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西线调水工程运行调度的生态环境影响风险评价与规避
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摘要
南水北调西线工程是实现我国水资源优化配置的一项跨流域调水重大工程。工程调水区气候寒冷、干湿不均、生态脆弱、环境敏感。西线一期工程水库的调度运行将改变当地水资源的原有平衡,对调水区生态环境可能造成不同程度的影响。深入和系统地研究水库运行调度对相关区域生态环境影响风险问题,对于南水北调西线工程的科学规划与高效运行具有前瞻性指导意义和基础性技术支撑。
     基于系统科学方法,本文从不同的时间尺度和相异的空间尺度,就南水北调西线一期工程水库调度运行对局地气候、河流廊道、沼泽湿地、干旱河谷、自然保护区和水环境等六类影响区的生态环境影响风险问题进行了深入细致的研究。具体研究内容可总结如下:
     (1)梳理了调水工程生态环境影响风险评价的基础理论。阐述了调水工程生态环境影响风险识别、风险评价及风险规避的基本理论;分析了调水工程生态环境影响的风险源与风险受体及其风险形成机制。
     (2)识别了西线工程调水区生态环境影响的风险因子。研究了生态环境风险的影响范围、影响类型及影响程度;提出了风险评价的总体思路;确定了风险评价的空间范围。
     (3)构建了区域生态环境风险分析模拟平台。设计了气候水文生态耦合模型平台总体框架;探讨了模型结构及要素过程模拟;开发了工作网络数据库;研制了气候水文生态耦合模型。
     (4)评估了西线工程调水区生态环境影响的定量风险。在不同的时间尺度和空间尺度上,从局地气候、河流廊道、沼泽湿地、干旱河谷、自然保护区和水环境等六个方面定量剖析了西线工程水库运行调度的生态环境影响风险;在此基础上,通过专家评估系统进行影响程度阈值估算,划分了分项影响等级,最终得到综合评价结果。
     (5)提出了西线工程调水区生态环境影响的风险规避措施。基于西线工程水库运行调度生态环境影响风险分析和定量评估结果,以生态水文演变机制为依据,从不同角度和层次,形成了西线工程调水区生态环境影响的生态水文风险规避措施。
The Project of Western Route of South to North Water Transfer Project is animportant project that across the two basins for optimally allocating water resources inChina. The area that the project would be sited has several distinguishing features,such as frigid weather, uneven humidity, fragile ecological balance and sensitiveenvironment. Operation of the reservoirs of the project will change original balance oflocal water resources and will influence local ecological environment in differentdegrees. Thoroughly and systematically researching ecological environment riskimposed on the area by operation of the reservoirs has prospective instruction andbasic technological support for scientific planning and effective operation of theproject.
     Based on systematic methodology, from different time scale and spatial scale,this thesis researches thoroughly the local ecological environment risk imposed byoperation of the reservoir from six aspects, such as local climate, river corridor, marsh,arid river valley, natural reserve and water environment. The concrete contents can besummarized as following:
     (1) Basic theories of risk assessment on ecological environment influence aresorted. Basic theories of risk identification, assessment and adverse are elaborated; therisk source, risk receptor and risk formation mechanism are analyzed.
     (2) The ecological environment risk factors in the water transfer area areidentified. The influence range, influence class and influence degree are studied;integrated method of risk assessment is proposed; and spatial range of risk assessmentis determined.
     (3) A simulation platform for local ecological environment risk analysis isconstructed. A framework of the climate-hydrology-ecology coupling model platformis designed; the model structure and feature course simulation are discussed; a database working on network is developed; and the climate-hydrology-ecology couplingmodel is developed.
     (4) Quantitative risk is evaluated on the ecological environment influence. Fromdifferent time scale and spatial scale, the risk is assessed from six aspects, such as local climate, river corridor, marsh, arid river valley, natural reserve and waterenvironment; based on the quantitative results, through expert assessment system,different influence levels are classified and integrated assessment results areconcluded.
     (5) A series of measures for ecological environment risk aversion are proposed.Based on the risk analysis and quantitative assessment results, according to ecologicalhydrology development mechanism, the integrated risk aversion measures areproposed from different aspects and levels.
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