DFB激光器的调谐动态特性及测量方法研究
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摘要
分布反馈（Distributed-Feedback Diode Lasers，DFB）二极管激光器是性能优异的窄线宽、动态单模、波长可调谐激光器，被广泛应用于光通信、光传感和光测量等技术领域。作为系统核心器件，DFB激光器调谐的动态特性，包括动态边模抑制比、动态波长、动态线宽等特性，影响系统的整体性能，对其进行实时监测十分必要。然而，由于调谐的动态特性瞬息万变，要求测量仪器必须具备高分辨率和极快响应速度等性能，常规方法均难以达到测量要求。此外，由于DFB激光器电流调谐的非线性，加之调谐动态特性测量的困难，导致激光器调谐的波长特性描述尚缺少数学模型。
论文提出了激光器调谐动态特性的光纤延时自外差测量方案，理论分析了测量动态波长及线宽的可行性，搭建了测量系统，实验研究了DFB激光器调谐的动态波长和线宽特性。此外，从二极管激光器调谐机理出发，提出了激光器调谐的波长解析模型，利用光谱仪测量四个不同厂家DFB激光器稳态模谱特性，辨识出解析模型的六个参数。利用可调谐激光吸收光谱技术测量CO2气体在1582nm附近的8吸收线，与HITRAN谱库中CO2气体标准吸收线位置比对，验证了波长解析模型的有效性。主要的工作内容和创新点包括以下三个方面：
1、调谐动态特性的测量方法：研究了二极管激光器在快速调谐过程中的动态波长及线宽特性，提出一种基于Mach-Zehnder干涉仪的光纤延时自外差法（fiber delayed self-heterodyne interferometer，FDSHI）测量方案，测量了DFB激光器在锯齿波电流调谐下的动态波长及线宽特性。同时，利用CO2气体的2条吸收谱线与HITRAN谱库中吸收线位置比对，辨识出激光器的动态波长，该吸收线确定的波长值具有绝对可靠性，将FDSHI系统得到的动态波长测量值与之比较，二者误差仅为0.001nm，验证了调谐动态特性FDSHI测量方法的有效性。
2、得到了DFB激光器调谐动态线宽的最佳范围：应用FDSHI实验系统，测量了DFB激光器的动态线宽特性，实验结果表明，在整个调谐电流范围内，激光器动态线宽随注入电流先变窄后又增宽，工作电流为最大电流的0.6倍左右时，激光器的动态线宽最窄，激光器动态线宽最佳工作电流为最大电流的0.5～0.8倍之间。
3、激光器调谐的波长解析模型：从DFB激光器的工作原理及调谐机理出发，提出了激光器调谐的波长解析模型，该解析模型精确给出了激光器输出波长与注入电流及工作温度的定量函数关系，通过实验测量结果辨识出模型参数。将模型应用于四个不同厂家的商用DFB激光器，波长的模型预测值与实验测量值比较，相关系数均在0.9999以上。此外，利用热传导模型得到激光腔内温度，代入解析模型得到波长模型预测值，与利用激光吸收光谱技术测量CO2气体HITRAN谱库中的8条吸收谱线位置波长值比对，二者误差在3pm内，验证了解析模型的有效性。该解析模型能够精确预测激光器在给定电流及温度下的稳态波长值，其精度能够满足光谱分析、光学相干测量等实用要求。
论文的研究工作，展示了一种有效的二极管激光器调谐动态特性的测量方法。论文中所得到的实验研究结果，为二极管激光器调谐动态特性的实时监测与控制优化提供了理论和实验依据。
Distributed-Feedback Diode Laser (DFB) is a kind of high quality narrowlinewidth, dynamic single mode and wavelength tunable laser, which is widelyutilized in optical communications，sensing and measurement. To be the corecomponent in the system, the dynamic characteristics of the tuning of DFB laser,including dynamic SMSR，transient wavelength，and dynamic linewidth，effect theentire properties of the system. So the real-time online measurement is very necessary.However, the quickly change of the dynamic characteristics requires the highresolution and fast response of the measure equipments, which cannot be achieved byconventional methods. In addition, due to the nonlinear phenomena in the currenttuning process and difficulty in the measurement of dynamic properties, there are fewmathematical models for the depicting of laser’s wavelength in tuning.
This paper represents a novel delayed self-heterodyne interferometer measuremethod for dynamic tuning characteristic of lasers, then analyses the feasibility of themeasurement of dynamic wavelength and linewidth, and forms a measure system. Inaddition, based on the tunable mechanism of DFB laser, this paper comes up ananalytical model of static wavelength in tuning. Using the spectrometer to measurefour different manufacturers’ DFB laser’s static mode spectral, it obtains the6parameters of the analytical model. Working under the temperature tuning, by usingthe TDLAS to measure the8absorption lines of CO2near1582nm, and comparingwith HITRAN database, the reliability of this model was confirmed. The main contentof the work and innovation, include the following three aspects:
1．Measurement methods of DFB laser’s dynamic tuning characteristic: In thispaper, the dynamic tuning characteristics of diode lasers are studied. Based on theMach-Zehnder interferometer, a measurement method of fiber delayedself-heterodyne interferometer (FDSHI) is proposed. We measured the dynamicwavelength and linewidth characteristics of DFB lasers in the saw-tooth currenttuning. Comparing the2absorption lines of CO2around1600nm with the ones inHITRAN database, the dynamic wavelength is identified and also reliable. The errorbetween database true value and dynamic wavelength calculated by the beat signal is only0.001nm, which verified the reliability of the dynamic tuning characteristics ofFDSHI measurement methods.
2．The best range of dynamic tuning linewidth of DFB lasers: Using the FDSHIof experimental systems, the dynamic linewidth of DFB lasers was measured.Experimental results show that the dynamic linewidth with the injection current isnarrowed initially and then widened. When the injection current is about0.6times ofthe maximum current in the entire tuning range, the dynamic linewidth gets thenarrowest. The best operating current is around0.5to0.8times of the maximum.
3．The analytical model of the static wavelength characteristic: According to thetuning mechanism of the diode lasers, an analytical model of the wavelengthcharacteristics is established. The parameters of the model were identified byexperimental results. The model was applied to analyze four DFB diode lasers. Weobtained the transient characteristics of the lasers. We also received the staticcharacteristic of these lasers from the spectrometer. The correlation coefficients aremore than0.9999. At the same time, based on the absorption spectrum of CO2gas, wealso measured the emission wavelength of lasers. We compared it with the HITRANdatabase, the difference is within3pm. The analytical model can accurately predictthe transient output wavelength of lasers in tuning; the accuracy can meet thespectrum, optical coherence measurements and other practical requirements.
The experimental results, obtained in the paper provide a theoretical andexperimental basis for the real-time monitoring and control optimization tuningcharacteristics of the diode lasers.
论文提出了激光器调谐动态特性的光纤延时自外差测量方案，理论分析了测量动态波长及线宽的可行性，搭建了测量系统，实验研究了DFB激光器调谐的动态波长和线宽特性。此外，从二极管激光器调谐机理出发，提出了激光器调谐的波长解析模型，利用光谱仪测量四个不同厂家DFB激光器稳态模谱特性，辨识出解析模型的六个参数。利用可调谐激光吸收光谱技术测量CO2气体在1582nm附近的8吸收线，与HITRAN谱库中CO2气体标准吸收线位置比对，验证了波长解析模型的有效性。主要的工作内容和创新点包括以下三个方面：
1、调谐动态特性的测量方法：研究了二极管激光器在快速调谐过程中的动态波长及线宽特性，提出一种基于Mach-Zehnder干涉仪的光纤延时自外差法（fiber delayed self-heterodyne interferometer，FDSHI）测量方案，测量了DFB激光器在锯齿波电流调谐下的动态波长及线宽特性。同时，利用CO2气体的2条吸收谱线与HITRAN谱库中吸收线位置比对，辨识出激光器的动态波长，该吸收线确定的波长值具有绝对可靠性，将FDSHI系统得到的动态波长测量值与之比较，二者误差仅为0.001nm，验证了调谐动态特性FDSHI测量方法的有效性。
2、得到了DFB激光器调谐动态线宽的最佳范围：应用FDSHI实验系统，测量了DFB激光器的动态线宽特性，实验结果表明，在整个调谐电流范围内，激光器动态线宽随注入电流先变窄后又增宽，工作电流为最大电流的0.6倍左右时，激光器的动态线宽最窄，激光器动态线宽最佳工作电流为最大电流的0.5～0.8倍之间。
3、激光器调谐的波长解析模型：从DFB激光器的工作原理及调谐机理出发，提出了激光器调谐的波长解析模型，该解析模型精确给出了激光器输出波长与注入电流及工作温度的定量函数关系，通过实验测量结果辨识出模型参数。将模型应用于四个不同厂家的商用DFB激光器，波长的模型预测值与实验测量值比较，相关系数均在0.9999以上。此外，利用热传导模型得到激光腔内温度，代入解析模型得到波长模型预测值，与利用激光吸收光谱技术测量CO2气体HITRAN谱库中的8条吸收谱线位置波长值比对，二者误差在3pm内，验证了解析模型的有效性。该解析模型能够精确预测激光器在给定电流及温度下的稳态波长值，其精度能够满足光谱分析、光学相干测量等实用要求。
论文的研究工作，展示了一种有效的二极管激光器调谐动态特性的测量方法。论文中所得到的实验研究结果，为二极管激光器调谐动态特性的实时监测与控制优化提供了理论和实验依据。
Distributed-Feedback Diode Laser (DFB) is a kind of high quality narrowlinewidth, dynamic single mode and wavelength tunable laser, which is widelyutilized in optical communications，sensing and measurement. To be the corecomponent in the system, the dynamic characteristics of the tuning of DFB laser,including dynamic SMSR，transient wavelength，and dynamic linewidth，effect theentire properties of the system. So the real-time online measurement is very necessary.However, the quickly change of the dynamic characteristics requires the highresolution and fast response of the measure equipments, which cannot be achieved byconventional methods. In addition, due to the nonlinear phenomena in the currenttuning process and difficulty in the measurement of dynamic properties, there are fewmathematical models for the depicting of laser’s wavelength in tuning.
This paper represents a novel delayed self-heterodyne interferometer measuremethod for dynamic tuning characteristic of lasers, then analyses the feasibility of themeasurement of dynamic wavelength and linewidth, and forms a measure system. Inaddition, based on the tunable mechanism of DFB laser, this paper comes up ananalytical model of static wavelength in tuning. Using the spectrometer to measurefour different manufacturers’ DFB laser’s static mode spectral, it obtains the6parameters of the analytical model. Working under the temperature tuning, by usingthe TDLAS to measure the8absorption lines of CO2near1582nm, and comparingwith HITRAN database, the reliability of this model was confirmed. The main contentof the work and innovation, include the following three aspects:
1．Measurement methods of DFB laser’s dynamic tuning characteristic: In thispaper, the dynamic tuning characteristics of diode lasers are studied. Based on theMach-Zehnder interferometer, a measurement method of fiber delayedself-heterodyne interferometer (FDSHI) is proposed. We measured the dynamicwavelength and linewidth characteristics of DFB lasers in the saw-tooth currenttuning. Comparing the2absorption lines of CO2around1600nm with the ones inHITRAN database, the dynamic wavelength is identified and also reliable. The errorbetween database true value and dynamic wavelength calculated by the beat signal is only0.001nm, which verified the reliability of the dynamic tuning characteristics ofFDSHI measurement methods.
2．The best range of dynamic tuning linewidth of DFB lasers: Using the FDSHIof experimental systems, the dynamic linewidth of DFB lasers was measured.Experimental results show that the dynamic linewidth with the injection current isnarrowed initially and then widened. When the injection current is about0.6times ofthe maximum current in the entire tuning range, the dynamic linewidth gets thenarrowest. The best operating current is around0.5to0.8times of the maximum.
3．The analytical model of the static wavelength characteristic: According to thetuning mechanism of the diode lasers, an analytical model of the wavelengthcharacteristics is established. The parameters of the model were identified byexperimental results. The model was applied to analyze four DFB diode lasers. Weobtained the transient characteristics of the lasers. We also received the staticcharacteristic of these lasers from the spectrometer. The correlation coefficients aremore than0.9999. At the same time, based on the absorption spectrum of CO2gas, wealso measured the emission wavelength of lasers. We compared it with the HITRANdatabase, the difference is within3pm. The analytical model can accurately predictthe transient output wavelength of lasers in tuning; the accuracy can meet thespectrum, optical coherence measurements and other practical requirements.
The experimental results, obtained in the paper provide a theoretical andexperimental basis for the real-time monitoring and control optimization tuningcharacteristics of the diode lasers.
引文
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