to a simple reliability problem only involving singleperformance function and combined with adaptive response surface method and therandom Fourier spectrum synthesis of wind load, the method for analyzing the dynamicreliability of general structural system is set up. Based on this solution, this paper putsforward the method for calculation of the reliability of wind vibration of tower linesystem.
4) Using for reference of the seismic design theory based on performance, thispaper proposes wind resisting performance level of the line system of UHVtransmission tower, and further, starts a research of the reliability of the line system ofUHV transmission tower based on performance. First, combined with the example ofdisasters, it analyzes the destruction form and failure rules of transmission tower intower line system, taking the displacement and partial deformation of tower top forperformance objectives, gives out a qualitative description of the4thstage level of windresisting performance of tower body structure; the paper confirms the quantitativemodel of performance level of power transmission tower according to test and standard,using finite element method to establish a mechanical model for examination of whetherquantitative value is reasonable or not, before synthesizing the both to give out thequantitative model of performance level of power transmission tower, not only meetingstandard requirements but also convenient for the needs of engineering design; thispaper makes systematic analysis of the performance reliability of different tower modelsby the analysis of the methods of wind vibration reliability of tower line systemsuggested as above.
引文
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