基于空间大地测量反演理论的汾渭盆地地壳形变及地裂缝群发机理研究
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摘要
地质灾害的孕育和发生本质上都是地壳内部应力、应变能逐渐积累并突然或是缓慢释放的必然结果,其间岩石圈表层均会表现出某种形式和量级的形变信息。因此,获取灾害形变信息是认知地质灾害最直接的途径,而大地测量就是一种获取地壳形变信息的有效手段,特别是近些年迅速发展起来的以GPS、InSAR技术为代表的空间大地测量技术,可以更便捷有效的获取到大范围、高精度、准实时的地壳形变信息,已成为监测研究地壳形变、地质灾害及地球动力学现象的强有力手段。
然而由地表形变信息只能达到对地壳形变、地质灾害的初步认识,只有通过利用形变信息结合其它相关学科知识,对发生地表现象的内因进行研究,才能真正全面、深入的认知到问题的本质,这也是大地测量反演研究的本质。但是目前在利用空间大地测量数据进行反演研究的工作,还有诸多关键问题有待进一步细化和解决,其中包括：(1)在某些特殊地质灾害(如,地裂缝)的大地测量反演工作上几乎是空白；(2)在形变反演理论模型和算法上,仍存在着有待改善的地方；(3)在地质灾害成因机理综合解释上的研究工作仍然很少。
基于此本论文以我国地壳形变较剧烈、地质灾害频发、特别是地裂缝灾害最为频发且典型的汾渭盆地为研究背景区域,分别开展了基于空间监测技术的区域现今地壳形变、构造活动反演理论模型算法及其与地质灾害内在关系、特别是地裂缝现今构造活动机制反演、地裂缝灾害成因机理综合解释等方面的理论和试验深入研究,主要研究内容包括：
基于“中国地壳运动观测网络”、“数字地震观测网络”及“陕西GPS网”的GPS观测资料,获取了汾渭盆地及其重点区域的现今地壳运动速度场,并基于此重点研究了建立地表形变量与地壳内应力应变参数的图形单元应变、有限元动力学及弹性板块运动模型的方法,通过对模型的无偏性、有效性、适用性、参数的显著性、以及假设条件的可信度等一系列检验,构建了分别适合于反映汾河盆地、渭河盆地、整个汾渭盆地及其周边块体的形变分析模型,据此分别反演获取了区域地壳应力应变特征参数,分析了其与地质灾害发生的内在关系。
此外,基于InSAR监测成果,依据弹性半空间位错理论,利用“两步反演算法”即,分别利用粒子群结合蒙特卡洛单纯形非线性和基于拉普拉斯平滑约束的线性反演算法,给出了发震断层的均匀滑动和最优分布式滑动模型,对反演参数、分布式滑动模型的不确定性作了精度评定,以新西兰Fiordland7.8级强震为例,运用此同震位错理论反演获取了该地震精确的震源参数信息,并将此“同震位错”分析理论,及基于遗传搜索算法建立的“双位错”理论模型,用于地裂缝活动参数的反演研究中,反演获取了西安、清徐地裂缝现今活动参数及其与断裂带的活动关系。
最后,结合本文大地测量反演成果与构造、地震活动、地下水抽取等因素,综合解释了西安、大同、清徐典型地裂缝的内外耦合动力成因机理。
通过以上理论分析和大量实例验证,本文取得了以下主要结论及创新成果：
1、通过建立地表GPS形变量与地壳内应力应变参数的图形单元应变、有限元动力学及弹性块体应变模型,反演获取了汾渭盆地现今地壳应力应变特征参数,该区域的应力应变参数主要以北西—南东向拉张为主,且主应力、主应变参数量级分别在10-4～10-3kPa/y、10-8～10-6/y之间,并以定量的形式证实了汾渭盆地现今整体处于拉张伸展的模式。
2、首次根据空间大地测量反演成果,揭示出了区域地壳应力应变特征参数与地裂灾害的内在关系。汾渭盆地内各地裂缝多发区域均存在显著的以拉张为主的应力应变量,且主拉张应力应变方向与地裂缝的发育方向呈近似垂直关系,从而揭示出了区域NW-SE向拉张构造应力场是汾渭盆地地裂缝发育的动力源。
3、由本文建立的反映汾渭盆地与周边区域各个地块运动状况的形变分析模型,反演获得了鄂尔多斯、华南、河套、阴山地块具有刚性变形的特性,而渭河地块、太原-忻州地块、大同地块、华北地块等块体内部具有非线性变形的特性,由此反演成果定量证明了汾渭盆地及其周边块体具有不同的构造活动特性。
4、首次将“同震位错”分析理论用到了地裂缝构造活动参数的反演研究中,获得了地裂缝的精细分段、分层、横向不均匀性的活动特征及与构造断裂带活动的内在关系,由此,基于大地测量反演成果获得了对地裂缝活动的一些新的认识。
5、系统全面的结合大地测量反演成果与地裂缝内外耦合动力影响因素,从地裂缝孕育、形成的地质构造背景和构造环境,以及引起地裂缝开裂及超常活动的外在诱发因素,综合解释分析了汾渭盆地典型地裂缝发育及活动的成因机理。
The preparation and occurrence of geological disasters's are essentially the inevitable results of the sudden or slow released by crustal stress-strain that accumulate gradually. In this process, the surface of lithosphere will show deform information with certain form and magnitude. Therefore, access to deform information is the direct way to recognize the geological disasters, while the geodetic is the effective means to obtain the crustal deform information. Especially the rapid development of the space geodetic technologies that the representatives of the GPS, InSAR technology, can be more convenient and effective access to obtain high-precision and real-time accurate crustal deform information in wide range, which have become a powerful means to monitoring crustal deformation, geological disasters and geodynamic phenomena.
However, from the surface deform information we can only recognize the initial understanding of the crustal deformation and geological disasters, only by means of surface deformation phenomenon combine with other knowledge to research the internal factors, can we truly recgonize the nature of problems, which is also the essence of geodetic inversion research. But now there are still many critical issues remain to be further refined or resolved in using space geodetic data to do inversion research, including(1) The geodetic inversion research in some particular geological hazards (eg, cracks) is almost empty (2) There are still exist where remains to be improved in inversion theory model and algorithms of deformation (3) There are still more researches need to done in the integrated interpretion on formation mechanism of geological disasters.
Therefore, the author selected the Fen-Wei basin which have intense crustal deformation, frequent geological disasters, especially the most frequent and typical ground fissures disaster in China, to in-depth carry out the theory and experiment research on regional crustal deformation, the inversion theroy model and algorithms of deformation, the inherent relationship between tectonic activities and geological hazards, especially the inversion of present tectonic activities feature of cracks and the formation mechanism explanation for geological disasters. The main contents and conclusions of this paper are shown as follows:
The present crustal movement velocity fields of Fen-Wei basin and its key areas were obtained based on the GPS observations of "China Crustal Movement Observation Network","Digital Earthquake Observation Network" and "Shaanxi GPS network". Based on those high-precision observations results, the methods of establishing the function relation between surface deformation and crustal stress-strain parameters were mainly studied, such as the graphic element strain, finite element dynamic and elastic plate motion model. The deformation analysis models were constructed which respectively were fit for reflecting the Fenhe basin, Weihe basin and the whole Fen-Wei basin and its surrounding blocks by series of hypothesis test of unbiasedness, effectiveness, applicability, the credibility of the assumptions of models and the significant of parameters. According to the solution results of those models, the characteristic parameters of regional crustal stress-strain were obtained, and the internal relationship between those characteristic parameters and geological disaster was also analyzed.
In addition, the author has also utilized the "two-step inversion algorithm" based on InSAR observations, that is, the author utilized Particle Swarm Optimization combined with Monte Carlo simplex nonlinear and Laplace smoothing line inversion algorithm respectively to establish uniform and optimal distributed slip model of seismogenic fault based on elastic half-space dislocation theory. The accuracy assessment were also done to the inversion parameters and the uncertainty of the distributed slip model. Then take the New Zealand Fiordland7.8Mw earthquake for example, the author used the "two-step inversion algorithm" mentioned above to obtain the precise source parameters information of the earthquake. And the "co-seismic dislocation" theory,"double dislocation" theory model which is established based on genetic search algorithm were used to the inversion study of ground fissures activities parameters, obtaining the activities parameters of Xi'an, Qingxu crakes and their relationship with the fault activities.
Finally, the internal and external coupling dynamic formation mechanism of Xi'an, Datong. Qingxu typical cracks were comprehensive explained combined with the geodetic inversion results of this paper, tectonic, earthquake activity, groundwater extraction factors and so on.
Through the above theory analysis and plenty of examples, the main conclusions and innovation results were obtained as follows:
1. The present crustal stress-strain characteristic parameters of Fen-Wei basin were obtained by establishing the function relation model between GPS deformation and the crustal stress-strain parameters, such as the graphic element strain, finite element dynamic and elastic plate motion model. The results show that the stress-strain parameters of Fen-Wei basin mainly present tension stress-strain with NW-SE direction, the magnitude of principal stress-strain parameters are between10-4～10-3kPa/y and10-8～10-6/y respectively. And those results quantitatively confirmed that the whole Fen-Wei basin presents extensional mode.
2. The internal relations between regional crustal stress characteristics parameters and cracks disaster was proclaimed for the first time according to the results of space geodesy inversion. All of the cracks-prone areas within Fen-Wei baisn present notable tension stress-strain volumes, and the direction of which is approximately vertical to the development direction of ground fissures, thus revealing the regional tectonic tension stress field of NW-SE direction is the power source of cracks development in Fen-Wei basin.
3. By solving the deformation analysis models which respectively suitable for reflecting the whole Fen-Wei basin and its surrounding blocks, the results show that the Ordos, south China, Hetao, Yinshan blocks have the characteristics of rigid deformation, while the Weihe basin, Taiyuan-Xinzhou basin, Datong basin, North China and other blocks have the characteristics of non-linear deformation. Hence, those inversion results can quantitatively prove that the whole Fen-Wei basin and its surrounding blocks have different characteristics of tectonic activity.
4. The "co-seismic dislocation" analysis theory was used to the inversion study of ground fissures activities parameters for the first time. And the fine segmentation, stratification, lateral uneven activity characteristic of cracks and its internal relationship with tectonic fault activities were obtained. So some new understanding for ground fissures activities are obtained based on the above geodetic inversion results.
5. Combined with the internal and external coupling dynamic influencing factors of the ground fissures and the geodetic inversion results systematically and comprehensively, the author integrated analyzes the formation mechanism of the development and activities of typical ground fissures within Fen-Wei basin based on the tectonic backgrounds of cracks formation, the geology tectonic conditions of cracks development and the external precipitating factors that affected the cracking and unnormal activities of ground fissures.
然而由地表形变信息只能达到对地壳形变、地质灾害的初步认识,只有通过利用形变信息结合其它相关学科知识,对发生地表现象的内因进行研究,才能真正全面、深入的认知到问题的本质,这也是大地测量反演研究的本质。但是目前在利用空间大地测量数据进行反演研究的工作,还有诸多关键问题有待进一步细化和解决,其中包括：(1)在某些特殊地质灾害(如,地裂缝)的大地测量反演工作上几乎是空白；(2)在形变反演理论模型和算法上,仍存在着有待改善的地方；(3)在地质灾害成因机理综合解释上的研究工作仍然很少。
基于此本论文以我国地壳形变较剧烈、地质灾害频发、特别是地裂缝灾害最为频发且典型的汾渭盆地为研究背景区域,分别开展了基于空间监测技术的区域现今地壳形变、构造活动反演理论模型算法及其与地质灾害内在关系、特别是地裂缝现今构造活动机制反演、地裂缝灾害成因机理综合解释等方面的理论和试验深入研究,主要研究内容包括：
基于“中国地壳运动观测网络”、“数字地震观测网络”及“陕西GPS网”的GPS观测资料,获取了汾渭盆地及其重点区域的现今地壳运动速度场,并基于此重点研究了建立地表形变量与地壳内应力应变参数的图形单元应变、有限元动力学及弹性板块运动模型的方法,通过对模型的无偏性、有效性、适用性、参数的显著性、以及假设条件的可信度等一系列检验,构建了分别适合于反映汾河盆地、渭河盆地、整个汾渭盆地及其周边块体的形变分析模型,据此分别反演获取了区域地壳应力应变特征参数,分析了其与地质灾害发生的内在关系。
此外,基于InSAR监测成果,依据弹性半空间位错理论,利用“两步反演算法”即,分别利用粒子群结合蒙特卡洛单纯形非线性和基于拉普拉斯平滑约束的线性反演算法,给出了发震断层的均匀滑动和最优分布式滑动模型,对反演参数、分布式滑动模型的不确定性作了精度评定,以新西兰Fiordland7.8级强震为例,运用此同震位错理论反演获取了该地震精确的震源参数信息,并将此“同震位错”分析理论,及基于遗传搜索算法建立的“双位错”理论模型,用于地裂缝活动参数的反演研究中,反演获取了西安、清徐地裂缝现今活动参数及其与断裂带的活动关系。
最后,结合本文大地测量反演成果与构造、地震活动、地下水抽取等因素,综合解释了西安、大同、清徐典型地裂缝的内外耦合动力成因机理。
通过以上理论分析和大量实例验证,本文取得了以下主要结论及创新成果：
1、通过建立地表GPS形变量与地壳内应力应变参数的图形单元应变、有限元动力学及弹性块体应变模型,反演获取了汾渭盆地现今地壳应力应变特征参数,该区域的应力应变参数主要以北西—南东向拉张为主,且主应力、主应变参数量级分别在10-4～10-3kPa/y、10-8～10-6/y之间,并以定量的形式证实了汾渭盆地现今整体处于拉张伸展的模式。
2、首次根据空间大地测量反演成果,揭示出了区域地壳应力应变特征参数与地裂灾害的内在关系。汾渭盆地内各地裂缝多发区域均存在显著的以拉张为主的应力应变量,且主拉张应力应变方向与地裂缝的发育方向呈近似垂直关系,从而揭示出了区域NW-SE向拉张构造应力场是汾渭盆地地裂缝发育的动力源。
3、由本文建立的反映汾渭盆地与周边区域各个地块运动状况的形变分析模型,反演获得了鄂尔多斯、华南、河套、阴山地块具有刚性变形的特性,而渭河地块、太原-忻州地块、大同地块、华北地块等块体内部具有非线性变形的特性,由此反演成果定量证明了汾渭盆地及其周边块体具有不同的构造活动特性。
4、首次将“同震位错”分析理论用到了地裂缝构造活动参数的反演研究中,获得了地裂缝的精细分段、分层、横向不均匀性的活动特征及与构造断裂带活动的内在关系,由此,基于大地测量反演成果获得了对地裂缝活动的一些新的认识。
5、系统全面的结合大地测量反演成果与地裂缝内外耦合动力影响因素,从地裂缝孕育、形成的地质构造背景和构造环境,以及引起地裂缝开裂及超常活动的外在诱发因素,综合解释分析了汾渭盆地典型地裂缝发育及活动的成因机理。
The preparation and occurrence of geological disasters's are essentially the inevitable results of the sudden or slow released by crustal stress-strain that accumulate gradually. In this process, the surface of lithosphere will show deform information with certain form and magnitude. Therefore, access to deform information is the direct way to recognize the geological disasters, while the geodetic is the effective means to obtain the crustal deform information. Especially the rapid development of the space geodetic technologies that the representatives of the GPS, InSAR technology, can be more convenient and effective access to obtain high-precision and real-time accurate crustal deform information in wide range, which have become a powerful means to monitoring crustal deformation, geological disasters and geodynamic phenomena.
However, from the surface deform information we can only recognize the initial understanding of the crustal deformation and geological disasters, only by means of surface deformation phenomenon combine with other knowledge to research the internal factors, can we truly recgonize the nature of problems, which is also the essence of geodetic inversion research. But now there are still many critical issues remain to be further refined or resolved in using space geodetic data to do inversion research, including(1) The geodetic inversion research in some particular geological hazards (eg, cracks) is almost empty (2) There are still exist where remains to be improved in inversion theory model and algorithms of deformation (3) There are still more researches need to done in the integrated interpretion on formation mechanism of geological disasters.
Therefore, the author selected the Fen-Wei basin which have intense crustal deformation, frequent geological disasters, especially the most frequent and typical ground fissures disaster in China, to in-depth carry out the theory and experiment research on regional crustal deformation, the inversion theroy model and algorithms of deformation, the inherent relationship between tectonic activities and geological hazards, especially the inversion of present tectonic activities feature of cracks and the formation mechanism explanation for geological disasters. The main contents and conclusions of this paper are shown as follows:
The present crustal movement velocity fields of Fen-Wei basin and its key areas were obtained based on the GPS observations of "China Crustal Movement Observation Network","Digital Earthquake Observation Network" and "Shaanxi GPS network". Based on those high-precision observations results, the methods of establishing the function relation between surface deformation and crustal stress-strain parameters were mainly studied, such as the graphic element strain, finite element dynamic and elastic plate motion model. The deformation analysis models were constructed which respectively were fit for reflecting the Fenhe basin, Weihe basin and the whole Fen-Wei basin and its surrounding blocks by series of hypothesis test of unbiasedness, effectiveness, applicability, the credibility of the assumptions of models and the significant of parameters. According to the solution results of those models, the characteristic parameters of regional crustal stress-strain were obtained, and the internal relationship between those characteristic parameters and geological disaster was also analyzed.
In addition, the author has also utilized the "two-step inversion algorithm" based on InSAR observations, that is, the author utilized Particle Swarm Optimization combined with Monte Carlo simplex nonlinear and Laplace smoothing line inversion algorithm respectively to establish uniform and optimal distributed slip model of seismogenic fault based on elastic half-space dislocation theory. The accuracy assessment were also done to the inversion parameters and the uncertainty of the distributed slip model. Then take the New Zealand Fiordland7.8Mw earthquake for example, the author used the "two-step inversion algorithm" mentioned above to obtain the precise source parameters information of the earthquake. And the "co-seismic dislocation" theory,"double dislocation" theory model which is established based on genetic search algorithm were used to the inversion study of ground fissures activities parameters, obtaining the activities parameters of Xi'an, Qingxu crakes and their relationship with the fault activities.
Finally, the internal and external coupling dynamic formation mechanism of Xi'an, Datong. Qingxu typical cracks were comprehensive explained combined with the geodetic inversion results of this paper, tectonic, earthquake activity, groundwater extraction factors and so on.
Through the above theory analysis and plenty of examples, the main conclusions and innovation results were obtained as follows:
1. The present crustal stress-strain characteristic parameters of Fen-Wei basin were obtained by establishing the function relation model between GPS deformation and the crustal stress-strain parameters, such as the graphic element strain, finite element dynamic and elastic plate motion model. The results show that the stress-strain parameters of Fen-Wei basin mainly present tension stress-strain with NW-SE direction, the magnitude of principal stress-strain parameters are between10-4～10-3kPa/y and10-8～10-6/y respectively. And those results quantitatively confirmed that the whole Fen-Wei basin presents extensional mode.
2. The internal relations between regional crustal stress characteristics parameters and cracks disaster was proclaimed for the first time according to the results of space geodesy inversion. All of the cracks-prone areas within Fen-Wei baisn present notable tension stress-strain volumes, and the direction of which is approximately vertical to the development direction of ground fissures, thus revealing the regional tectonic tension stress field of NW-SE direction is the power source of cracks development in Fen-Wei basin.
3. By solving the deformation analysis models which respectively suitable for reflecting the whole Fen-Wei basin and its surrounding blocks, the results show that the Ordos, south China, Hetao, Yinshan blocks have the characteristics of rigid deformation, while the Weihe basin, Taiyuan-Xinzhou basin, Datong basin, North China and other blocks have the characteristics of non-linear deformation. Hence, those inversion results can quantitatively prove that the whole Fen-Wei basin and its surrounding blocks have different characteristics of tectonic activity.
4. The "co-seismic dislocation" analysis theory was used to the inversion study of ground fissures activities parameters for the first time. And the fine segmentation, stratification, lateral uneven activity characteristic of cracks and its internal relationship with tectonic fault activities were obtained. So some new understanding for ground fissures activities are obtained based on the above geodetic inversion results.
5. Combined with the internal and external coupling dynamic influencing factors of the ground fissures and the geodetic inversion results systematically and comprehensively, the author integrated analyzes the formation mechanism of the development and activities of typical ground fissures within Fen-Wei basin based on the tectonic backgrounds of cracks formation, the geology tectonic conditions of cracks development and the external precipitating factors that affected the cracking and unnormal activities of ground fissures.
引文
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