地铁邻近既有桥梁施工影响分析及主动防护研究
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摘要
众所周知,城市地下工程施工产生的地层变形及应力释放必然会对周边环境产生一定程度的扰动,特别是在北京这种以环路和立交为主要地面交通形式的城市中,地铁施工将会不可避免的穿越大量既有桥梁,并对其正常使用造成不利影响。随着北京地区地铁新线建设不断地推进,这种现象将会越来越多,所带来的矛盾和安全隐患也将更加突出,因此研究地铁施工对邻近既有桥梁的影响分析及主动防护技术对城市桥梁的安全运行具有重要的现实意义。
本论文在对国内外相关文献资料进行广泛调研的基础上,以北京地铁4号线、5号线、10号线、6号线及7号线等项目的建设为工程背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟以及现场实测相结合的方法,对地铁施工穿越既有桥梁这类工程在安全防护方面所涉及的基础理论、核心技术以及防护体系等问题进行了深入、系统的研究,取得了以下成果：
(1)基于能量守恒的理论分析可以看出,地层因开挖而释放的弹性能有一部分以变形能的形式存储于桩基中,即开挖释放的弹性能被桩基以变形的形式进行吸收,因而桩基的变形是地铁邻近既有桥梁施工的控制核心；
(2)基于地层与桩基之间的相互作用关系,对单洞与双洞隧道施工影响下桩基承载力进行了定性分析,从而为后续桩基承载力评价提供了理论基础；
(3)通过对实际桥梁上部结构状况进行力学简化,建立了八种桥梁上部结构与桩基协调变形的结构力学模型,以此分析了桩基沉降与上部结构内力和变形的作用关系；
(4)采用数值计算方法对桩基与隧道不同空间位置关系进行了分析,以桩基沉降为主要评价指标并结合桩身倾斜,将桩基的受影响程度分为四个区(Ⅰ重要影响,Ⅱ主要影响,Ⅲ一般影响,Ⅳ轻微影响)；
(5)结构顶升是减小施工对既有桥梁上部结构影响的主要技术措施,因此,文章采用理论分析和数值模拟的方法,针对常见的三跨连续箱梁进行了分析,建立了既有桥梁变形与附加内力之间的关系,并在此基础上确定了结构顶升力的临界点以及合理的顶升位置；
(6)提出了“以预防风险为核心,以保护桥梁运行绝对安全为目的”的地铁邻近既有桥梁施工主动防护技术体系,即在科学预测风险的基础上,对风险来源(地铁施工)、风险载体(地层变形)、风险对象(既有桥梁)等不同对象中的风险状态,以合理的技术手段早干预、早处置,从而实现风险的主动防护；
(7)建立了地铁邻近既有桥梁施工主动防护控制体系,并形成了该体系实施的技术流程。该流程强调了工前主动防护措施的制定和实施,实现了风险前移处置,而后结合变形监控,实现了过程中的动态控制。这种两阶段的变形控制,可更加有效的应对工程风险,基本实现了此类穿越工程的精细化管控。
As is known, underground strata deformation and stress release induced by the construction of urban underground engineering are bound to disturb the surrounding environment to some extent. However, because of the complexity of the urban environment, especially in Beijing whose main transport forms are overpass and ring road, subway construction will inevitably pass through a large number of existing bridges and make adverse impact to their normal use. With the arrival of the new subway construction climax in Beijing, there are much more such phenomena than before,the corresponding contradictions and potential risks will become more prominent, so the research of influence analysis and proactive technology of existing bridges induced by adjacent subway construction has important practical significance to the safe operation of urban bridges.
Based on extensive researches on related literatures at home and abroad, taking Beijing Subway Line4、Line5、Line10、Line6and Line7project construction as engineering background, the basic theory, core technology and protection system involved by such engineering as subway construction passing by existing bridges on safety aspects are studied deeply and widely by the method of combination of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field test in this paper. The research results are as follows:
(1) It can be seen that part of the released elastic energy induced by strata excavation is stored in the pile foundation based on energy conservation theory. That is to say, released elastic energy induced by excavation is absorbed by the pile foundation, so the deformation of pile foundation is the control core during the subway construction close to the existing bridges.
(2) Based on the interaction between the strata and the piles, the bearing capacity of pile foundation influenced by strata deformation is analyzed qualitatively under one tunnel and two tunnels conditions, which can provide a theoretical basis for the following pile foundation bearing capacity evaluation.
(3) Based on the mechanical simplification of the actual bridge superstructure conditions and pile foundation, eight structural mechanics models of coordination deformation between bridge superstructure and pile foundation are established to analyze the action relationship of the internal force and deformation for superstructure influenced by pile foundation settlement.
(4)The influence laws of pile foundations in different spatial position influenced by tunnel excavation are studied based on numerical method. Taking pile foundation settlement as evaluation index, the influence degree of pile foundation is divided into four zones combined with pile inclination.(I:important influence, II:main influence, III:common influence, IV:slight influence)
(5) Structure jacking is the main technical measure to reduce the construction influence on the upper structure of the existing bridge.therefore, the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation method are used to analyze the common three-span continuous box girder in this paper. The relationship between deformations and additional internal forces of existing bridges is established to determine the critical point of the structure jacking force and the rational jacking position.
(6) Active protection technology system of the subway construction close to the existing bridges, which idea is "taking prevention of risk as core and taking absolute safety operation of the bridge as purpose", is established in this paper. That is to say, risk conditions in different objects, such as the risk sources (subway construction), the risk carriers (stratum deformation), the risk objects (existing bridges) and so on, are prevented and disposed early to achieve active protection of the risk by reasonable technical measures.
(7) The active protection control system of subway construction close to the existing bridges is established. The implementation technical process of the management system is also formed. This management process emphasizes the formulation and implementation of the active protection measures before construction. Forward risk disposal and dynamic risk control during construction are realized combined with risk monitoring. This two-stage deformation control can deal with engineering risks more effectively. Fine safety control of such passing engineering are realized on the whole.
本论文在对国内外相关文献资料进行广泛调研的基础上,以北京地铁4号线、5号线、10号线、6号线及7号线等项目的建设为工程背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟以及现场实测相结合的方法,对地铁施工穿越既有桥梁这类工程在安全防护方面所涉及的基础理论、核心技术以及防护体系等问题进行了深入、系统的研究,取得了以下成果：
(1)基于能量守恒的理论分析可以看出,地层因开挖而释放的弹性能有一部分以变形能的形式存储于桩基中,即开挖释放的弹性能被桩基以变形的形式进行吸收,因而桩基的变形是地铁邻近既有桥梁施工的控制核心；
(2)基于地层与桩基之间的相互作用关系,对单洞与双洞隧道施工影响下桩基承载力进行了定性分析,从而为后续桩基承载力评价提供了理论基础；
(3)通过对实际桥梁上部结构状况进行力学简化,建立了八种桥梁上部结构与桩基协调变形的结构力学模型,以此分析了桩基沉降与上部结构内力和变形的作用关系；
(4)采用数值计算方法对桩基与隧道不同空间位置关系进行了分析,以桩基沉降为主要评价指标并结合桩身倾斜,将桩基的受影响程度分为四个区(Ⅰ重要影响,Ⅱ主要影响,Ⅲ一般影响,Ⅳ轻微影响)；
(5)结构顶升是减小施工对既有桥梁上部结构影响的主要技术措施,因此,文章采用理论分析和数值模拟的方法,针对常见的三跨连续箱梁进行了分析,建立了既有桥梁变形与附加内力之间的关系,并在此基础上确定了结构顶升力的临界点以及合理的顶升位置；
(6)提出了“以预防风险为核心,以保护桥梁运行绝对安全为目的”的地铁邻近既有桥梁施工主动防护技术体系,即在科学预测风险的基础上,对风险来源(地铁施工)、风险载体(地层变形)、风险对象(既有桥梁)等不同对象中的风险状态,以合理的技术手段早干预、早处置,从而实现风险的主动防护；
(7)建立了地铁邻近既有桥梁施工主动防护控制体系,并形成了该体系实施的技术流程。该流程强调了工前主动防护措施的制定和实施,实现了风险前移处置,而后结合变形监控,实现了过程中的动态控制。这种两阶段的变形控制,可更加有效的应对工程风险,基本实现了此类穿越工程的精细化管控。
As is known, underground strata deformation and stress release induced by the construction of urban underground engineering are bound to disturb the surrounding environment to some extent. However, because of the complexity of the urban environment, especially in Beijing whose main transport forms are overpass and ring road, subway construction will inevitably pass through a large number of existing bridges and make adverse impact to their normal use. With the arrival of the new subway construction climax in Beijing, there are much more such phenomena than before,the corresponding contradictions and potential risks will become more prominent, so the research of influence analysis and proactive technology of existing bridges induced by adjacent subway construction has important practical significance to the safe operation of urban bridges.
Based on extensive researches on related literatures at home and abroad, taking Beijing Subway Line4、Line5、Line10、Line6and Line7project construction as engineering background, the basic theory, core technology and protection system involved by such engineering as subway construction passing by existing bridges on safety aspects are studied deeply and widely by the method of combination of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field test in this paper. The research results are as follows:
(1) It can be seen that part of the released elastic energy induced by strata excavation is stored in the pile foundation based on energy conservation theory. That is to say, released elastic energy induced by excavation is absorbed by the pile foundation, so the deformation of pile foundation is the control core during the subway construction close to the existing bridges.
(2) Based on the interaction between the strata and the piles, the bearing capacity of pile foundation influenced by strata deformation is analyzed qualitatively under one tunnel and two tunnels conditions, which can provide a theoretical basis for the following pile foundation bearing capacity evaluation.
(3) Based on the mechanical simplification of the actual bridge superstructure conditions and pile foundation, eight structural mechanics models of coordination deformation between bridge superstructure and pile foundation are established to analyze the action relationship of the internal force and deformation for superstructure influenced by pile foundation settlement.
(4)The influence laws of pile foundations in different spatial position influenced by tunnel excavation are studied based on numerical method. Taking pile foundation settlement as evaluation index, the influence degree of pile foundation is divided into four zones combined with pile inclination.(I:important influence, II:main influence, III:common influence, IV:slight influence)
(5) Structure jacking is the main technical measure to reduce the construction influence on the upper structure of the existing bridge.therefore, the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation method are used to analyze the common three-span continuous box girder in this paper. The relationship between deformations and additional internal forces of existing bridges is established to determine the critical point of the structure jacking force and the rational jacking position.
(6) Active protection technology system of the subway construction close to the existing bridges, which idea is "taking prevention of risk as core and taking absolute safety operation of the bridge as purpose", is established in this paper. That is to say, risk conditions in different objects, such as the risk sources (subway construction), the risk carriers (stratum deformation), the risk objects (existing bridges) and so on, are prevented and disposed early to achieve active protection of the risk by reasonable technical measures.
(7) The active protection control system of subway construction close to the existing bridges is established. The implementation technical process of the management system is also formed. This management process emphasizes the formulation and implementation of the active protection measures before construction. Forward risk disposal and dynamic risk control during construction are realized combined with risk monitoring. This two-stage deformation control can deal with engineering risks more effectively. Fine safety control of such passing engineering are realized on the whole.
引文
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