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海油井控本质安全控制协调机制与方法研究
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摘要
2010年4月20日发生在墨西哥湾的井喷漏油事故,酿成了人类历史上最严重的人为生态灾难,这次事故以其惨烈的人员伤亡、高昂的经济代价和前所未有的环境损害,再次昭示了海洋石油作业安全的重要性与国际政治性。
     本文对BP事故原因进行分析,基于对BP事故的整体思考以及海洋石油作业过去历史数据的思考,主要从三个方面进行研究:
     1、基于本质安全基本理论思想,结合国际海洋石油作业本质安全控制方法,构建适于发展的本质安全宏观控制与协调模型。综合研究海洋石油作业安全控制失败的系统性的原因,基于本质安全基本理论思想,从系统的角度出发,提出本质安全控制协调概念,即系统的本质安全是通过系统各个层次的安全要素之间的控制协调作用达到整体的和谐才取得的。本文以海上作业安全控制及其关联因素协调这两个核心内容为重点,将海洋石油作业安全中人、机、及环境间的和谐交互,提出海上作业安全宏观控制与协调模型的技术思路。
     2、构建海上作业水下防喷器失效模型及控制方法。通过对BP事故的研究,发现设备管理和安全控制应该是紧密结合。本文就设备管理和安全控制在考虑人因要素的条件下,提出安全系统的保护层,充分将人因,设备,环境,管理进行结合。在保护层的基础上,从安全控制与部件故障协调出发,利用故障树分析的方法,双向设计水下防喷器控制失效模型,通过管理模式改进安全控制整体可靠性,反之优化安全控制模式改进设备管理,进而实现海洋作业安全的控制与协调。
     3、基于鲁棒控制方法的海洋石油本质安全协调技术。引入鲁棒控制方法,建立海洋石油作业系统安全鲁棒控制与协调定量研究模型。根据李亚普诺夫稳定性理论和鲁棒H∞控制方法,初步给出海洋石油作业安全鲁棒性的稳定条件,研究海洋石油作业在外界干扰的情况下,保持其运行的安全水平的能力,为海洋石油作业系统安全鲁棒控制与协调提供定量的研究思路,并可以研究模型中的系统参数以及要素间的关联关系,可以支持海洋石油作业系统的安全调查和分析。
Blowout petroleum spill accident occurred at Gulf of Mexico in20th Apr2010,caused theworld‘s worst manmade ecology disaster. This accident leads to badly casualties,significant economic costs and unprecedented environmental damage which show great safetyand international political importance on marine petroleum operations.Base on the BP accident, we deeply think about currently safety control of marine petroleumoperation, analysis the reason why world top equipment would cause failure and how weshould enhance the equipment management through safety supervision. Base on the BPaccident thoroughly and history data of the marine petroleum operation, we analysis fromthree aspects:
     1. Based on inherent safety theory with international marine petroleum operation build macrocontrol and coordinate model.
     Based on inherent safety theory systematically, we analysis the reason why marine petroleumoperation safety control invalid, propose development strategy adapt to expanding rapidly andglobally which have with strong anti-interference robustness towards difference of socialculture,organization management and technique standard。We propose concept of inherentsafety control coordination that the inherent safety of system is obtain by Coordination ofelement of every level of the system. We focus on marine petroleum operation safety controland coordination of relevant element and make the people, equipment and environmentHarmonious interaction, propose method of marine petroleum operation macro control andcoordinate model.
     2.Build marine operation underwater BOP failure mode and control method
     Through research on BP accident, we found that equipment management and safety controlshould be deeply combined. Our article propose the safety system protection layer consideringhuman factor, equipment, environment and management. Based on protection layer, from theangle of safety control and fault coordinate of part, using FTA, we design BOP control failuremode in two-way. From this thinking, we collect some equipment failure data and controlfailure experiment data, judge and optimal quantitatively. Equipment management mode canimprove safety control reliability, on the other way, optimize safety control mode can improve equipment management and realize marine petroleum safety operation control and coordinate.
     3. Marine petroleum inherent safety coordinator based on robustness control
     Bringing robust method, we build marine petroleum operation system safety robust controland coordinate quantitatively research mode, describe the relationship between safety elementto affect the whole safety level. According to Lyapunov theory and robust H∞method, initiallyoffer the marine petroleum operation safety robust stability conditions. Design robust controlcoordinate strategy in matrix inequalities formation. Research the safety stability of marinepetroleum operation under matrix inequalities. This can provide quantitative idea for marinepetroleum operation system safety robust control and coordination; research the relationshipbetween different parameter of system which support the safety investigation and analysis ofmarine petroleum operation system management.
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