松香衍生物/丙烯酸酯复合乳液的制备及其耐高温压敏胶的研究
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摘要
丙烯酸酯乳液由于具有优异的耐候性，环保安全，生产成本低，广泛应用于涂料、胶粘剂、油墨和纺织等领域。然而，在乳液聚合过程中，由于乳化剂、缓冲剂、引发剂和功能单体的加入，致使乳胶粒表面存在大量的亲水性基团和离子电荷，所以无论乳液还是乳胶膜对疏水性表面的润湿较差。与溶剂型相比，丙烯酸酯乳胶膜存在耐水性、耐高温性、抗蠕变性及力学性能差等缺点，尤其是其压敏胶对低极性或非极性表面的粘接难度较高，因此，如何使乳液型丙烯酸酯在保持较好的力学性能的同时，提高其润湿性、内聚强度和耐高温性能具有较大的挑战性。本论文采用反应性乳化剂和预乳化原位聚合工艺，通过高软化点松香衍生物增粘改性，制备了松香衍生物/丙烯酸酯复合乳液；然后经固化剂交联固化，制得了吸水率低、粘接性能优异、抗蠕变性和耐高温性能好的压敏胶。系统研究了影响乳液聚合及乳胶膜性能的因素，并对其乳液和乳胶膜的结构与性能进行了测试和表征，同时对乳液聚合中的有关机理进行了探讨。主要研究内容和结果包括如下四点：
第一，以丙烯酸丁酯（BA）、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯（2-EHA）、甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）、丙烯酸（AA）和丙烯酸2-羟乙酯（2-HEA）为聚合单体，以烯丙氧基壬基酚聚氧乙烯（10）醚（ANPEO10）及其硫酸铵盐（DNS-86）作为反应性乳化剂，聚合松香为增粘树脂，采用预乳化半连续种子乳液聚合工艺，制备了聚合松香/丙烯酸酯复合乳液。研究了聚合反应条件、乳化剂用量及配比、聚合松香用量等对乳液聚合及乳胶膜性能的影响，并采用动态光散射纳米激光粒度仪（DLS）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、差示扫描量热（DSC）、透射电镜（TEM）和凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）等对其进行了表征。乳液的最佳聚合条件为：反应温度为80℃，KPS用量为0.5wt%，ANPEO10/DNS-86=1:1，乳化剂总量为0.6wt%，聚合松香用量为6wt%。FT-IR表明反应性乳化剂参与了聚合反应，并可有效地将乳胶膜吸水率降至6.7wt%；聚合松香与丙烯酸酯聚合物的相容性良好，但在聚合松香中，残余松香酸分子上的碳碳共轭双键对丙烯酸酯自由基起链转移和阻聚作用，并抑制了丙烯酸酯体系中支化和交联聚合物的形成。
第二，采用三羟甲基丙烷-三[3-（2-甲基吖丙啶基）]丙酸酯XC-113与甲醚化三聚氰胺甲醛树脂HMMM为固化剂，研究了聚合松香/丙烯酸酯复合乳液的固化条件对压敏胶粘接性能的影响，及固化剂用量与配比对乳胶膜的凝胶率、溶胀度、吸水率和压敏胶粘接性能与耐高温性能的影响。XC-113与HMMM的最佳固化条件分别为110℃/3min和150℃/5min。随着固化剂用量的增加，乳胶膜的凝胶率增大，溶胀度和吸水率减小，压敏胶的初粘力与剥离强度下降，持粘力和耐高温性能提高。XC-113与HMMM协同固化效果更佳，并当XC-113/HMMM=1:2，总用量为1.8wt%时，压敏胶的初粘力为19#钢球，剥离强度为9.0N/25mm，持粘力大于1500min，耐高温性能达到180℃。
第三，采用氢化丙烯酸松香为增粘树脂，BA、MMA、AA与2-HEA为聚合单体，DNS-86作为乳化剂，通过预乳化半连续原位乳液聚合工艺，制备了稳定的氢化丙烯酸松香/丙烯酸酯复合乳液。研究了聚合反应条件、氢化丙烯酸松香用量与单体配比对乳液聚合和乳胶膜性能的影响，并采用DLS、FT-IR、DSC、GPC、热重分析（TGA）对其进行测试表征。制备乳液的最佳聚合条件是MMA用量为5wt%，DNS-86用量为2wt%，氢化丙烯酸松香用量为5wt%，聚合温度为80℃，乳化液的滴加时间为3h及保温时间为1.5h。氢化丙烯酸松香对单体的最终转化率影响不大，且体系的聚合稳定性较好，当其用量为10wt%时，单体转化率可达98.0wt%，凝聚率仅为0.26wt%；DSC表明氢化丙烯酸松香与丙烯酸酯聚合物的相容性良好，氢化丙烯酸松香的加入使复合乳胶膜的玻璃化转变温度提高。
第四，以环氧有机硅化合物9301及异氰酸酯HDI的三聚体2102为固化剂，考察了氢化丙烯酸松香/丙烯酸酯复合乳液的固化条件对压敏胶粘接性能的影响，研究了不同固化剂对乳液储存稳定性和压敏胶剥离强度的影响及其用量对乳胶膜微结构与性能的影响。与氮丙啶固化剂SC-100对比发现：2102、9301和SC-100配制的复合乳液使用时间分别控制在6h、12h和48h以内较佳；相同用量下，SC-100对乳胶膜的固化效率最高，固化后乳胶膜的交联密度大，凝胶率高及溶胀度小，9301固化效率最低，但是由于其分子结构中Si-O键的存在，使其固化后乳胶膜的吸水率明显低于2102及SC-100固化的乳胶膜，并使乳胶膜的热分解温度提高。尽管氢化丙烯酸松香可以提高固化后压敏胶的粘接强度，但用量过多可导致聚合物内聚强度降低、本体粘度下降，进而致使压敏胶的耐高温及老化性能差。当氢化丙烯酸松香用量为5wt%，2102用量为2.5wt%时，制备压敏胶的综合性能较佳，剥离强度为9.2N/25mm，耐高温性能达200℃。
Due to its excellent weatherability, environment-friendly, low cost and safety in theprocess of manufacture and use, acrylate emulsion has been widely used in many fields, suchas coatings, adhesives, inks and textile. However, latexes are hydrophilic due to functionalgroups and ionic charges derived from surfactant, initiator, buffer, and functionalcomonomers, and do not easily wet the hydrophobic substrate surfaces. Compared tosolvent-based products, acrylate emulsion has poor water, heat and creep resistance andadhesive properties, especially, it’s hard to adhere to low polar and no polar surfaces whenused as pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA). Therefore, a great challenge is faced to keep thebalance of good adhesive properties, wettability and high temperature resistance, so thatacrylate emulsion can reach the properties of solvent-based products for high-performanceapplication. In this dissertation, rosin derivatives/acrylate composite emulsions were preparedby using reactive surfactant, and rosin derivatives with high softening point as tackifying resin.Then latex films with excellent adhesive properties, creep resistance, high temperatureresistance and water resistance were obtained via curing. Effects of a series of conditions onemulsion polymerization and latex film properties were systematically investigated, andstructures of emulsion and latex film were characterized and analysized. Meanwhile, relevantmechanisms in emulsion polymerization were explored. Main research contents and resultsare listed as following:
Firstly, stable polymerized rosin/acrylate composite emulsion was successfully preparedby semicontinuous pre-emulsification polymerization using butyl acrylate (BA),2-ethylhexylacrylate (2-EHA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as main monomers, acrylic acid (AA) and2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (2-HEA) as functional monomers, allyloxy nonylphenolpolyoxyethylene (10) ether (ANPEO10) and its ammonium sulfate (DNS-86) as reactivesurfactants, and polymerized rosin as tackifying resin. Effects of the polymerizationtechnology, reaction conditions, reactive surfactants content and ratio, polymerized rosincontent on the emulsion polymerization process and latex film properties were studied. Thecomposite emulsion was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), gel permeationchromatography (GPC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showedthat the optimal polymerization conditions were0.5wt%initiator KPS,0.6wt%surfactantsand ANPEO10/DNS-86=1,6wt%polymerized rosin and reaction temperature80℃. It couldalso be found that the reactive surfactants incorporated in the polymer chain via polymerization reaction, and could effectively reduce water absorption ratio of the latex film;polymerized rosin had good compatibility with acrylate copolymer. However, carbon-carbonconjugated double bonds of the residual rosin acid in polymerized rosin could play the role ofchain transfer and inhibitor, and hence inhibited the formation of branched and crosslinkedpolymer.
Secondly, polymerized rosin/acrylate composite emulsion was cured by curing agentaziridine (XC-113) and hexahydroxy-methyl melamine resin (HMMM). Effect of curingcondition on adhesive properties of PSAs, and effects of curing agent content and ratio on gelfraction, swelling degree, water absorption ratio, adhesive properties and high temperatureresistance of PSAs were studied. It was found that the optimal curing condition was110℃/3min for XC-113and150℃/5min for HMMM.With the increasing of curing agentcontent, the crosslinking density of PSAs increased, swelling degree, tack and peel strengthdecreased, cohesion strength and high temperature resistance of increased. It was found thatXC-113and HMMM had synergistic effects on curing acrylate composite emulsion. When themass ratio of XC-113/HMMM was1/2and the total content of curing agent was1.8wt%, theball tack, peel strength and shear resistance of PSAs were19#steel ball,9.0N/25mm and morethan1500min, respectively, and high temperature resistance of reached180℃.
Third, hydrogenated acrylic rosin/acrylate composite emulsion was prepared bysemi-continuous pre-emulsification polymerization using BA and MMA as main monomers,AA and2-HEA as functional monomers, DNS-86as surfactant, and hydrogenated acrylicrosin as tackifying resin. The effects of polymerization conditions, hydrogenated acrylic rosincontent and monomers composition on polymerization process and latex film properties wereinvestigated. The composite emulsion and its latex film were characterized by FT-IR, DLS,DSC, TGA and GPC. The optimal polymerization conditions were5wt%MMA,2wt%DNS-86,3h of feeding time and1.5h of soaking time. Also, hydrogenated acrylic rosin couldobviously improve monomer conversion in the emulsion polymerization of acrylates andincreased the polymerization stability in comparison with polymerized rosin. Whenhydrogenated acrylic rosin content was10wt%, monomer conversion could reach98.0wt%and the coagulum ratio was only0.26wt%. DSC analysis showed that polymerized rosin andpolyacrylate exhibited good compatibility, and the adding of polymerized rosin into acrylatepolymer incrceased the glass transition temperature of composite latex film.
Fourth, curing conditions of hydrogenated acrylic rosin/acrylate composite emulsion viaepoxy silicone curing agent (9301) and polyisocyanates curing agent (2012) were investigatedand the effects of curing agent content on composite latex film microstructure and properties were studied. Compared to aziridine SC-100, the working life of composite emulsion addedinto2102,9301and SC-100was6h,12h, and48h, respectively; the curing efficiency of thethree curing agent was9301<2102
第一，以丙烯酸丁酯（BA）、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯（2-EHA）、甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）、丙烯酸（AA）和丙烯酸2-羟乙酯（2-HEA）为聚合单体，以烯丙氧基壬基酚聚氧乙烯（10）醚（ANPEO10）及其硫酸铵盐（DNS-86）作为反应性乳化剂，聚合松香为增粘树脂，采用预乳化半连续种子乳液聚合工艺，制备了聚合松香/丙烯酸酯复合乳液。研究了聚合反应条件、乳化剂用量及配比、聚合松香用量等对乳液聚合及乳胶膜性能的影响，并采用动态光散射纳米激光粒度仪（DLS）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、差示扫描量热（DSC）、透射电镜（TEM）和凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）等对其进行了表征。乳液的最佳聚合条件为：反应温度为80℃，KPS用量为0.5wt%，ANPEO10/DNS-86=1:1，乳化剂总量为0.6wt%，聚合松香用量为6wt%。FT-IR表明反应性乳化剂参与了聚合反应，并可有效地将乳胶膜吸水率降至6.7wt%；聚合松香与丙烯酸酯聚合物的相容性良好，但在聚合松香中，残余松香酸分子上的碳碳共轭双键对丙烯酸酯自由基起链转移和阻聚作用，并抑制了丙烯酸酯体系中支化和交联聚合物的形成。
第二，采用三羟甲基丙烷-三[3-（2-甲基吖丙啶基）]丙酸酯XC-113与甲醚化三聚氰胺甲醛树脂HMMM为固化剂，研究了聚合松香/丙烯酸酯复合乳液的固化条件对压敏胶粘接性能的影响，及固化剂用量与配比对乳胶膜的凝胶率、溶胀度、吸水率和压敏胶粘接性能与耐高温性能的影响。XC-113与HMMM的最佳固化条件分别为110℃/3min和150℃/5min。随着固化剂用量的增加，乳胶膜的凝胶率增大，溶胀度和吸水率减小，压敏胶的初粘力与剥离强度下降，持粘力和耐高温性能提高。XC-113与HMMM协同固化效果更佳，并当XC-113/HMMM=1:2，总用量为1.8wt%时，压敏胶的初粘力为19#钢球，剥离强度为9.0N/25mm，持粘力大于1500min，耐高温性能达到180℃。
第三，采用氢化丙烯酸松香为增粘树脂，BA、MMA、AA与2-HEA为聚合单体，DNS-86作为乳化剂，通过预乳化半连续原位乳液聚合工艺，制备了稳定的氢化丙烯酸松香/丙烯酸酯复合乳液。研究了聚合反应条件、氢化丙烯酸松香用量与单体配比对乳液聚合和乳胶膜性能的影响，并采用DLS、FT-IR、DSC、GPC、热重分析（TGA）对其进行测试表征。制备乳液的最佳聚合条件是MMA用量为5wt%，DNS-86用量为2wt%，氢化丙烯酸松香用量为5wt%，聚合温度为80℃，乳化液的滴加时间为3h及保温时间为1.5h。氢化丙烯酸松香对单体的最终转化率影响不大，且体系的聚合稳定性较好，当其用量为10wt%时，单体转化率可达98.0wt%，凝聚率仅为0.26wt%；DSC表明氢化丙烯酸松香与丙烯酸酯聚合物的相容性良好，氢化丙烯酸松香的加入使复合乳胶膜的玻璃化转变温度提高。
第四，以环氧有机硅化合物9301及异氰酸酯HDI的三聚体2102为固化剂，考察了氢化丙烯酸松香/丙烯酸酯复合乳液的固化条件对压敏胶粘接性能的影响，研究了不同固化剂对乳液储存稳定性和压敏胶剥离强度的影响及其用量对乳胶膜微结构与性能的影响。与氮丙啶固化剂SC-100对比发现：2102、9301和SC-100配制的复合乳液使用时间分别控制在6h、12h和48h以内较佳；相同用量下，SC-100对乳胶膜的固化效率最高，固化后乳胶膜的交联密度大，凝胶率高及溶胀度小，9301固化效率最低，但是由于其分子结构中Si-O键的存在，使其固化后乳胶膜的吸水率明显低于2102及SC-100固化的乳胶膜，并使乳胶膜的热分解温度提高。尽管氢化丙烯酸松香可以提高固化后压敏胶的粘接强度，但用量过多可导致聚合物内聚强度降低、本体粘度下降，进而致使压敏胶的耐高温及老化性能差。当氢化丙烯酸松香用量为5wt%，2102用量为2.5wt%时，制备压敏胶的综合性能较佳，剥离强度为9.2N/25mm，耐高温性能达200℃。
Due to its excellent weatherability, environment-friendly, low cost and safety in theprocess of manufacture and use, acrylate emulsion has been widely used in many fields, suchas coatings, adhesives, inks and textile. However, latexes are hydrophilic due to functionalgroups and ionic charges derived from surfactant, initiator, buffer, and functionalcomonomers, and do not easily wet the hydrophobic substrate surfaces. Compared tosolvent-based products, acrylate emulsion has poor water, heat and creep resistance andadhesive properties, especially, it’s hard to adhere to low polar and no polar surfaces whenused as pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA). Therefore, a great challenge is faced to keep thebalance of good adhesive properties, wettability and high temperature resistance, so thatacrylate emulsion can reach the properties of solvent-based products for high-performanceapplication. In this dissertation, rosin derivatives/acrylate composite emulsions were preparedby using reactive surfactant, and rosin derivatives with high softening point as tackifying resin.Then latex films with excellent adhesive properties, creep resistance, high temperatureresistance and water resistance were obtained via curing. Effects of a series of conditions onemulsion polymerization and latex film properties were systematically investigated, andstructures of emulsion and latex film were characterized and analysized. Meanwhile, relevantmechanisms in emulsion polymerization were explored. Main research contents and resultsare listed as following:
Firstly, stable polymerized rosin/acrylate composite emulsion was successfully preparedby semicontinuous pre-emulsification polymerization using butyl acrylate (BA),2-ethylhexylacrylate (2-EHA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as main monomers, acrylic acid (AA) and2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (2-HEA) as functional monomers, allyloxy nonylphenolpolyoxyethylene (10) ether (ANPEO10) and its ammonium sulfate (DNS-86) as reactivesurfactants, and polymerized rosin as tackifying resin. Effects of the polymerizationtechnology, reaction conditions, reactive surfactants content and ratio, polymerized rosincontent on the emulsion polymerization process and latex film properties were studied. Thecomposite emulsion was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), gel permeationchromatography (GPC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showedthat the optimal polymerization conditions were0.5wt%initiator KPS,0.6wt%surfactantsand ANPEO10/DNS-86=1,6wt%polymerized rosin and reaction temperature80℃. It couldalso be found that the reactive surfactants incorporated in the polymer chain via polymerization reaction, and could effectively reduce water absorption ratio of the latex film;polymerized rosin had good compatibility with acrylate copolymer. However, carbon-carbonconjugated double bonds of the residual rosin acid in polymerized rosin could play the role ofchain transfer and inhibitor, and hence inhibited the formation of branched and crosslinkedpolymer.
Secondly, polymerized rosin/acrylate composite emulsion was cured by curing agentaziridine (XC-113) and hexahydroxy-methyl melamine resin (HMMM). Effect of curingcondition on adhesive properties of PSAs, and effects of curing agent content and ratio on gelfraction, swelling degree, water absorption ratio, adhesive properties and high temperatureresistance of PSAs were studied. It was found that the optimal curing condition was110℃/3min for XC-113and150℃/5min for HMMM.With the increasing of curing agentcontent, the crosslinking density of PSAs increased, swelling degree, tack and peel strengthdecreased, cohesion strength and high temperature resistance of increased. It was found thatXC-113and HMMM had synergistic effects on curing acrylate composite emulsion. When themass ratio of XC-113/HMMM was1/2and the total content of curing agent was1.8wt%, theball tack, peel strength and shear resistance of PSAs were19#steel ball,9.0N/25mm and morethan1500min, respectively, and high temperature resistance of reached180℃.
Third, hydrogenated acrylic rosin/acrylate composite emulsion was prepared bysemi-continuous pre-emulsification polymerization using BA and MMA as main monomers,AA and2-HEA as functional monomers, DNS-86as surfactant, and hydrogenated acrylicrosin as tackifying resin. The effects of polymerization conditions, hydrogenated acrylic rosincontent and monomers composition on polymerization process and latex film properties wereinvestigated. The composite emulsion and its latex film were characterized by FT-IR, DLS,DSC, TGA and GPC. The optimal polymerization conditions were5wt%MMA,2wt%DNS-86,3h of feeding time and1.5h of soaking time. Also, hydrogenated acrylic rosin couldobviously improve monomer conversion in the emulsion polymerization of acrylates andincreased the polymerization stability in comparison with polymerized rosin. Whenhydrogenated acrylic rosin content was10wt%, monomer conversion could reach98.0wt%and the coagulum ratio was only0.26wt%. DSC analysis showed that polymerized rosin andpolyacrylate exhibited good compatibility, and the adding of polymerized rosin into acrylatepolymer incrceased the glass transition temperature of composite latex film.
Fourth, curing conditions of hydrogenated acrylic rosin/acrylate composite emulsion viaepoxy silicone curing agent (9301) and polyisocyanates curing agent (2012) were investigatedand the effects of curing agent content on composite latex film microstructure and properties were studied. Compared to aziridine SC-100, the working life of composite emulsion addedinto2102,9301and SC-100was6h,12h, and48h, respectively; the curing efficiency of thethree curing agent was9301<2102
引文
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