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忠实与叛逆:葛浩文文学翻译研究
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摘要
鉴于翻译行为时刻面临并处理不同民族之间的文化差异,而处理这些跨语言、跨文化的信息传递又不可免地遭遇不同程度的信息失落、扭曲和增添,法国文学社会学家罗伯特·埃斯卡皮(Robert Escarpit)敏锐地指出:“翻译总是一种创造性叛逆”(1987:137)。谢天振教授非常欣赏并赞同这一观点,认为“它道出了翻译、尤其是文学翻译的实质”(2012:33)。“是对千百年来深信不疑的传统译学理念的一种纠正和补充”(ibid:37)。从上世纪90年代初至今,谢先生不断撰文予以介绍和阐释,并在他的《译介学》一书中给予了比较全面、系统和深入的阐述。
     创造性叛逆理论承认原作的价值,同时又借鉴了解构主义译论中关于译者赋予原作以“来世”、当代阐释学理论关于“合法的偏见”等观点,从跨文化和比较文学的高度,阐述了文学翻译是一个再创造过程。创造性叛逆理论使译者获得了与原作者、读者平等对话的权利,为重新审视文学翻译的本质和任务以及译者在翻译过程中的主体地位提供了崭新的视角。“就译者而言,尤其是一个认真、负责的译者,他主观上确实在努力追求尽可能百分之百地忠实原文,尽可能百分之百地把原文的信息体现在译文中,然而事实上这是做不到的,译文与原文之间必定存在着差距。这个差距也就注定了翻译中必定存在着‘创造性叛逆’这个事实”(ibid:36)。创造性叛逆承认译者的创造性——在追求“忠实”再现原作的过程中“创造性”地克服翻译中的局限,创造性叛逆与忠实原则可以相辅相成。
     中国文学正逐步走向世界。作为中国现当代文学首席翻译家的Howard Goldblatt,中文名葛浩文,已翻译出版了包括中国大陆、台湾与香港等30多位作家的小说50余部,对中国文学的海外传播做出了杰出贡献。在三十余年的翻译历程中,葛先生不断寻求忠实与创造之间的平衡。作为一位深谙中华文化的美国汉学家,他一方面受到译入语文化意识形态、诗学观念和赞助人系统的影响,另一方面彰显了一位高瞻远瞩和富有使命感的翻译家的情怀和主观能动性。葛浩文重视翻译中的语言文化差异与译语读者的接受能力,洞悉翻译之“忠实性再创造”的本质,突破了“归化”与“异化”二元对立的窠臼,坚持走中道。葛先生的译作享誉海外,而他在中国译界却相当“默默无闻”。至今无人较全面系统地研究其文学翻译思想、翻译成就,深入分析其译作中的忠实与叛逆现象,探讨其成就背后的主因及其对中国文学“走出去”之重要启示。
     莫言是中国当代最优秀的作家之一,也是一百多年来首个摘得诺贝尔文学桂冠的中国籍作家。莫言至今已创作出版了11部长篇,葛浩文是翻译莫言作品最多也是唯一的英语译者,已出版了7部。在葛浩文所有的译作中,莫言作品所占比例也最高。在将中文作为译出语的所有英译者中,葛浩文在英语世界中的认可度最高。正是由于葛浩文的英译本,使得莫言在西方世界享有盛誉。德国著名汉学家顾彬认为莫言能获得诺贝尔文学奖,很大一部分是因为葛浩文的翻译。莫言的长篇小说《生死疲劳》出版于2006年,葛浩文2008年翻译出版的英译本为他摘得首届美国“纽曼华语文学奖”,成为《华盛顿邮报》推荐的世界优秀文学作品。然而,译界至今无人对这一英译本进行深入细致的研究。本文作者通过对葛浩文译作《生死疲劳》的个案分析,论证了优秀的文学译作离不开创造性叛逆。创造性叛逆是文学翻译中译者实现对原作更高层次忠实的必要手段。
     本文共分六章。第一章是引言,介绍了研究背景与动机、研究目的与意义、研究方法以及论文的框架。第二章是文献综述,对先前国内外有关创造性叛逆理论的研究进行了梳理,对葛浩文文学翻译成就及其研究现状进行了概述,并对葛浩文文学翻译译论进行了综述。第三章对本研究的理论基础——文学翻译的创造性叛逆进行了详细阐述,包括文学翻译创造性叛逆的主体、类型、起因和特征等。第四章是全文的主体部分——个案研究。首先介绍了莫言、莫言的文学世界及其小说《生死疲劳》的主要内容和写作特色,然后从语言、文化、语篇调整等层面对英译本《生死疲劳》中的忠实与叛逆等现象进行了深入细致的分析,并概述了葛浩文文学翻译的“易化原则”与其兼用归化与异化的翻译策略。在个案分析基础上,论文作者对文学翻译的创造性叛逆进行了反思,包括它的价值、局限以及创造性叛逆与忠实之间的辩证关系。第五章探讨了葛浩文文学翻译成功的主因及其重要启示,包括葛浩文深厚的中英文功底,对中国文学和文学翻译的挚爱,对目标读者的强烈责任感,与原作者建立起的良好合作关系,以及尝试性地构建了中国文学“走出去”理想的译者模式。第六章是研究结论,在此作者指出了本论文研究的局限性并对后续研究提出了建议。
Based on the fact that cultural differences between nations have to be handled duringthe translating process, and dealing with the transmission of the interlingual andintercultural information will inevitably encounter the loss, distortion, or addition of theoriginal information, the French literary sociologist Robert Escarpit keenly put forward thenotion “Translation is always a sort of creative treason”(1987:137). Professor XieTianzhen could not agree more with Robert Escarpit and thinks that “it reveals the essenceof translation, especially literary translation”(2012:33).“Creative treason is a kind ofrectification and supplement to the traditional translation theories”(ibid:37). Since theearly of the1990s till now, Mr. Xie has been introducing it in his academic articles, andfinally gave a comprehensive, systematic, and in-depth elaboration in his monographMedio-translatology published in1999.
     Creative treason admits the value of the original and borrows such ideas as “afterlife”that the translator endows the original with from deconstructionism and “legitimate prejudice”from modern Hermeneutics. It expounds, from the height of both culture and comparativeliterature, that literary translation is a process of re-creation. Creative treason entitles thetranslator to the equal right to dialogue with the original author and the reader, thus providing abrand-new perspective for reexamining the nature of literary translation and the translator’ssubjective status in the translating process.“As a translator, especially a conscientious andresponsible translator, he’s sure to pursue subjectively100%fidelity to the original and100%reproduction of the original information in his translated version. However, this is actuallyimpracticable. There must be the disparity between the original and the translated version,which inevitably results in the existence of creative treason in translation”(ibid:36). Creativetreason admits the translator’s subjective initative——overcoming creatively the limitations oftranslation in pursuit of faithful reproduction of the original. Therefore, creative treasonand fidelity don’t contradict, but supplement each other.
     Chinese literature is gradually going towards the world. Howard Goldblatt, known asGe Haowen in Chinese and acclaimed as “the foremost translator of modern andcontemporary Chinese literature” by Professor Xi Zhiqing, has published Englishtranslations of more than50novels and collections of short stories by over30writers from the Chinese mainland, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Howard Goldblatt is without doubt themost important person regarding the spread of Chinese literature and he has translated themost Chinese literary works of the highest quality. For more than three decades of histranslation career, Howard Goldbaltt has been seeking to strike a balance between fidelityand creativity. As an American sinologist who knows quite well about Chinese culture, hedemonstrates noble feelings and subjective initiative of a translator with great foresight andrich sense of mission. At the same time, he’s also influenced by the ideology, poetics, andpatronage of the target culture. During the translating process, he attaches importance tothe linguistic and cultural differences and acceptability of the target readers, has insightinto the nature of “faithful re-creation”of translation, makes a breakthrough of thetraditional binary opposition of “foreignization” and “domestication”, and seeks the goldenmean practice. However, Howard Goldblatt is quite “unknown” in Chinese translationcircles although his English translations enjoy good reputation abroad. So far no one hasdone comprehensive and systematic research on his thoughts and achievements in literarytranslation, analyzed the phenomena of fidelity and treason in his English versions, andprobed into the factors behind his success and revelations that his literary translation givesus in “going out” of Chinese literature.
     Mo Yan, the first Chinese national to be awarded by the Nobel, is one of the mostprominent contemporary Chinese writers best known to the West and his English translatorHoward Goldblatt plays an indispensable role in introducing Mo’s works to the Westernreadership. Mo’s novel Shengsi pilao, published in2006and its English version Life andDeath Are Wearing Me Out translated by Goldblatt made him the winner of the2009Newman Prize for Chinese Literature, and also The Washington Post Book World BestBook. However, so far no one in translation circles has done in-depth and meticulousresearch on this English version. Based on the linguistic, cultural, and textual analyses ofHoward Goldblatt’s English version of Shengsi pilao by Mo Yan, the author of thisdissertation demonstrates that excellent literary translations cannot do without creativetreason and that creative treason is an essential means by which the translator realizes hisor her fidelity to the original at a higher level.
     This dissertation comprises six chapters. Chapter one mainly states the researchbackground and motivation, research purpose and significance, methods of research, and the framework of the dissertation. Chapter two is the literature review of related studies oncreative treason home and abroad, current research on Howard Goldblatt and histranslations, and Goldblatt’s translation thoughts. Chapter three makes a thorough study onthe theoretical basis of this dissertation——creative treason in literary translation, mainlyincluding subjects, types, causes, and features of creative treason in literary translation.Chapter four, the main body of this dissertation, focuses on the case study. Firstly, there arebrief introductions of Mo Yan and his literary world, Shengsi pilao and its artistic features.Then follow the detailed analyses on the phenomena of fidelity and treason represented inGoldblatt’s English version Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out at the linguistic, cultural,and textual levels. Based on the analyses, Goldblatt’s principle of simplification andcombined application of both foreignization and domestication are summarized. After that,the author of this dissertation finally rethinks the values and limitations of creative treasonin literary translation, and the dialectical relationship between fidelity and creative treason.Chapter five probes into the factors and revelations of Goldblatt’s success in literarytranslation, in which his excellent bilingual competence, deep love for Chinese literatureand literary translation, strong sense of responsibility for target readers, and goodrelationship with the original authors are emphasized. Then the author reflects onChinese-English translator models and tentatively constructs the ideal Chinese-Englishtranslator model. Chapter six is a conclusion, in which the limitations of this dissertationare pointed out and some suggestions are put forward for further research.
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