山区机场高填方工后沉降变形研究
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摘要
我国西部山区机场建设的迅猛发展导致高填方地基日益增多，填方体量大、高度高，且存在软弱原地基是此类填方地基的主要特点。如何准确计算其沉降特别是工后沉降已成为类似工程中亟待解决的问题，但目前有关工后沉降的计算模型及计算分析方法还有待完善。本文从大型侧限压缩试验、现场实测、简化算法、本构模型以及有限元数值模拟等多个方面入手，系统地研究了粗粒土的力学特性以及以其为主要填料的高填方地基的长期变形特性，提出了较为合理、实用的长期沉降变形简化算法，同时建立了能较好地反映粗粒土典型力学特性的本构模型。本文完成的创新性工作如下：
1、利用大型侧限固结仪进行了不同混合比土石混合料的室内压缩试验，深入研究了土石混合料的应力应变特性和湿化变形特性，探讨了最优土石混合比的确定方法；同时还针对碎石粗粒土进行了流变变形试验和干湿循环变形试验，深入分析了粗粒土流变和干湿循环变形发生机理及发展规律。
2、通过分析现场实测首次揭示了对于实际分层填筑的粗粒料高填方体，其长期工后沉降变形主要来自于较晚填筑的中上部土层，而较早填筑的下部土层虽然应力水平较高，但由于已经历过多次压缩和较长时间流变的发展，密实度较高，对工后沉降变形的贡献很小。在此基础上合理地解释了一般室内试验所得出的结论与实测规律之间出现差异的原因。
3、提出了适用于大面积填筑的高填方地基工后沉降变形计算的简化算法，具体包括：（1）荷载变化条件下粗粒土流变变形的简化算法；（2）能够考虑给定降雨情况的流变与干湿循环变形的简化耦合算法；（3）可以考虑施工加载过程的软弱地基沉降变形简化算法。在此基础上，集合所提方法编制了高填方地基沉降计算软件，并对工程实例进行了计算分析，探讨了高填方地基工后沉降的发展规律。
4、建立了能较全面反映粗粒土典型力学特性的本构模型，其不仅能反映应力水平对粗粒土应力应变关系、体变特性、强度特性的影响，同时也能反映应力路径相关性及流变特性。在与室内试验结果进行对比验证后，利用上述模型对工程实例进行了模拟分析，进一步探讨了高填方工后沉降变形的发展规律，同时也再次验证了所提本构模型的有效性、合理性和优越性。
The rapid development of airport construction in the mountainous areas in westernChina leads to increasing number of hill-fill foundations, which usually have large fillvolume, high height and original soft foundation below filler. It is an important topic topredict the settlement, especially post construction settlement, of high-fill foundations,which are encountered more and more often in the high-fill engineering in mountainousareas. However, both the calculation model and calculation method are to be studiedfurther. Presented in this study are large-scale laboratory tests, field data analysis,simplified formula calculation, numerical analysis that were systematically and deeplymade for the purpose of investigating the mechanical properties of coarse-grained soiland long-term deformation behaviors of high-fill foundation. As a result, severalreasonable simplified calculation methods are proposed for simulating the long-termdeformation of high-fill foundation. Besides, a strain hardening constitutive model thatcan well reflect classical mechanical properties of coarse-grained soil is also proposed.The rationality and feasibility of above methods and model are demonstrated bycomparisons with test results and field data. Through this thesis the followinginnovative conclusions or results are made:
1. With the specially designed large-scale oedometer, compression experimentshave been conducted on specimens with different broken rock contents to investigatethe compression, rheological and wetting deformation of broken rock-soil mixture. Onthis basis, method for determining the optimal mixing ratio of broken rock-soil mixtureis seriously studied. Furthermore, the routine rheological and dry-wet cycle experimentshave been also conducted on specimens to investigate the rheological and dry-wet cycledeformation mechanism and properties of rockfills, which has been widely used inairport construction in the mountainous areas in western China.
2. Through analyzing the field observed data, it is revealed for the first time thatthe post-construction settlement of high-fill foundation is mainly from the rheologicaldeformation of later filling rockfills, while the early filling rockfills, even if which havea higher level of stress after filling, have little contribution on the settlement. This ismainly because the early filling rockfills have been compressed many times and its rheological deformation has also experienced many long intermission periods duringconstruction. On this basis, the reason for differences between above observedphenomena of actual high-fill engineering and laboratory test results is reasonableexplained.
3. According to composition characteristic of hill-fill foundations in the airport inmountainous areas, several distinctive simplified calculation methods are well proposed,mainly including:1) a simplified method is proposed to calculate the rheologicaldeformation of coarse-grained filler, in which load variations during rheologicaldeformation can be properly considered;2) the other simplified coupling calculationmethod, which can consider a given rainfall situation and the interaction between abovetwo deformations, is well proposed;3) another simplified method applied to calculatelong-term deformation of original soft foundation, in which construction process canalso be properly considered, is proposed. After that, a user-oriented software especiallyapplied to calculate the deformation of high-fill foundation is programmed via VBlanguage, in which above proposed simplified calculation methods are integrated, andthen using this software the practical high-fill engineering is calculated and analyzed toinvestigate the post construction settlement behaviors.
4. A strain hardening model is proposed in this thesis, which can well reflectclassical mechanical properties of coarse-grained soil. Not only the nonlineardeformation behavior, nonlinear strength property, confining stress dependence ofstiffness, dilatancy of coarse grained soil, but also stress path dependence andrheological properties can well be reflected via this model. After that the rationality andfeasibility of the proposed models is demonstrated through comparison with testingresults, it is applied to the simulation analysis of practical engineering boundaryproblems, and the post construction settlement behaviors of high-fill foundations aredeeply studied again. The new models are also shown to be reasonable, effective andadvanced.
1、利用大型侧限固结仪进行了不同混合比土石混合料的室内压缩试验，深入研究了土石混合料的应力应变特性和湿化变形特性，探讨了最优土石混合比的确定方法；同时还针对碎石粗粒土进行了流变变形试验和干湿循环变形试验，深入分析了粗粒土流变和干湿循环变形发生机理及发展规律。
2、通过分析现场实测首次揭示了对于实际分层填筑的粗粒料高填方体，其长期工后沉降变形主要来自于较晚填筑的中上部土层，而较早填筑的下部土层虽然应力水平较高，但由于已经历过多次压缩和较长时间流变的发展，密实度较高，对工后沉降变形的贡献很小。在此基础上合理地解释了一般室内试验所得出的结论与实测规律之间出现差异的原因。
3、提出了适用于大面积填筑的高填方地基工后沉降变形计算的简化算法，具体包括：（1）荷载变化条件下粗粒土流变变形的简化算法；（2）能够考虑给定降雨情况的流变与干湿循环变形的简化耦合算法；（3）可以考虑施工加载过程的软弱地基沉降变形简化算法。在此基础上，集合所提方法编制了高填方地基沉降计算软件，并对工程实例进行了计算分析，探讨了高填方地基工后沉降的发展规律。
4、建立了能较全面反映粗粒土典型力学特性的本构模型，其不仅能反映应力水平对粗粒土应力应变关系、体变特性、强度特性的影响，同时也能反映应力路径相关性及流变特性。在与室内试验结果进行对比验证后，利用上述模型对工程实例进行了模拟分析，进一步探讨了高填方工后沉降变形的发展规律，同时也再次验证了所提本构模型的有效性、合理性和优越性。
The rapid development of airport construction in the mountainous areas in westernChina leads to increasing number of hill-fill foundations, which usually have large fillvolume, high height and original soft foundation below filler. It is an important topic topredict the settlement, especially post construction settlement, of high-fill foundations,which are encountered more and more often in the high-fill engineering in mountainousareas. However, both the calculation model and calculation method are to be studiedfurther. Presented in this study are large-scale laboratory tests, field data analysis,simplified formula calculation, numerical analysis that were systematically and deeplymade for the purpose of investigating the mechanical properties of coarse-grained soiland long-term deformation behaviors of high-fill foundation. As a result, severalreasonable simplified calculation methods are proposed for simulating the long-termdeformation of high-fill foundation. Besides, a strain hardening constitutive model thatcan well reflect classical mechanical properties of coarse-grained soil is also proposed.The rationality and feasibility of above methods and model are demonstrated bycomparisons with test results and field data. Through this thesis the followinginnovative conclusions or results are made:
1. With the specially designed large-scale oedometer, compression experimentshave been conducted on specimens with different broken rock contents to investigatethe compression, rheological and wetting deformation of broken rock-soil mixture. Onthis basis, method for determining the optimal mixing ratio of broken rock-soil mixtureis seriously studied. Furthermore, the routine rheological and dry-wet cycle experimentshave been also conducted on specimens to investigate the rheological and dry-wet cycledeformation mechanism and properties of rockfills, which has been widely used inairport construction in the mountainous areas in western China.
2. Through analyzing the field observed data, it is revealed for the first time thatthe post-construction settlement of high-fill foundation is mainly from the rheologicaldeformation of later filling rockfills, while the early filling rockfills, even if which havea higher level of stress after filling, have little contribution on the settlement. This ismainly because the early filling rockfills have been compressed many times and its rheological deformation has also experienced many long intermission periods duringconstruction. On this basis, the reason for differences between above observedphenomena of actual high-fill engineering and laboratory test results is reasonableexplained.
3. According to composition characteristic of hill-fill foundations in the airport inmountainous areas, several distinctive simplified calculation methods are well proposed,mainly including:1) a simplified method is proposed to calculate the rheologicaldeformation of coarse-grained filler, in which load variations during rheologicaldeformation can be properly considered;2) the other simplified coupling calculationmethod, which can consider a given rainfall situation and the interaction between abovetwo deformations, is well proposed;3) another simplified method applied to calculatelong-term deformation of original soft foundation, in which construction process canalso be properly considered, is proposed. After that, a user-oriented software especiallyapplied to calculate the deformation of high-fill foundation is programmed via VBlanguage, in which above proposed simplified calculation methods are integrated, andthen using this software the practical high-fill engineering is calculated and analyzed toinvestigate the post construction settlement behaviors.
4. A strain hardening model is proposed in this thesis, which can well reflectclassical mechanical properties of coarse-grained soil. Not only the nonlineardeformation behavior, nonlinear strength property, confining stress dependence ofstiffness, dilatancy of coarse grained soil, but also stress path dependence andrheological properties can well be reflected via this model. After that the rationality andfeasibility of the proposed models is demonstrated through comparison with testingresults, it is applied to the simulation analysis of practical engineering boundaryproblems, and the post construction settlement behaviors of high-fill foundations aredeeply studied again. The new models are also shown to be reasonable, effective andadvanced.
引文
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