超高频射频识别系统测试关键问题的分析与研究
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摘要
随着信息技术的发展,全球性的物联网(IOT)产业逐步形成。射频识别技术(RFID)是物联网的关键技术之一,是一种利用射频信号进行通信的非接触式自动识别技术,是继条形码技术之后最具影响力的信息识别读取技术。RFID技术是目前全球普遍关注的热点研究领域。超高频(UHF)射频识别标签具有体积小、识别快速、读写距离远、操作方便等优点,因而被各领域如不停车收费、物流管理、行包跟踪等广泛应用。但是产品的应用环境复杂,这对RFID系统工作的性能提出了更高的要求。针对RFID系统性能的研究与测试工作是RFID技术研究的热点,设计功能全面、操作简易的RFID测试系统是具有挑战性的研究课题之一
由于射频识别技术的特殊性,对超高频射频识别技术的工作原理、性能及其测试理论与方法等方面进行了系统的分析。文中研究了RFID动态参数和介质因素对性能的影响、雷达散射截面、防冲突测试等关键问题,提出了系列针对超高频段的RFID产品的性能测试原理和测试方法。
首先,从射频识别基本的原理开始,讨论了射频识别测试原理、相关协议以及测试硬件架构。根据RFID测试技术的现状,提出采用虚拟仪器技术和软件无线电技术(SDR),设计开发了UHF段RFID产品的测试平台。该平台具备对RFID系统的读取性能测试、空中接口一致性测试、电气性能测试以及第三方监测等功能,平台支持多协议,具有客户自定义标准测试的可扩展能力。该平台具备良好的可靠性、兼容性、稳定性,为RFID产品研发、设计和应用等提供参考依据、技术指导。
其次,基于RFID技术通信原理和天线的反向散射理论,分析RFID通信参数变化对系统性能的影响,结合所研发的测试平台,提出了针对RFID产品性能的组合参数分析的测试方法。通过对ISO/IEC18000-6C协议所规定的通信参数的分析,深入讨论了Tari值、调制深度、脉冲占空比等对RFID链路功率的影响,采用组合参数测试,得出了RFID通信协议中的优化的特征参数组合。理论与测试表明：Tari值较小,占空比约为50%和较高的调制系数为参数的最优组合,此时标签天线获取功率最大,识别距离最远。
再次,研究了电子标签的功率反射系数、传输系数、阻抗匹配、芯片灵敏度等对读取距离和读取率的影响,并测试多种不同材质下RFID系统的识别效果。研究测试了标签在不同运动速度、不同位置、不同贴附介质材料和天线极化情形下的RFID系统的识别性能,对标签的关键性能参数进行研究与评估。所得测试结果和分析表明,标签起点的选择,运动速度以及信号发送时机的选择,均导致一定区域内的读取性能受影响。标签与介质间的距离对系统的读取性能有增强或消弱的影响,同时金属将导致天线失谐；通用偶极子标签贴近金属和液体时,读取率很低甚至无法读取。
最后,提出采用马尔科夫链模型来模拟RFID系统的防冲突性能,并量化系统的识别效率和识别速度。RFID防冲突过程的分解是一个随机过程,基于动态时隙参数的自适应Q值算法是较为通用的防冲突算法。RFID通信时序中,标签在每一帧中选择时隙满足二项分布随机过程。定义了标签数目和时隙参数Q的变化数据的组合状态(Q,n),在此基础上讨论并建立数据组合状态(Q,n)的转移过程的马尔科夫链模型,有效的模拟Q值调整过程,结合虚拟仪器技术实现对防冲突过程的效率测试。理论与测试表明：马尔科夫链模型对防冲突进行模拟结果和测试结果是吻合。
With the development of information technology, the global Internet of Things (IOT) was emerging during the past decade. The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one of the key technologies to IOT. It's a kind of non-contact automatic identification technology using radio frequency signals to transfer information. Currently it's the most influential information identification technology with the exception of the bar code technology. RFID is an important branch of the automatic identification technology, and becomes the hot research field and catches widespread attention. The Ultra-High Frequency(UHF) RFID tags have many prominent characteristics, such as:smaller size antenna, higher identification speed, larger identification range than other type of tags, hense the UHF RFID is obtaining more and more applications in our daily life, such as Electronic Toll Collection (ETC).logistic supply chain management, item tracking, and so on. The various environments affect the identifying performance results of the RFID systems. This requires the RFID systems have better performance. More and more people focus on the RFID performance research and performance measurement. It is one of challenge topic to research and design a simple-operating and well-functioned test instrument.
Because of the particular characteristics, the UHF RFID working principles, identification performance, testing theories and measurement methods are analyzed. The key questions such as:the impact of dynamic parameters and material on the performance, radar cross section(RCS)measurement method, anti-collision efficiency test are studied in this paper. A series of ultra-high frequency RFID products performance test principles and methods are proposed.
Firstly, the basic theory of RFID, test principles, relevant RFID standards and test apparatus architecture for radio frequency identification are described. According to the current situation of RFID test technology, a well-functioned test platform is built based on the virtual instrument technology and software defined radio (SDR) technology. The platform has following functions:RFID's reading performance test, air interface conformance test, electrical properties test, sniffer, and so on. It supports multi-protocol and user-defined standards test. The platform has the ability for test of reliability, compatibility and stability and it can provide good guidance and reference for the RFID researchers and clients.
Secondly, based on wireless communication theory and the RFID backscattering principles, the impact of RFID system communication parameters changes on system performance is analyzed. With the RFID test platform, a new test method using combination parameters to test RFID performance is presented. It finds that Tari, modulation depth and pulse duty cycle (pulse width. PW) have great impact on the RFID link power by discussion the ISO/IEC18000-6type C protocol. Through a series of combination of parameters tests, the optimized UHF RFID communication parameters combination for optimization performance is gotten. The theory and test results show that, small Tari, approximately50%duty cycle and high modulation index are the optimal combination. Thus the tag antenna will receive the maximum power and system will have the maximum read range.
Thirdly, the tag's power reflection coefficient, power transmission coefficient, match state, antenna gain and chip sensitivity have great influence on the tag's received power which leads to the read range and read rate changed. RFID system reading performances are measured under a variety of different materials which will affect the tag's antenna gain and resistance. Through setting the tag with different velocities, different attached locations, different dielectric material and antenna polarization angle to test and research the RFID system's read performance, we evaluate the tag's performance under different environment factors. The test results show that the starting point and movement speed of the tag and the transmitting time will cause different reading performance. The distance between the tag and media, which the tag attached to, has a strengthening or weakening influence on the system's performance. The metal will cause tag antenna detuning. Usually, dipole antenna will be completely unable to work when it is too closed to metals and liquids.
Finally, a novel measurement method is proposed to test the RFID system's anti-collision efficiency. This method adopts the Markov chain model to simulate the RFID anti-collision algorithm process and this can quantify the RFID system identifying performance as system's read efficiency and recognition speed. RFID anti-collision process is a random process. The adaptive Q-algorithm which based on the dynamic ALOHA algorithm is a general anti-collision algorithm used in the UHF RFID systems. In every frame RFID communication sequence, the process that tag selects the slot is a binomial random process. The combination state (Q, n) is defined, where the parameter Q is the tag's slot random number and value n is the number of the remaining tags in the reader's reading range. Because of the combined state (Q. n). the process of derivation indicates that the state transfer is a Markov chain model. Then we used the Markov chain to simulate the combination state to adjust the parameter Q and value n effectively. The state transfer process is realized with virtual instrument platform to achieve anti-collision efficiency. Simulation and test show that the simulation and test results are consistent well when it use the Markov chain model to simulate the anti-collision process.
由于射频识别技术的特殊性,对超高频射频识别技术的工作原理、性能及其测试理论与方法等方面进行了系统的分析。文中研究了RFID动态参数和介质因素对性能的影响、雷达散射截面、防冲突测试等关键问题,提出了系列针对超高频段的RFID产品的性能测试原理和测试方法。
首先,从射频识别基本的原理开始,讨论了射频识别测试原理、相关协议以及测试硬件架构。根据RFID测试技术的现状,提出采用虚拟仪器技术和软件无线电技术(SDR),设计开发了UHF段RFID产品的测试平台。该平台具备对RFID系统的读取性能测试、空中接口一致性测试、电气性能测试以及第三方监测等功能,平台支持多协议,具有客户自定义标准测试的可扩展能力。该平台具备良好的可靠性、兼容性、稳定性,为RFID产品研发、设计和应用等提供参考依据、技术指导。
其次,基于RFID技术通信原理和天线的反向散射理论,分析RFID通信参数变化对系统性能的影响,结合所研发的测试平台,提出了针对RFID产品性能的组合参数分析的测试方法。通过对ISO/IEC18000-6C协议所规定的通信参数的分析,深入讨论了Tari值、调制深度、脉冲占空比等对RFID链路功率的影响,采用组合参数测试,得出了RFID通信协议中的优化的特征参数组合。理论与测试表明：Tari值较小,占空比约为50%和较高的调制系数为参数的最优组合,此时标签天线获取功率最大,识别距离最远。
再次,研究了电子标签的功率反射系数、传输系数、阻抗匹配、芯片灵敏度等对读取距离和读取率的影响,并测试多种不同材质下RFID系统的识别效果。研究测试了标签在不同运动速度、不同位置、不同贴附介质材料和天线极化情形下的RFID系统的识别性能,对标签的关键性能参数进行研究与评估。所得测试结果和分析表明,标签起点的选择,运动速度以及信号发送时机的选择,均导致一定区域内的读取性能受影响。标签与介质间的距离对系统的读取性能有增强或消弱的影响,同时金属将导致天线失谐；通用偶极子标签贴近金属和液体时,读取率很低甚至无法读取。
最后,提出采用马尔科夫链模型来模拟RFID系统的防冲突性能,并量化系统的识别效率和识别速度。RFID防冲突过程的分解是一个随机过程,基于动态时隙参数的自适应Q值算法是较为通用的防冲突算法。RFID通信时序中,标签在每一帧中选择时隙满足二项分布随机过程。定义了标签数目和时隙参数Q的变化数据的组合状态(Q,n),在此基础上讨论并建立数据组合状态(Q,n)的转移过程的马尔科夫链模型,有效的模拟Q值调整过程,结合虚拟仪器技术实现对防冲突过程的效率测试。理论与测试表明：马尔科夫链模型对防冲突进行模拟结果和测试结果是吻合。
With the development of information technology, the global Internet of Things (IOT) was emerging during the past decade. The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one of the key technologies to IOT. It's a kind of non-contact automatic identification technology using radio frequency signals to transfer information. Currently it's the most influential information identification technology with the exception of the bar code technology. RFID is an important branch of the automatic identification technology, and becomes the hot research field and catches widespread attention. The Ultra-High Frequency(UHF) RFID tags have many prominent characteristics, such as:smaller size antenna, higher identification speed, larger identification range than other type of tags, hense the UHF RFID is obtaining more and more applications in our daily life, such as Electronic Toll Collection (ETC).logistic supply chain management, item tracking, and so on. The various environments affect the identifying performance results of the RFID systems. This requires the RFID systems have better performance. More and more people focus on the RFID performance research and performance measurement. It is one of challenge topic to research and design a simple-operating and well-functioned test instrument.
Because of the particular characteristics, the UHF RFID working principles, identification performance, testing theories and measurement methods are analyzed. The key questions such as:the impact of dynamic parameters and material on the performance, radar cross section(RCS)measurement method, anti-collision efficiency test are studied in this paper. A series of ultra-high frequency RFID products performance test principles and methods are proposed.
Firstly, the basic theory of RFID, test principles, relevant RFID standards and test apparatus architecture for radio frequency identification are described. According to the current situation of RFID test technology, a well-functioned test platform is built based on the virtual instrument technology and software defined radio (SDR) technology. The platform has following functions:RFID's reading performance test, air interface conformance test, electrical properties test, sniffer, and so on. It supports multi-protocol and user-defined standards test. The platform has the ability for test of reliability, compatibility and stability and it can provide good guidance and reference for the RFID researchers and clients.
Secondly, based on wireless communication theory and the RFID backscattering principles, the impact of RFID system communication parameters changes on system performance is analyzed. With the RFID test platform, a new test method using combination parameters to test RFID performance is presented. It finds that Tari, modulation depth and pulse duty cycle (pulse width. PW) have great impact on the RFID link power by discussion the ISO/IEC18000-6type C protocol. Through a series of combination of parameters tests, the optimized UHF RFID communication parameters combination for optimization performance is gotten. The theory and test results show that, small Tari, approximately50%duty cycle and high modulation index are the optimal combination. Thus the tag antenna will receive the maximum power and system will have the maximum read range.
Thirdly, the tag's power reflection coefficient, power transmission coefficient, match state, antenna gain and chip sensitivity have great influence on the tag's received power which leads to the read range and read rate changed. RFID system reading performances are measured under a variety of different materials which will affect the tag's antenna gain and resistance. Through setting the tag with different velocities, different attached locations, different dielectric material and antenna polarization angle to test and research the RFID system's read performance, we evaluate the tag's performance under different environment factors. The test results show that the starting point and movement speed of the tag and the transmitting time will cause different reading performance. The distance between the tag and media, which the tag attached to, has a strengthening or weakening influence on the system's performance. The metal will cause tag antenna detuning. Usually, dipole antenna will be completely unable to work when it is too closed to metals and liquids.
Finally, a novel measurement method is proposed to test the RFID system's anti-collision efficiency. This method adopts the Markov chain model to simulate the RFID anti-collision algorithm process and this can quantify the RFID system identifying performance as system's read efficiency and recognition speed. RFID anti-collision process is a random process. The adaptive Q-algorithm which based on the dynamic ALOHA algorithm is a general anti-collision algorithm used in the UHF RFID systems. In every frame RFID communication sequence, the process that tag selects the slot is a binomial random process. The combination state (Q, n) is defined, where the parameter Q is the tag's slot random number and value n is the number of the remaining tags in the reader's reading range. Because of the combined state (Q. n). the process of derivation indicates that the state transfer is a Markov chain model. Then we used the Markov chain to simulate the combination state to adjust the parameter Q and value n effectively. The state transfer process is realized with virtual instrument platform to achieve anti-collision efficiency. Simulation and test show that the simulation and test results are consistent well when it use the Markov chain model to simulate the anti-collision process.
引文
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