时间差型磁通门传感器研究
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摘要
时间差型磁通门是依据磁芯磁饱和特性以及法拉第电磁感应定律原理制作的磁传感器。其具有体积小、重量轻、测量范围大等特点，可以对矢量磁场进行测量，并通过时间量对待测的目标磁场进行表征。时间差型磁通门具有不易受奇次谐波影响，测量简单方便等特点，是磁通门研究的一个新方向。国内对此相关研究较少，而国外的研究于2003开始至今已近10年。在国家自然基金的支持下，本文对时间差型磁通门进行建模和相关的研究工作，完成了时间差型磁通门基本原理、磁芯磁滞回线建模、数字化时间差型磁通门设计、磁通门的随机共振现象研究等内容。
简要介绍了偶次谐波磁通门的原理及结构，针对奇次谐波对偶次谐波型磁通门的影响，介绍了时间差型磁通门的原理和相关的灵敏度计算公式等基础理论。通过理论研究及对比给出时间差型磁通门的优势所在；为对时间差型磁通门磁芯选材进行深入研究，提出磁滞回线的修正模型。利用修正模型对时间差型磁通门的输出特性进行研究，得出磁芯相关参数对时间差型磁通门的具体影响；为获得更好的磁通门探头设计方案，设计多种磁通门的探头参数进行比较。通过对物理制作参数的研究得出相关的结论，为探头的物理加工指明方向并提供参考。设计了全数字化的时间差型磁通门，以FPGA为数控核心，搭配信号的转换、处理电路，完成了整体化设计，采样计数周期为5ns；为解决磁芯噪声对输出信号的影响，研究了时间差型磁通门的随机共振效应，提出利用反馈改进时间差型磁通门系统参数的方法，并进一步提出时间差型磁通门级联的理论可能；最后对制作完成的时间差型磁通门做了相关的指标实验测试，得到时间差型磁通门原理样机的测量范围>105nT，线性度<0.09%，测量精度<0.018%满量程等指标。为进一步研究时间差型磁通门提供技术储备。
Residence Time Difference Fluxgate is the magnetic sensor which is based onmeasuring the time difference of the magnetic state. It has the characteristic that thereis not affected by the odd harmonic in it. Especially it has a smaller volume and lightweight. Therefore, the Residence Time Difference Fluxgate has excellent prospects infurther improving the accuracy and resolution. Because of there are less domesticresearches about the Residence Time Difference Fluxgate, the basic principle analysisof the Residence Time Difference Fluxgate, modeling and correction of the hysteresisloop, the physical parameters of the fluxgate probe, architecture of the digital fluxgateand stochastic resonance phenomena of the fluxgate has been researched in the article.The exploratory work of developing of the Residence Time Difference Fluxgate hasbeen completed. The main work and results of the paper are as follows:
1） The fundamentals study of the Residence Time Difference Fluxgate. Basedon the assumptions of the hysteresis loop of the core is ideal, the theoretical formulaof the Residence Time Difference Fluxgate has been derived. Under this premise, therelationship between the target magnetic field and the time difference has beenstudied with the triangle wave or sine wave as the excitation field.So is the correspondding sensitivity.
2） The new model of hysteresis loop has been researched. The model based onthe arctangent with coercive force and dynamicf permeability worked out the problemthat there is no proper model for the RTD fluxgate time domain research and how tochoose the material of RTD fluxgate probe. There are two main innovations in thenew hysteresis loop，Respectively, is the introduction of the parameters and the modelof the coercive force by using a dynamic permeability parameter. Introduced coerciveforce parameters to the model can be applied to the time difference fluxgate principlewith. The role played by the coercive force parameters in the time difference fluxgateis clear by the results of the model calculations. The lowest value of the excitationmagnetic field because the coercive force directly affects the emergence of the peakposition and the time difference. Therefore, it is a very important parameter in themodel. Coercive force write the model parameters by using the sign function method, The model can be used directly derived analytically, Solve the former involvescoercive force model needs to proration shortcomings; Dynamic permeabilityparameters make the model more accurate, Solve the original arctangent model of themagnetic induction over zero will produce larger deviations, While addressing theoriginal arctangent model curvature fixed, Unable to distinguish between the problemof the similarity of the two cores. Adding coercive force model using dynamicpermeability can also reduce the excitation magnetic field extreme value at step, tomake the model more accurate, higher accuracy. Use of introduction of the coerciveforce and the dynamic permeability arctangent model, Not only provide a theoreticalbasis for the study of the time difference fluxgate, and provide the basis for the timedifference type the fluxgate core material selection, you can also take advantage of thetheoretical introduction of the time difference fluxgate circuit noise intensity.
3） The research on the relationship about excitation magnetic field and modelparameters. Under fitting the model with many excitation magnetic field,the functioncan be proposed. The errors between parameters computed by the function and theparameters fited by the model is less than5%. The model can also be applied to thestudy of other needs hysteresis loop model. For a core, Using the model of eachparameter and the relationship of the excitation field can be derived for the shape ofthe hysteresis loop in the under arbitrary excitation magnetic field is, Provides aconvenient and theoretical basis for the study of many materials can not directlymeasure the hysteresis loop.
4） The preliminary comparative test of the probe design of time differencefluxgate. Depending on the different physical characteristics of the probe, from thepoint of view of the detect ion difficulty, explore the structure of the probe core, theinfluence of the winding programs on the output characteristics of the probe, mainlyinduced electromotive force. Followed by comparisons and instructions of theperformance of the core materials, the existing materials are brief analyzed. The moreappropriate core materials of time difference fluxgate are proposed.
5） According to the problems encountered in the preliminary experiment, thestochastic resonance phenomenon of time difference fluxgate has been found bymaking use of simulation. Then the method about feedback is proposed by stochasticresonance phenomenon to improve the sensitivity of the time difference fluxgate. Thesimulation shows that with the method of using linear feedback, the parameters of the system's inherent coercive force has been changed, and with coercive force reduced,the exciting magnetic field which is subjected to the coercive force can be furtherreduced, which can achieve the purpose of enhance the time difference fluxgatesensitivity. The shape of the potential well of the system by using cubic feedbackmethod can be changed, thus the value of optimum stochastic resonance noise willchange, too. Matching the optimum noise of system with external noise intensity bythe initiative adjust of system, it can reach resonance state. Then we can also improvethe sensitivity of the time difference fluxgate.
6） Basic performance testing of static indicators of the time difference fluxgate.According to the basic requirements of the sensor test, the time difference fluxgatemeasurement range, linearity, dynamic range, and other basic indicators of the testtime difference fluxgate meet the basic indicators of the current magnetic explorationand measurement needsconclusion. Test of basic indicators, given the time differencefluxgate parameter range and the direction for the time difference fluxgateapplications.
The innovation of this paper is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1） Put forward the model contain the parameters of the coercive force hysteresisloop and solve the problems of the original hysteresis loop model involving coerciveforce parameters can not resolve the derivativly. Before the model in the paper, almostall the research on the hysteresis loop model has rarely involved in the coercive forceparameters. Once the research involves the coercive force parameters, the use ofalmost all is piecewise function method. The piecewise function biggest problem isnot conducive to view the role played by the coercive force throughout the course ofthe study, and not conducive to intuitively find the relationship between the coerciveforce and the object of study. In this article with the coercive force parameter modelproposed to solve the conventional relates coercive force requires segmented solvingproblems. Will take coercive force of the magnetic hysteresis model is applied to timedifference type magnetic gate can more easily find coercive force to the influence oftime and coercive force the existence of the influence of the output signal delay.Hysteresis loop model with a coercive force can be further applied to a series of usedmagnetic core device power consumption calculation, and provide theoreticalreference.Changing the arctangent model’s magnetic permeability parameter to thedynamic parameter can reduce the model’s fitting errors caused by the fixed curvature. Arctangent model of the hysteresis curve is sufficient in the nonlinear models, themain problem of the model is the magnetic permeability parameters are constants.The arctangent model is in accordance with a substantially constant curvaturevariation and can’t simulate the nonlinear characteristics of the hysteresis curve well.By introduction of dynamic magnetic permeability parameter, the curvature of thearctangent model can change dynamically as needed. So, the arctangent model get abetter simulation results of the hysteresis curve’s nonlinear characteristics. Theoriginal arctangent model’s maximum errors, which are caused by the zero crossingmagnetic induction and the extreme position of the excitation magnetic field, can bereduced to an acceptable range (<5%).
2）The function about the parameters of the model and the excitation field hasbeen found, which solved corresponding model of excitation of magnetic field and themagnetic permeability the is established. Previously, none of the model gives the linkbetween the magnetic permeability and incentives. In this paper, the arctangent modelapproximately gives relationship between permeability and excitation field, and thatprovide reference and solutions for the other studies on permeability. On the dynamicpermeability model that the order is five, The fitting residual magnetic permeabilityparameters on the magnetic permeability is small, and that meets the need for thestudy of the magnetic permeability. Thus the permeability changes under arbitraryexcitation field can be calculated directly without measurement, and the study onmagnetic permeability is easier.
3） Based on stochastic resonance phenomenon of time difference fluxgate,putting forward the application feedback methods to improve the sensitivity of thetime difference fluxgate. Time difference fluxgate has similar characteristics of thesystem with Schmitt trigger, while the input signal is also a regular cycle signal, sothe time difference fluxgate meet the prerequisites of stochastic resonance. Thestochastic resonance phenomenon of time difference fluxgate can be observedvisually by simulation. According to the research results of stochastic resonance,adjusting parameters of the time difference fluxgate whose parameters are fixed byusing feedback on the system, then the higher sensitivity of time difference fluxgatecan be obtain. By using linear feedback lower threshold of time difference fluxgatecan be obtained, with reducing the incentive intensity, the sensitivity of timedifference fluxgate can be increase with less power consumption; using cubic feedback can change the shape of potential well of the time difference fluxgate andthus the time difference fluxgate can take the initiative to adapt to the noise, thenreach the purpose of matching the optimal noise system with outside noise, andother high-level feedbacks have a similar effect.
简要介绍了偶次谐波磁通门的原理及结构，针对奇次谐波对偶次谐波型磁通门的影响，介绍了时间差型磁通门的原理和相关的灵敏度计算公式等基础理论。通过理论研究及对比给出时间差型磁通门的优势所在；为对时间差型磁通门磁芯选材进行深入研究，提出磁滞回线的修正模型。利用修正模型对时间差型磁通门的输出特性进行研究，得出磁芯相关参数对时间差型磁通门的具体影响；为获得更好的磁通门探头设计方案，设计多种磁通门的探头参数进行比较。通过对物理制作参数的研究得出相关的结论，为探头的物理加工指明方向并提供参考。设计了全数字化的时间差型磁通门，以FPGA为数控核心，搭配信号的转换、处理电路，完成了整体化设计，采样计数周期为5ns；为解决磁芯噪声对输出信号的影响，研究了时间差型磁通门的随机共振效应，提出利用反馈改进时间差型磁通门系统参数的方法，并进一步提出时间差型磁通门级联的理论可能；最后对制作完成的时间差型磁通门做了相关的指标实验测试，得到时间差型磁通门原理样机的测量范围>105nT，线性度<0.09%，测量精度<0.018%满量程等指标。为进一步研究时间差型磁通门提供技术储备。
Residence Time Difference Fluxgate is the magnetic sensor which is based onmeasuring the time difference of the magnetic state. It has the characteristic that thereis not affected by the odd harmonic in it. Especially it has a smaller volume and lightweight. Therefore, the Residence Time Difference Fluxgate has excellent prospects infurther improving the accuracy and resolution. Because of there are less domesticresearches about the Residence Time Difference Fluxgate, the basic principle analysisof the Residence Time Difference Fluxgate, modeling and correction of the hysteresisloop, the physical parameters of the fluxgate probe, architecture of the digital fluxgateand stochastic resonance phenomena of the fluxgate has been researched in the article.The exploratory work of developing of the Residence Time Difference Fluxgate hasbeen completed. The main work and results of the paper are as follows:
1） The fundamentals study of the Residence Time Difference Fluxgate. Basedon the assumptions of the hysteresis loop of the core is ideal, the theoretical formulaof the Residence Time Difference Fluxgate has been derived. Under this premise, therelationship between the target magnetic field and the time difference has beenstudied with the triangle wave or sine wave as the excitation field.So is the correspondding sensitivity.
2） The new model of hysteresis loop has been researched. The model based onthe arctangent with coercive force and dynamicf permeability worked out the problemthat there is no proper model for the RTD fluxgate time domain research and how tochoose the material of RTD fluxgate probe. There are two main innovations in thenew hysteresis loop，Respectively, is the introduction of the parameters and the modelof the coercive force by using a dynamic permeability parameter. Introduced coerciveforce parameters to the model can be applied to the time difference fluxgate principlewith. The role played by the coercive force parameters in the time difference fluxgateis clear by the results of the model calculations. The lowest value of the excitationmagnetic field because the coercive force directly affects the emergence of the peakposition and the time difference. Therefore, it is a very important parameter in themodel. Coercive force write the model parameters by using the sign function method, The model can be used directly derived analytically, Solve the former involvescoercive force model needs to proration shortcomings; Dynamic permeabilityparameters make the model more accurate, Solve the original arctangent model of themagnetic induction over zero will produce larger deviations, While addressing theoriginal arctangent model curvature fixed, Unable to distinguish between the problemof the similarity of the two cores. Adding coercive force model using dynamicpermeability can also reduce the excitation magnetic field extreme value at step, tomake the model more accurate, higher accuracy. Use of introduction of the coerciveforce and the dynamic permeability arctangent model, Not only provide a theoreticalbasis for the study of the time difference fluxgate, and provide the basis for the timedifference type the fluxgate core material selection, you can also take advantage of thetheoretical introduction of the time difference fluxgate circuit noise intensity.
3） The research on the relationship about excitation magnetic field and modelparameters. Under fitting the model with many excitation magnetic field,the functioncan be proposed. The errors between parameters computed by the function and theparameters fited by the model is less than5%. The model can also be applied to thestudy of other needs hysteresis loop model. For a core, Using the model of eachparameter and the relationship of the excitation field can be derived for the shape ofthe hysteresis loop in the under arbitrary excitation magnetic field is, Provides aconvenient and theoretical basis for the study of many materials can not directlymeasure the hysteresis loop.
4） The preliminary comparative test of the probe design of time differencefluxgate. Depending on the different physical characteristics of the probe, from thepoint of view of the detect ion difficulty, explore the structure of the probe core, theinfluence of the winding programs on the output characteristics of the probe, mainlyinduced electromotive force. Followed by comparisons and instructions of theperformance of the core materials, the existing materials are brief analyzed. The moreappropriate core materials of time difference fluxgate are proposed.
5） According to the problems encountered in the preliminary experiment, thestochastic resonance phenomenon of time difference fluxgate has been found bymaking use of simulation. Then the method about feedback is proposed by stochasticresonance phenomenon to improve the sensitivity of the time difference fluxgate. Thesimulation shows that with the method of using linear feedback, the parameters of the system's inherent coercive force has been changed, and with coercive force reduced,the exciting magnetic field which is subjected to the coercive force can be furtherreduced, which can achieve the purpose of enhance the time difference fluxgatesensitivity. The shape of the potential well of the system by using cubic feedbackmethod can be changed, thus the value of optimum stochastic resonance noise willchange, too. Matching the optimum noise of system with external noise intensity bythe initiative adjust of system, it can reach resonance state. Then we can also improvethe sensitivity of the time difference fluxgate.
6） Basic performance testing of static indicators of the time difference fluxgate.According to the basic requirements of the sensor test, the time difference fluxgatemeasurement range, linearity, dynamic range, and other basic indicators of the testtime difference fluxgate meet the basic indicators of the current magnetic explorationand measurement needsconclusion. Test of basic indicators, given the time differencefluxgate parameter range and the direction for the time difference fluxgateapplications.
The innovation of this paper is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1） Put forward the model contain the parameters of the coercive force hysteresisloop and solve the problems of the original hysteresis loop model involving coerciveforce parameters can not resolve the derivativly. Before the model in the paper, almostall the research on the hysteresis loop model has rarely involved in the coercive forceparameters. Once the research involves the coercive force parameters, the use ofalmost all is piecewise function method. The piecewise function biggest problem isnot conducive to view the role played by the coercive force throughout the course ofthe study, and not conducive to intuitively find the relationship between the coerciveforce and the object of study. In this article with the coercive force parameter modelproposed to solve the conventional relates coercive force requires segmented solvingproblems. Will take coercive force of the magnetic hysteresis model is applied to timedifference type magnetic gate can more easily find coercive force to the influence oftime and coercive force the existence of the influence of the output signal delay.Hysteresis loop model with a coercive force can be further applied to a series of usedmagnetic core device power consumption calculation, and provide theoreticalreference.Changing the arctangent model’s magnetic permeability parameter to thedynamic parameter can reduce the model’s fitting errors caused by the fixed curvature. Arctangent model of the hysteresis curve is sufficient in the nonlinear models, themain problem of the model is the magnetic permeability parameters are constants.The arctangent model is in accordance with a substantially constant curvaturevariation and can’t simulate the nonlinear characteristics of the hysteresis curve well.By introduction of dynamic magnetic permeability parameter, the curvature of thearctangent model can change dynamically as needed. So, the arctangent model get abetter simulation results of the hysteresis curve’s nonlinear characteristics. Theoriginal arctangent model’s maximum errors, which are caused by the zero crossingmagnetic induction and the extreme position of the excitation magnetic field, can bereduced to an acceptable range (<5%).
2）The function about the parameters of the model and the excitation field hasbeen found, which solved corresponding model of excitation of magnetic field and themagnetic permeability the is established. Previously, none of the model gives the linkbetween the magnetic permeability and incentives. In this paper, the arctangent modelapproximately gives relationship between permeability and excitation field, and thatprovide reference and solutions for the other studies on permeability. On the dynamicpermeability model that the order is five, The fitting residual magnetic permeabilityparameters on the magnetic permeability is small, and that meets the need for thestudy of the magnetic permeability. Thus the permeability changes under arbitraryexcitation field can be calculated directly without measurement, and the study onmagnetic permeability is easier.
3） Based on stochastic resonance phenomenon of time difference fluxgate,putting forward the application feedback methods to improve the sensitivity of thetime difference fluxgate. Time difference fluxgate has similar characteristics of thesystem with Schmitt trigger, while the input signal is also a regular cycle signal, sothe time difference fluxgate meet the prerequisites of stochastic resonance. Thestochastic resonance phenomenon of time difference fluxgate can be observedvisually by simulation. According to the research results of stochastic resonance,adjusting parameters of the time difference fluxgate whose parameters are fixed byusing feedback on the system, then the higher sensitivity of time difference fluxgatecan be obtain. By using linear feedback lower threshold of time difference fluxgatecan be obtained, with reducing the incentive intensity, the sensitivity of timedifference fluxgate can be increase with less power consumption; using cubic feedback can change the shape of potential well of the time difference fluxgate andthus the time difference fluxgate can take the initiative to adapt to the noise, thenreach the purpose of matching the optimal noise system with outside noise, andother high-level feedbacks have a similar effect.
引文
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