毛细辐射空调技术的传热及流动特性研究
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摘要
随着经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，空调能耗迅猛增加，传统空调采用温湿度耦合处理技术，消耗了大量高品位的能量，低碳经济催生低碳空调，辐射空调系统应运而生。
辐射空调以其舒适、健康、环保、节能的优越性得到世人的青睐，而利用多孔介质微细通道内的强迫对流换热已被证实是最具发展潜力的高效冷却解决方案之一，本文结合辐射板空调技术及热管理论创新地提出了毛细吸液芯辐射换热板空调系统。针对辐射空调的对流换热和辐射换热，以及冷媒介质在多孔介质内部的流动特性进行了研究。
本文的毛细吸液芯辐射换热板技术源于热管技术，在该毛细吸液芯辐射换热板中，为了获得最大的冷（热）量，需要毛细吸液芯有足够的毛细抽吸力，较小的流动阻力。首先对吸液芯多孔介质的孔隙率，疏水速度、平均孔隙半径和承压强度进行了研究。并通过添加缓凝剂得到了最佳配比。
通过比较传统辐射空调末端换热技术，在不断改进的的基础上设计了第三代毛细吸液芯辐射换热板，通过搭建实验模型空间，对冷媒不同进口温度和改变发射率条件下的毛细吸液芯换热板的换热了进行了测试，并比较了相同条件下蛇形辐射换热盘管的换热量，分析了不同板面温度下的空间温度分布，结果表明：在冷水进口温度为11℃-16℃的条件下，制冷量提高了37%-57.7%，相比现在经常采用的蛇形辐射换热盘管，毛细吸液芯辐射换热板增加了换热面积，板面温度分布更加均匀，而且可以做为吊顶层并承担一定的压力。表面发射率改变后，空间温度分布相对于改变前更均匀，主要是因为表面发射率增大后，辐射换热量增加，空间温度波动更小。根据毛细吸液芯辐射换热板空调系统的热交换过程，分析了冷媒介质与毛细吸液芯壁面换热、毛细吸液芯辐射换热板与装饰层换热、天花板表面装饰层与房间空气的对流换热及各表面的辐射换热。得到了天花板壁面温度的计算公式以及毛细吸液芯辐射换热板空调系统的综合换热系数。共同构成了毛细吸液芯辐射换热板对室内传热的数学描述。为毛细吸液芯辐射换热板在以后的应用过程中奠定了一定的理论计算基础。
通过对多孔介质流动理论分析，结合Hagen-Poiseuille方程，建立了毛细吸液芯辐射换热板流动阻力模型，所得到的模型是孔隙率、孔隙半径、颗粒直径、流体性质、流体速度、迂曲度的函数。该模型不含经验常数，每个参数都有明确的物理意义。通过比较可知，本模型和Ergun方程、实验数据符合得较好，证明了该模型的合理性。比较分析了毛细吸液芯辐射换热板和传统的蛇形辐射换热盘管的阻力，并利用ICP-Optional Emission Spectrometer对循环水在毛细吸液芯辐射换热板内部运行钙离子浓度进行了测试。
对传统空调和辐射空调的耗能进行了分析，通过热力学第一定律提出了综合散热度和集中散热度揭示了辐射空调节能的原因，指出辐射空调的设计温度相比常规空调的设计温度高2～3℃。并通过热力学第二定律火用值理论分析了毛细吸液芯辐射空调的节能优势。
最后，通过理论分析，采用C语言编程，CFD计算模拟，分析了毛细吸液芯辐射换热空间内温度梯度分布及内部多孔介质流动压降，并将数值模拟结果与实验数据、本模型公式、厄根公式做了对比。验证了实验和模型的合理性，为毛细吸液芯辐射换热板在辐射空调中的应用奠定了一定的理论基础。
The radiation air conditioning has been gradually developed for its comfort, lowenergy consumption, and take advantage of the forced convection heat transfer inmicrochannel of the porous medium the has been proved to be one of the mostdevelopment potential and efficient cooling solutions. This paper propose a newdevelopment direction of air-condition combined with radiation air-conditioningtechnology and forced convection heat transfer of porous medium. In this paper, studieshas been done direct at the capillary wick radiation air-conditioning system of the heatexchanger plates, convection and radiation heat transfer, radiation air conditioningrefrigerant medium in the internal flow characteristics of the porous medium. The maincontents are as follows:
The heat transfer panel of capillary imbibition core technology of this paper isderived from the heat pipe technology, which need to enough capillary pumped forceand smaller flow resistance in the capillary wick heat exchanger plates to obtain themaximum cooling capacity (heating capacity). First, the porosity of the porous medium,hydrophobic speed, the pore radius and the bearing strength of the porous medium wasstudied. The best ratio of the material was found by adding the retarder.
Through comparing with the ending equipment heat exchange technology of thetraditional radiation air conditioning, the third generation heat transfer panel of capillaryimbibition core was designed on the basis of the experiment. According to buildingexperimental model space, heat exchange capacity of the heat transfer panel of capillaryimbibition core was test under the conditions of the different refrigerant inlettemperature and transmission rate, and compared with the serpentine radiation under thesame conditions, analyzes the spatial temperature distribution in different plate surfacetemperature, the experimental results show that: cooling capacity increase of37%～57.7%compared with conventional serpentine radiant tube under the conditions of thecold water inlet temperature from10℃to16℃. When increasing the surface emissivity,the spatial temperature distribution is more uniform, mainly because as the surfaceemission rate increases, an increase in the radiation heat transfer, the spatial temperaturefluctuations is smaller. The paper analyzed the continuous heat exchange process andproposed the heat exchange between the refrigerant medium and capillary wick wallsurface, the heat transfer panel of capillary imbibition core and the decorative layer, ceiling surface and the room air and radiation heat transfer in different surfaces. Get theceiling surface temperature and the integrated heat transfer coefficient calculationformula of the heat transfer panel of capillary imbibition core air conditioning system.All of these constitute the mathematical description of heat transfer between capillarywick radiation heat transfer plate and indoor space. It laid a certain theoretical basis forapplication of the heat transfer panel of capillary imbibition core.
The flow resistance model of capillary wick radiation was build basis on the flowtheory of the porous medium and the Hagen-Poiseuille equation that is the function ofthe porosity, pore radius, particle diameter, fluid properties, fluid velocity and tortuousdegree. The model does not contain empirical constants and each parameter has a clearphysical significance. With comparison, the model fit well with hagen equation and theexperimental data, to prove the rationality of the model. Comparative analysis the flowresistance of the heat transfer panel of capillary imbibition core and conventionalradiation heat exchange serpentine tube, and use of the ICP-Optional EmissionSpectrometer on the circulation of water in the heat transfer panel of capillaryimbibition core running the calcium ion concentration tested.
The paper analyzed energy consumption of conventional air-condition and theradiation air-condition and proposed the integrated cooling degree and centralizedcooling degree based on the first law of thermodynamics, then energy-saving reasons ofradiation air condition was revealed, that is the radiation air condition designtemperature is lower2~3℃than the design temperature of the conventional airconditioning. Then the paper analyzed the energy-saving advantages of the capillarywick radiation air conditioning basis on the second law of thermodynamics exergy valuetheory.
Finally, the capillary wick radiation temperature gradient within the heat exchangerspace and internal porous medium flow pressure drop were analyzed according totheoretical analysis, C programming language and CFD numerical simulation method.The numerical results verify the reasonableness of the experiment and modelcomparison with experimental data, the model formula and the Hagen formula. Theselaid the theoretical foundation for heat transfer panel of capillary imbibition coreradiation air conditioning.
辐射空调以其舒适、健康、环保、节能的优越性得到世人的青睐，而利用多孔介质微细通道内的强迫对流换热已被证实是最具发展潜力的高效冷却解决方案之一，本文结合辐射板空调技术及热管理论创新地提出了毛细吸液芯辐射换热板空调系统。针对辐射空调的对流换热和辐射换热，以及冷媒介质在多孔介质内部的流动特性进行了研究。
本文的毛细吸液芯辐射换热板技术源于热管技术，在该毛细吸液芯辐射换热板中，为了获得最大的冷（热）量，需要毛细吸液芯有足够的毛细抽吸力，较小的流动阻力。首先对吸液芯多孔介质的孔隙率，疏水速度、平均孔隙半径和承压强度进行了研究。并通过添加缓凝剂得到了最佳配比。
通过比较传统辐射空调末端换热技术，在不断改进的的基础上设计了第三代毛细吸液芯辐射换热板，通过搭建实验模型空间，对冷媒不同进口温度和改变发射率条件下的毛细吸液芯换热板的换热了进行了测试，并比较了相同条件下蛇形辐射换热盘管的换热量，分析了不同板面温度下的空间温度分布，结果表明：在冷水进口温度为11℃-16℃的条件下，制冷量提高了37%-57.7%，相比现在经常采用的蛇形辐射换热盘管，毛细吸液芯辐射换热板增加了换热面积，板面温度分布更加均匀，而且可以做为吊顶层并承担一定的压力。表面发射率改变后，空间温度分布相对于改变前更均匀，主要是因为表面发射率增大后，辐射换热量增加，空间温度波动更小。根据毛细吸液芯辐射换热板空调系统的热交换过程，分析了冷媒介质与毛细吸液芯壁面换热、毛细吸液芯辐射换热板与装饰层换热、天花板表面装饰层与房间空气的对流换热及各表面的辐射换热。得到了天花板壁面温度的计算公式以及毛细吸液芯辐射换热板空调系统的综合换热系数。共同构成了毛细吸液芯辐射换热板对室内传热的数学描述。为毛细吸液芯辐射换热板在以后的应用过程中奠定了一定的理论计算基础。
通过对多孔介质流动理论分析，结合Hagen-Poiseuille方程，建立了毛细吸液芯辐射换热板流动阻力模型，所得到的模型是孔隙率、孔隙半径、颗粒直径、流体性质、流体速度、迂曲度的函数。该模型不含经验常数，每个参数都有明确的物理意义。通过比较可知，本模型和Ergun方程、实验数据符合得较好，证明了该模型的合理性。比较分析了毛细吸液芯辐射换热板和传统的蛇形辐射换热盘管的阻力，并利用ICP-Optional Emission Spectrometer对循环水在毛细吸液芯辐射换热板内部运行钙离子浓度进行了测试。
对传统空调和辐射空调的耗能进行了分析，通过热力学第一定律提出了综合散热度和集中散热度揭示了辐射空调节能的原因，指出辐射空调的设计温度相比常规空调的设计温度高2～3℃。并通过热力学第二定律火用值理论分析了毛细吸液芯辐射空调的节能优势。
最后，通过理论分析，采用C语言编程，CFD计算模拟，分析了毛细吸液芯辐射换热空间内温度梯度分布及内部多孔介质流动压降，并将数值模拟结果与实验数据、本模型公式、厄根公式做了对比。验证了实验和模型的合理性，为毛细吸液芯辐射换热板在辐射空调中的应用奠定了一定的理论基础。
The radiation air conditioning has been gradually developed for its comfort, lowenergy consumption, and take advantage of the forced convection heat transfer inmicrochannel of the porous medium the has been proved to be one of the mostdevelopment potential and efficient cooling solutions. This paper propose a newdevelopment direction of air-condition combined with radiation air-conditioningtechnology and forced convection heat transfer of porous medium. In this paper, studieshas been done direct at the capillary wick radiation air-conditioning system of the heatexchanger plates, convection and radiation heat transfer, radiation air conditioningrefrigerant medium in the internal flow characteristics of the porous medium. The maincontents are as follows:
The heat transfer panel of capillary imbibition core technology of this paper isderived from the heat pipe technology, which need to enough capillary pumped forceand smaller flow resistance in the capillary wick heat exchanger plates to obtain themaximum cooling capacity (heating capacity). First, the porosity of the porous medium,hydrophobic speed, the pore radius and the bearing strength of the porous medium wasstudied. The best ratio of the material was found by adding the retarder.
Through comparing with the ending equipment heat exchange technology of thetraditional radiation air conditioning, the third generation heat transfer panel of capillaryimbibition core was designed on the basis of the experiment. According to buildingexperimental model space, heat exchange capacity of the heat transfer panel of capillaryimbibition core was test under the conditions of the different refrigerant inlettemperature and transmission rate, and compared with the serpentine radiation under thesame conditions, analyzes the spatial temperature distribution in different plate surfacetemperature, the experimental results show that: cooling capacity increase of37%～57.7%compared with conventional serpentine radiant tube under the conditions of thecold water inlet temperature from10℃to16℃. When increasing the surface emissivity,the spatial temperature distribution is more uniform, mainly because as the surfaceemission rate increases, an increase in the radiation heat transfer, the spatial temperaturefluctuations is smaller. The paper analyzed the continuous heat exchange process andproposed the heat exchange between the refrigerant medium and capillary wick wallsurface, the heat transfer panel of capillary imbibition core and the decorative layer, ceiling surface and the room air and radiation heat transfer in different surfaces. Get theceiling surface temperature and the integrated heat transfer coefficient calculationformula of the heat transfer panel of capillary imbibition core air conditioning system.All of these constitute the mathematical description of heat transfer between capillarywick radiation heat transfer plate and indoor space. It laid a certain theoretical basis forapplication of the heat transfer panel of capillary imbibition core.
The flow resistance model of capillary wick radiation was build basis on the flowtheory of the porous medium and the Hagen-Poiseuille equation that is the function ofthe porosity, pore radius, particle diameter, fluid properties, fluid velocity and tortuousdegree. The model does not contain empirical constants and each parameter has a clearphysical significance. With comparison, the model fit well with hagen equation and theexperimental data, to prove the rationality of the model. Comparative analysis the flowresistance of the heat transfer panel of capillary imbibition core and conventionalradiation heat exchange serpentine tube, and use of the ICP-Optional EmissionSpectrometer on the circulation of water in the heat transfer panel of capillaryimbibition core running the calcium ion concentration tested.
The paper analyzed energy consumption of conventional air-condition and theradiation air-condition and proposed the integrated cooling degree and centralizedcooling degree based on the first law of thermodynamics, then energy-saving reasons ofradiation air condition was revealed, that is the radiation air condition designtemperature is lower2~3℃than the design temperature of the conventional airconditioning. Then the paper analyzed the energy-saving advantages of the capillarywick radiation air conditioning basis on the second law of thermodynamics exergy valuetheory.
Finally, the capillary wick radiation temperature gradient within the heat exchangerspace and internal porous medium flow pressure drop were analyzed according totheoretical analysis, C programming language and CFD numerical simulation method.The numerical results verify the reasonableness of the experiment and modelcomparison with experimental data, the model formula and the Hagen formula. Theselaid the theoretical foundation for heat transfer panel of capillary imbibition coreradiation air conditioning.
引文
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