基于三大目标的高速公路绿化工程优化研究
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摘要
绿化工程是高速公路系统中的一个重要子系统,近年来,随着“和谐交通”、“绿化交通”等理念的深入以及高速公路可持续发展思想的执行,绿化系统开始受到建设、营运方的普遍重视。但由于我国开展高速公路绿化工程的起步较晚,目前在绿化功能定位、绿化设计、施工和养管模式等方面还存在一定的问题。通过对现状一系列问题的分析,旨在探寻解决此类问题的有效措施,并为我国现有高速公路绿化养管及未来高速公路绿化工程建设提供参考。
为全面分析绿化工程存在的问题,首先从交通四要素的需求出发,制定高速公路不同区域的绿化功能目标,即行车安全、景观塑造和生态修复,并明确人对绿化系统的主要功能需求是保障行车安全和塑造优美景观；车对绿化系统的需求主要就是行车安全；路和环境的需求主要是绿化的生态修复功能。同时,考虑到不同绿化位置对三大目标功能的需求不一致,将高速公路分为沿线、边坡和集中绿化区三部分,分别考虑其绿化需求特征,并在此基础上分析受绿化系统在行车安全、景观塑造和生态修复方面存在的问题。
通过分析绿化对行车安全影响因素及影响方式,提出高速公路绿化防眩调整、绿化方式合理过渡、路侧植物横向控制、隧道出入口明暗缓冲、立交出入口绿化改善等方面的安全优化方法。对不同应用环境下绿化植物防眩配置要求的研究表明：①绿化防眩的植物株距不仅与植物冠径和防眩角有关,还与中央分隔带宽度和平曲线半径有关；防眩高度不仅与驾驶员视线高度、车辆前照灯高度和道路横断面结构有关,还与竖曲线半径、波形梁护栏几何设计等因素有关。②平直路段与平竖曲线路段在防眩植物株距、高度方面是不一致的,通过构建计算模型计算得知,相比平直路段而言,平曲线路段防眩植物株距应减小0.3-0.8m,凹竖曲线路段防眩植物高度应增加0.03-0.43m。
通过分析高速公路建设和运营期间对自然环境带来的负面影响,探讨其对水土资源、大气和声环境的破坏机理,并总结影响植物生态恢复效果的主要因素及绿化在生态修复方面存在的问题。对于土质边坡的稳定性,根据草本植物和木本植物与边坡土层之间的力学分析模型,研究提高土体抗剪强度和根系锚固效果的植物配置方法。最后从系统的角度全面研究了针对不同绿化区域、地方生态环境特点和生态破坏修复需求的绿化配置优化方法。
通过对高速公路绿化与景观间的关系分析,研究高速公路绿化的景观特征。研究表明,除了沿线绿化走廊具有廊道特征、局部绿化的斑块特征之外,绿化景观在视觉上还具有一定局限性和较强动态性,植物色彩配置也不同于城市绿化景观。针对不同绿化区域存在的景观塑造问题,提出基于多样性指数、优势度指标和破碎化指数的绿化配置方法,并根据绿廊宽度计算模型,得出基于高速公路不同横断面形式的绿廊宽度控制方法。
实例论证依托于津汕高速公路冀津界至冀鲁界段绿化工程。作为渤海湾腹地滨海高速公路,这也是国内首次对同时具有海拔低、易涝、土壤贫瘠、盐碱化程度高、气候干旱多风和易冻害六大恶劣条件的高速公路绿化工程进行优化研究。通过对种植条件和原绿化设计的分析,找出原绿化设计存在的问题,并提出优化方案。
Greening engineering is an important subsystem of highway system. In recent years, with the in-depth acceptance of some concepts, such as Harmonious Traffic and Green Transportation, and the wild implementation of highways'sustainable development, greening system gets much more attention from construction and operation fields. However, there are still some probloms of greening engineering in functional position, design, operation, maintenance and management, due to late start of highway greening engineering n China. Through analyzing this range of status quo issues, this thesis gives effective measures to solve these problems and provides some reference for current maintenance and management and future construction of highway greening engineering.
To get a comprehensive analysis of the existing problems of greening engineering, this thesis, based on the needs of the four traffic elements, sets down functional objectives of different greening regions in highway, which includes traffic safety, landscape aesthetics and ecological restoration. It also points out that in greening systems the main functional needs of people are ensuring traffic safety and landscape aesthetics, the main concern of drivers is safety, and the main need of roads and environment is ecological restoration. Considering the inconsistent focuses of different greening regions on the three objectives, in this thesis, the author divides the greening area of highway into three parts, which are margin, slope, and centralized region, and analyzes the impact of greening system on traffic safety, landscape aesthetics, and ecological restoration respectively, based on the features of the three parts' greening needs.
According to the analysis of the factors and modes of greening engineering's impact on traffic safety, this thesis brings forward safety measures for highway greening engineering to ensure sdjustment of preventing dizziness, reasonable transition of greening ways, horizontal control of plants in margin, buffering of light and dark buff zones at tunnel entrance and exit, and improvement of greening at entance and exit of interchange. The research of the needs of plant configuration to prevent dizziness in different application environments indicates that the distance between individual plants not only has a relationship with plant crown diameter and angle of preventing dizziness, but also has something to do with median strip width and horizontal curve radius. Determining the appropriate height of plants to prevent dizziness involves drivers'eye level, height of the vehicle headlamp, road cross section structure, besides vertical curve ratius, geometric design of corrugated beambarrier and some other factors. The distance between individual plants and the appropriate height of plants of horizontal straight sections are different from those of vertical curve sections. Calculated by constructing a model and compared to horizontal straight sections, the distance between individual plants on flat vertical curve sections should decrease0.3-0.8m, and the height of plants on concave vertical curve sections should be increased0.03-0.43m.
By analyzing the negative impact of highway construction and operation on natural environment including water, soil, atmosphere and acoustic environment, this thesis discussed their destruction mechanism, and then sums up that the mian problems of ecological restoration are the adaptability and survival rate of plant communities and the stability of slope protection. What is more, this thesis gives measures of repairing ecological damage through rationalizing greening configuration to adapt to the actual environment.
Based on the analysis of relationship between highway Greening Engineering and landscape, this thesis studies the landscape features of highway Greening Engineering. The research shows that, beyond the corridor characteristic along highways and the spot feature cased by partial greening, the highway greening system has other characteristics such as the visual limitation and dynamics, and the difference in plants color scheme from urban greening landscape. For the landscape shaping and limitation problems, this thesis, based on the principles of improvement, comes up with the following proposals:proper transition of greening ways and rational color configuration for the greening system along highways; moreover, this thesis sums up the design model of green landscape for the interchanges with different regional features and proposes the landscape requirements for slope or particular areas damaged by constructions.
The examples given in this thesis are based on partial Tianjin-Shanwei Highway from the Hebei-Tianjin boundary to the Hebei-Shandong boundary, which is a highway in Bohai Bay hinterland. This thesis is the first domestic research to do the optimization research on greening engineering of highways that simultaneously have the following six tough conditions:low altitude, frequent flooding, barren soil, heavy salinization, windy dry and cold weather. Through the analysis of planting conditions and original greening plans, this thesis digs out the problems for different greening positions and accordingly proposes optimization plans.
为全面分析绿化工程存在的问题,首先从交通四要素的需求出发,制定高速公路不同区域的绿化功能目标,即行车安全、景观塑造和生态修复,并明确人对绿化系统的主要功能需求是保障行车安全和塑造优美景观；车对绿化系统的需求主要就是行车安全；路和环境的需求主要是绿化的生态修复功能。同时,考虑到不同绿化位置对三大目标功能的需求不一致,将高速公路分为沿线、边坡和集中绿化区三部分,分别考虑其绿化需求特征,并在此基础上分析受绿化系统在行车安全、景观塑造和生态修复方面存在的问题。
通过分析绿化对行车安全影响因素及影响方式,提出高速公路绿化防眩调整、绿化方式合理过渡、路侧植物横向控制、隧道出入口明暗缓冲、立交出入口绿化改善等方面的安全优化方法。对不同应用环境下绿化植物防眩配置要求的研究表明：①绿化防眩的植物株距不仅与植物冠径和防眩角有关,还与中央分隔带宽度和平曲线半径有关；防眩高度不仅与驾驶员视线高度、车辆前照灯高度和道路横断面结构有关,还与竖曲线半径、波形梁护栏几何设计等因素有关。②平直路段与平竖曲线路段在防眩植物株距、高度方面是不一致的,通过构建计算模型计算得知,相比平直路段而言,平曲线路段防眩植物株距应减小0.3-0.8m,凹竖曲线路段防眩植物高度应增加0.03-0.43m。
通过分析高速公路建设和运营期间对自然环境带来的负面影响,探讨其对水土资源、大气和声环境的破坏机理,并总结影响植物生态恢复效果的主要因素及绿化在生态修复方面存在的问题。对于土质边坡的稳定性,根据草本植物和木本植物与边坡土层之间的力学分析模型,研究提高土体抗剪强度和根系锚固效果的植物配置方法。最后从系统的角度全面研究了针对不同绿化区域、地方生态环境特点和生态破坏修复需求的绿化配置优化方法。
通过对高速公路绿化与景观间的关系分析,研究高速公路绿化的景观特征。研究表明,除了沿线绿化走廊具有廊道特征、局部绿化的斑块特征之外,绿化景观在视觉上还具有一定局限性和较强动态性,植物色彩配置也不同于城市绿化景观。针对不同绿化区域存在的景观塑造问题,提出基于多样性指数、优势度指标和破碎化指数的绿化配置方法,并根据绿廊宽度计算模型,得出基于高速公路不同横断面形式的绿廊宽度控制方法。
实例论证依托于津汕高速公路冀津界至冀鲁界段绿化工程。作为渤海湾腹地滨海高速公路,这也是国内首次对同时具有海拔低、易涝、土壤贫瘠、盐碱化程度高、气候干旱多风和易冻害六大恶劣条件的高速公路绿化工程进行优化研究。通过对种植条件和原绿化设计的分析,找出原绿化设计存在的问题,并提出优化方案。
Greening engineering is an important subsystem of highway system. In recent years, with the in-depth acceptance of some concepts, such as Harmonious Traffic and Green Transportation, and the wild implementation of highways'sustainable development, greening system gets much more attention from construction and operation fields. However, there are still some probloms of greening engineering in functional position, design, operation, maintenance and management, due to late start of highway greening engineering n China. Through analyzing this range of status quo issues, this thesis gives effective measures to solve these problems and provides some reference for current maintenance and management and future construction of highway greening engineering.
To get a comprehensive analysis of the existing problems of greening engineering, this thesis, based on the needs of the four traffic elements, sets down functional objectives of different greening regions in highway, which includes traffic safety, landscape aesthetics and ecological restoration. It also points out that in greening systems the main functional needs of people are ensuring traffic safety and landscape aesthetics, the main concern of drivers is safety, and the main need of roads and environment is ecological restoration. Considering the inconsistent focuses of different greening regions on the three objectives, in this thesis, the author divides the greening area of highway into three parts, which are margin, slope, and centralized region, and analyzes the impact of greening system on traffic safety, landscape aesthetics, and ecological restoration respectively, based on the features of the three parts' greening needs.
According to the analysis of the factors and modes of greening engineering's impact on traffic safety, this thesis brings forward safety measures for highway greening engineering to ensure sdjustment of preventing dizziness, reasonable transition of greening ways, horizontal control of plants in margin, buffering of light and dark buff zones at tunnel entrance and exit, and improvement of greening at entance and exit of interchange. The research of the needs of plant configuration to prevent dizziness in different application environments indicates that the distance between individual plants not only has a relationship with plant crown diameter and angle of preventing dizziness, but also has something to do with median strip width and horizontal curve radius. Determining the appropriate height of plants to prevent dizziness involves drivers'eye level, height of the vehicle headlamp, road cross section structure, besides vertical curve ratius, geometric design of corrugated beambarrier and some other factors. The distance between individual plants and the appropriate height of plants of horizontal straight sections are different from those of vertical curve sections. Calculated by constructing a model and compared to horizontal straight sections, the distance between individual plants on flat vertical curve sections should decrease0.3-0.8m, and the height of plants on concave vertical curve sections should be increased0.03-0.43m.
By analyzing the negative impact of highway construction and operation on natural environment including water, soil, atmosphere and acoustic environment, this thesis discussed their destruction mechanism, and then sums up that the mian problems of ecological restoration are the adaptability and survival rate of plant communities and the stability of slope protection. What is more, this thesis gives measures of repairing ecological damage through rationalizing greening configuration to adapt to the actual environment.
Based on the analysis of relationship between highway Greening Engineering and landscape, this thesis studies the landscape features of highway Greening Engineering. The research shows that, beyond the corridor characteristic along highways and the spot feature cased by partial greening, the highway greening system has other characteristics such as the visual limitation and dynamics, and the difference in plants color scheme from urban greening landscape. For the landscape shaping and limitation problems, this thesis, based on the principles of improvement, comes up with the following proposals:proper transition of greening ways and rational color configuration for the greening system along highways; moreover, this thesis sums up the design model of green landscape for the interchanges with different regional features and proposes the landscape requirements for slope or particular areas damaged by constructions.
The examples given in this thesis are based on partial Tianjin-Shanwei Highway from the Hebei-Tianjin boundary to the Hebei-Shandong boundary, which is a highway in Bohai Bay hinterland. This thesis is the first domestic research to do the optimization research on greening engineering of highways that simultaneously have the following six tough conditions:low altitude, frequent flooding, barren soil, heavy salinization, windy dry and cold weather. Through the analysis of planting conditions and original greening plans, this thesis digs out the problems for different greening positions and accordingly proposes optimization plans.
引文
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