水芹生态浮床净化功能影响因素与生态化学计量研究
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摘要
为了研究探讨浮床植物水芹根系在水箱模拟和实际应用条件下的根系发育差异特点,研究探讨水芹浮床水质净化机理和水质净化过程中的影响因素,研究探讨浮床水芹菜的生态化学计量学特征及内稳性特征,为水芹生态浮床的实际应用及研究提供理论支持和参考,本文针对水芹浮床在富营养化河道应用研究中的实际问题进行实验研究,对得到的数据综合运用方差分析、因子分析、灰色关联分析、回归分析等多种方法进行处理,得到以下结论：
(1)通过对水芹根系指标和根系发育特点的比较研究,我们发现：河道和水箱中的水芹菜主要根系指标均以指数方式增长,随着水芹的生长发育,须根越来越多,导致平均根直径变小,平均根直径在一定程度上反映了水芹须根数量的变化。水箱浮床中水芹在根系表面积、根系总体积、根尖数、分叉数、交叠数及其增长速度方面大于河道中水芹,但在植物总长度、茎长、根直径、总重量、茎重、根重方面小于河道中水芹菜；通过对异速生长指数的研究发现,水箱中的水芹菜根部得到较好的发育,而地上部分生长则相对缓慢。由于水箱浮床实验中水芹根系要比实际河道中发达,因此我们用浮床模拟实验来研究浮床植物根系部位的净化作用时,可能会高估了浮床植物根系部位实际的净化作用,而低估了浮床植物地上部分的实际净化作用。
(2)通过对百达工业园河道和浮床水箱富营养化影响因素指标的连续监测研究,我们发现：在百达工业园河道连续监测试验中,河道中浮床生物量相对于河道水体总量很小,河道中氧化还原电位呈现出上升的趋势,通过因子分析发现,在我们监测的水体环境指标中,水体富营养化状况主要受到温度这一环境因子的影响；在我们的试验中,通过线性模拟发现叶绿素a含量与温度的相关性最强。在浮床水箱连续监测实验中,浮床生物量相对于水箱水体比较大,水箱中水体pH值受到浮床作用的影响比较大,基本维持不变,而溶解氧和氧化还原电位则随着温度、光照和水芹浮床的综合作用而变化；对水箱中水体富营养化状态影响最大的可能是浮床水芹。
(3)通过对水箱浮床水质净化实验的研究,我们发现：在我们的试验中,与空白对照相比,浮床系统能够提高水体的氧化还原电位,降低水体温度、浊度、叶绿素a的含量和水体电导率,加速去除水体中氮、磷等营养元素,但在去除COD方面,浮床与空白对照系统差异不大。试验中,不同留茬处理对水芹生物量、根系指标没有明显影响,不同留茬处理的浮床之间,在水体环境的改善和营养物质的去除方面,差异不显著。浮床系统水中,pH值、溶解氧含量与水温关系密切；浮床系统中氮、磷元素的去除率不仅受到浮床的影响,同时还受到温度、pH值、溶解氧等的影响。对磷元素的去除主要依靠植物的吸收作用,对氮元素的去除主要依靠硝化、反硝化作用及植物的吸收作用。水芹浮床系统对铵态氮和磷的去除主要发生在前中期,对硝态氮的去除需要比较长的时间,因此在水芹浮床实际应用过程中,为了提高水芹浮床的运行效率,需要根据富营养化水质的不同设定不同的运行时间。
(4)通过对水芹在在不同氮磷浓度条件下的生态化学计量特点及其内稳性的研究,我们发现：水芹根、茎、叶部位的氮元素、磷元素含量随着外界环境中磷元素浓度增大而增大,碳元素含量与外界环境中磷元素浓度关系不大；水芹根、茎、叶部位的氮磷比、碳磷比随着磷元素浓度增大而减小,主要是因为氮磷元素与碳元素的吸收途径不同,氮磷元素主要通过吸收外界环境中的氮磷元素获得,其过程受到外界环境营养元素含量的影响,而碳元素的固定则几乎不受外界碳氮磷元素含量的影响。试验中,水芹吸收的氮磷元素更多的分配到茎和叶部位,用于其生殖生长。其磷元素内稳性、氮磷比内稳性大小排序为根部最大,茎部次之,叶部最小。水芹吸收的氮磷元素优先分配到叶片部位用于生殖生长,导致水芹叶片部位氮磷元素含量变化比较大,其内稳性小；而根部营养元素含量变化相对较小,其内稳性就大;磷元素对氮元素的影响指数以叶部最大,茎部次之,根部最小,可能是由于叶片部位合成大量生长所需的蛋白质、氨基酸等氮磷比率比较恒定的物质。不论是水箱还是河道中,温度显著影响水芹的冠根比。水芹冠根比随着温度的变化呈现出先下降后上升趋势,但是水箱中水芹的变化速率要慢一些,主要是由于河道和水箱中水芹菜生物量分配策略不同造成的。
本论文从浮床植物的生态化学及内稳性特性、浮床净化过程中的影响因素出发进行研究,为实际应用过程中浮床植物的筛选、浮床系统运行时间的调控及正确评估浮床系统的作用提供了科学依据。
In order to study the root characteristics of cress in river and tanks, the purification effect of cress floating-beds on eutrophicated water with different stubble height treatments, as well as the stoichiometry and homeostasis of cress, so as to provide theoretical support and reference for the research and application of cress floating-beds, we did some experimental research with focuses on different research questions. We analyzed the data using one way and two ways ANOVA analysis, Factor Analysis (FA), Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and linear regression analysis. Based on our results, the following results were obtained:
(1) With the comparative study of the cress root indicators and root characteristics, we found:the cress roots had exponential growth in the water tanks. More and more fibrous root were found which led to the smaller average root diameter with the growth of cress, and the average root diameter indicated the change of the number of cress fibrous roots. The total root length, root surface area, root volume, number of root tips and number of bifurcations in cress floating-bed in water tanks were greater than those in the river because the lower nutrient content in tanks resulted in better root growth. Average root diameter of cress in river is smaller than that in water tanks with floating-beds. The root length of cress in water tanks was greater than that in river, while total length, stem length, root diameter, total weight, stem weight and root weight in river were higher than those in water tanks. We found that the root grew better than the above water part of the cress in water tanks. Due to the greater root mass of cress in water tanks than that in river, we may overestimate the contribution of root in the purification and underestimated the performance of the aboveground part when studying the purification of floating-beds with controlled experiments in water tanks.
(2) By continuously monitoring the influencing factors of eutrophication in river and water tanks, we found that:the biomass of cress floating-beds was small because of the river water. The temperature had the most important t impact on chlorophyll a according to Factor Analysis among all the impact factors we monitored; the redox potential decreased and the strong correlation between chlorophyll a content and temperature were found in our experiment. The pH remained unchanged because of the great cress biomass in water tanks. Redox potential fluctuated cyclically and dissolved oxygen content changed with temperature and light condition.
(3) Based on the cress floating-bed purification experiments, we found that:In our experiments, compared with the zero control, the cress floating-beds could improve the oxidation reduction potential of water, reduce the water temperature, turbidity, chlorophyll a content and the conductivity of the water, and could accelerate the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. But no difference was found in removing COD. No significant differences were found among different stubble heights of cress floating-beds not only in biomass but also the root. No significant difference was found in water quality improvement through nutrient removal among different stubble height treatments. Temperature had a good relationship with pH and dissolved oxygen. The removal rate of nitrogen and phosphorus was affected not only by initial concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus, but also affected by the temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. Plant absorption played the most important role in phosphorus removal. Denitrification, nitrification and absorption of the plants played the most important role in the removal of ammonium nitrogen. The removal of ammonium nitrogen in ecological floating bed occurred mainly in the early and mid-term. It will need longer time in nitrate nitrogen removal. It is necessary to arrange different detention time for different target nutrient species in order to improve the operating efficiency of cress floating-bed system.
(4) Based on the research of ecological stoichiometry and homeostasis in cress, we found that:The nitrogen, phosphorus contents in roots, stems and leaves of cress showed the same trend as the phosphorus concentration in water, nitrogen-phosphorus ratio and carbon-phosphorus ratio showed negative trend with nitrogen and phosphorus contents, while carbon content stayed stabile. The main reason could be the different pathways of absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon. Nitrogen and phosphorus were obtained from the environment, and the process was affected by nutrient contents in the water, while carbon was obtained from photosynthesis. In our experiment, nitrogen and phosphorus obtained from water were allocated to stems and leaves of cress for reproduction. The homeostasis index for phosphorus and for nitrogen phosphorus ratio in cress was small, and the homeostasis order was roots> stems> leaves. The small homeostasis index of phosphorus and nitrogen-phosphorus ratio in leaves of cress was due to the prior allocation of nitrogen and phosphorus in cress. On the contrary, the homeostasis index of phosphorus and nitrogen-phosphorus ratio in root of cress was greater than that in leaf of cress. The top-root ratio of cress in river and water tanks had a significant positive correlation with temperature. In our experiment, the top-root ratio of cress both in river and tanks decreased firstly and then increased, but the change rate of cress in river was larger than that in tanks because of the different biomass allocation strategy.
The results from the studies on the ecological chemistry, homeostasis and influencing factors for the purification function of cress floating bed system will provide scientific basis for the chosen of floating bed plants, system detention time and purification function assessment in real application of floating bed systems.
(1)通过对水芹根系指标和根系发育特点的比较研究,我们发现：河道和水箱中的水芹菜主要根系指标均以指数方式增长,随着水芹的生长发育,须根越来越多,导致平均根直径变小,平均根直径在一定程度上反映了水芹须根数量的变化。水箱浮床中水芹在根系表面积、根系总体积、根尖数、分叉数、交叠数及其增长速度方面大于河道中水芹,但在植物总长度、茎长、根直径、总重量、茎重、根重方面小于河道中水芹菜；通过对异速生长指数的研究发现,水箱中的水芹菜根部得到较好的发育,而地上部分生长则相对缓慢。由于水箱浮床实验中水芹根系要比实际河道中发达,因此我们用浮床模拟实验来研究浮床植物根系部位的净化作用时,可能会高估了浮床植物根系部位实际的净化作用,而低估了浮床植物地上部分的实际净化作用。
(2)通过对百达工业园河道和浮床水箱富营养化影响因素指标的连续监测研究,我们发现：在百达工业园河道连续监测试验中,河道中浮床生物量相对于河道水体总量很小,河道中氧化还原电位呈现出上升的趋势,通过因子分析发现,在我们监测的水体环境指标中,水体富营养化状况主要受到温度这一环境因子的影响；在我们的试验中,通过线性模拟发现叶绿素a含量与温度的相关性最强。在浮床水箱连续监测实验中,浮床生物量相对于水箱水体比较大,水箱中水体pH值受到浮床作用的影响比较大,基本维持不变,而溶解氧和氧化还原电位则随着温度、光照和水芹浮床的综合作用而变化；对水箱中水体富营养化状态影响最大的可能是浮床水芹。
(3)通过对水箱浮床水质净化实验的研究,我们发现：在我们的试验中,与空白对照相比,浮床系统能够提高水体的氧化还原电位,降低水体温度、浊度、叶绿素a的含量和水体电导率,加速去除水体中氮、磷等营养元素,但在去除COD方面,浮床与空白对照系统差异不大。试验中,不同留茬处理对水芹生物量、根系指标没有明显影响,不同留茬处理的浮床之间,在水体环境的改善和营养物质的去除方面,差异不显著。浮床系统水中,pH值、溶解氧含量与水温关系密切；浮床系统中氮、磷元素的去除率不仅受到浮床的影响,同时还受到温度、pH值、溶解氧等的影响。对磷元素的去除主要依靠植物的吸收作用,对氮元素的去除主要依靠硝化、反硝化作用及植物的吸收作用。水芹浮床系统对铵态氮和磷的去除主要发生在前中期,对硝态氮的去除需要比较长的时间,因此在水芹浮床实际应用过程中,为了提高水芹浮床的运行效率,需要根据富营养化水质的不同设定不同的运行时间。
(4)通过对水芹在在不同氮磷浓度条件下的生态化学计量特点及其内稳性的研究,我们发现：水芹根、茎、叶部位的氮元素、磷元素含量随着外界环境中磷元素浓度增大而增大,碳元素含量与外界环境中磷元素浓度关系不大；水芹根、茎、叶部位的氮磷比、碳磷比随着磷元素浓度增大而减小,主要是因为氮磷元素与碳元素的吸收途径不同,氮磷元素主要通过吸收外界环境中的氮磷元素获得,其过程受到外界环境营养元素含量的影响,而碳元素的固定则几乎不受外界碳氮磷元素含量的影响。试验中,水芹吸收的氮磷元素更多的分配到茎和叶部位,用于其生殖生长。其磷元素内稳性、氮磷比内稳性大小排序为根部最大,茎部次之,叶部最小。水芹吸收的氮磷元素优先分配到叶片部位用于生殖生长,导致水芹叶片部位氮磷元素含量变化比较大,其内稳性小；而根部营养元素含量变化相对较小,其内稳性就大;磷元素对氮元素的影响指数以叶部最大,茎部次之,根部最小,可能是由于叶片部位合成大量生长所需的蛋白质、氨基酸等氮磷比率比较恒定的物质。不论是水箱还是河道中,温度显著影响水芹的冠根比。水芹冠根比随着温度的变化呈现出先下降后上升趋势,但是水箱中水芹的变化速率要慢一些,主要是由于河道和水箱中水芹菜生物量分配策略不同造成的。
本论文从浮床植物的生态化学及内稳性特性、浮床净化过程中的影响因素出发进行研究,为实际应用过程中浮床植物的筛选、浮床系统运行时间的调控及正确评估浮床系统的作用提供了科学依据。
In order to study the root characteristics of cress in river and tanks, the purification effect of cress floating-beds on eutrophicated water with different stubble height treatments, as well as the stoichiometry and homeostasis of cress, so as to provide theoretical support and reference for the research and application of cress floating-beds, we did some experimental research with focuses on different research questions. We analyzed the data using one way and two ways ANOVA analysis, Factor Analysis (FA), Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and linear regression analysis. Based on our results, the following results were obtained:
(1) With the comparative study of the cress root indicators and root characteristics, we found:the cress roots had exponential growth in the water tanks. More and more fibrous root were found which led to the smaller average root diameter with the growth of cress, and the average root diameter indicated the change of the number of cress fibrous roots. The total root length, root surface area, root volume, number of root tips and number of bifurcations in cress floating-bed in water tanks were greater than those in the river because the lower nutrient content in tanks resulted in better root growth. Average root diameter of cress in river is smaller than that in water tanks with floating-beds. The root length of cress in water tanks was greater than that in river, while total length, stem length, root diameter, total weight, stem weight and root weight in river were higher than those in water tanks. We found that the root grew better than the above water part of the cress in water tanks. Due to the greater root mass of cress in water tanks than that in river, we may overestimate the contribution of root in the purification and underestimated the performance of the aboveground part when studying the purification of floating-beds with controlled experiments in water tanks.
(2) By continuously monitoring the influencing factors of eutrophication in river and water tanks, we found that:the biomass of cress floating-beds was small because of the river water. The temperature had the most important t impact on chlorophyll a according to Factor Analysis among all the impact factors we monitored; the redox potential decreased and the strong correlation between chlorophyll a content and temperature were found in our experiment. The pH remained unchanged because of the great cress biomass in water tanks. Redox potential fluctuated cyclically and dissolved oxygen content changed with temperature and light condition.
(3) Based on the cress floating-bed purification experiments, we found that:In our experiments, compared with the zero control, the cress floating-beds could improve the oxidation reduction potential of water, reduce the water temperature, turbidity, chlorophyll a content and the conductivity of the water, and could accelerate the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. But no difference was found in removing COD. No significant differences were found among different stubble heights of cress floating-beds not only in biomass but also the root. No significant difference was found in water quality improvement through nutrient removal among different stubble height treatments. Temperature had a good relationship with pH and dissolved oxygen. The removal rate of nitrogen and phosphorus was affected not only by initial concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus, but also affected by the temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. Plant absorption played the most important role in phosphorus removal. Denitrification, nitrification and absorption of the plants played the most important role in the removal of ammonium nitrogen. The removal of ammonium nitrogen in ecological floating bed occurred mainly in the early and mid-term. It will need longer time in nitrate nitrogen removal. It is necessary to arrange different detention time for different target nutrient species in order to improve the operating efficiency of cress floating-bed system.
(4) Based on the research of ecological stoichiometry and homeostasis in cress, we found that:The nitrogen, phosphorus contents in roots, stems and leaves of cress showed the same trend as the phosphorus concentration in water, nitrogen-phosphorus ratio and carbon-phosphorus ratio showed negative trend with nitrogen and phosphorus contents, while carbon content stayed stabile. The main reason could be the different pathways of absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon. Nitrogen and phosphorus were obtained from the environment, and the process was affected by nutrient contents in the water, while carbon was obtained from photosynthesis. In our experiment, nitrogen and phosphorus obtained from water were allocated to stems and leaves of cress for reproduction. The homeostasis index for phosphorus and for nitrogen phosphorus ratio in cress was small, and the homeostasis order was roots> stems> leaves. The small homeostasis index of phosphorus and nitrogen-phosphorus ratio in leaves of cress was due to the prior allocation of nitrogen and phosphorus in cress. On the contrary, the homeostasis index of phosphorus and nitrogen-phosphorus ratio in root of cress was greater than that in leaf of cress. The top-root ratio of cress in river and water tanks had a significant positive correlation with temperature. In our experiment, the top-root ratio of cress both in river and tanks decreased firstly and then increased, but the change rate of cress in river was larger than that in tanks because of the different biomass allocation strategy.
The results from the studies on the ecological chemistry, homeostasis and influencing factors for the purification function of cress floating bed system will provide scientific basis for the chosen of floating bed plants, system detention time and purification function assessment in real application of floating bed systems.
引文
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