地下水渗流环境改变引起含水层变形的机理及计算方法研究
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摘要
本研究针对含水层中地下水开采及地下构筑物引起地下水渗流环境改变造成含水层变形的问题，应用理论分析、室内试验与数值分析相结合的方法研究其发生机理。通过拓展基于Cosserat连续体理论的Budhu地面沉降模型(以下简称Budhu模型)，建立了可以分析承压含水层变形的含水层变形拓展模型(以下简称Budhu拓展模型)；通过室内试验证明了地下水开采及地下构筑物对地下水渗流环境的影响规律，同时对Budhu模型及拓展模型中的基本假设进行了验证；通过应用Budhu拓展模型分析上海市第IV承压含水层变形及常州市地面沉降问题。本研究的主要内容与创新性成果如下：
(1)提出了含水层水位下降引起的土层中剪应力累积是造成含水层变形问题的主要原因：由于Cosserat连续体理论考虑了介质尺度的影响，可以计算连续体中的非对称剪应力分布，从而适用于研究复杂应力条件下土体变形的问题。
(2)建立基于Cosserat连续体理论的Budhu拓展模型：基于Cosserat连续体理论的Budhu模型可用于分析非承压含水层变形，在该模型变形计算中不仅包含了土层的压缩变形，还考虑了由于应力分布不均匀引起的剪切及扭转变形。通过分析非承压含水层与承压含水层之间的区别，以及含水层水位随时间变化的规律，在Budhu模型的基础上建立Budhu拓展模型。
(3)确立了地下水开采与地下构筑物对地下水渗流环境影响的发生机理：通过室内试验确立了地下水开采与地下构筑物对地下水渗流环境的影响规律，包括含水层水位及渗透系数两个方面。试验结果证明在含水层水位分布较均匀时，采用Budhu和Adiyaman提出的单一多项式拟合最终水位的方法是可行的；当含水层中存在地下构筑物造成水位突变时，采用联立多项式拟合效果更好。同时地下构筑物的存在也会影响一定范围内含水层的渗透系数，根据地下构筑物形式不同而有所区别。
(4)建立了挡桩群存在时含水层等效渗透系数的计算方法：挡桩群对含水层渗透性的影响在减小渗流面积的同时还延长了渗流路径，因此挡桩群的布置形式会影响等效渗透系数的大小。引入等效渗透系数修正系数对基于有效介质理论所得到的等效渗透系数计算方法进行修正，得到考虑布桩形式后的含水层等效渗透系数计算方法。
(5)应用本研究提出的Budhu拓展模型分析上海市第IV承压含水层变形及常州市地面沉降问题，结果如下：
①Budhu拓展模型可以较好地预测含水层变形的大小和趋势。Budhu拓展模型、渗流压缩模型、基于Cauchy连续体理论的轴对称模型三种模型的计算结果表明，传统模型无论从渗流角度或是土层材料性状角度出发，都无法考虑由于水力梯度引起土层中剪应力累积的过程，特别处于低水位处的剪应力值较大，所以对土层变形模拟结果均偏保守。而Budhu拓展模型由于考虑了上覆隔水层固结过程以及含水层中剪应力累积过程，模拟结果较好，并解释了变形滞后于水位的宏观现象。
②通过对上海市第IV承压含水层变形的分析，验证了长时间的循环荷载不是引起含水层变形的主要原因。通过对常州市国棉一厂到龙虎塘之间的地面沉降的分析，验证了在长距离多井抽水情况下，采用联立多项式拟合水位更为准确。并且在大范围地下水开采时，密集建造地下构筑物会明显加大地面沉降。
This study was undertaken to evaluate the deformation of aquifer caused by variationof groundwater seepage environment. In order to investigate the mechanism of thesephenomenons, theoretical analysis, laboratory element tests and numerical simulationswere conducted to analysis deformation found in aquifer. The modified model based onCosserat continuum mechanism was proposed; the variation of seepage environment wasdiscussed in laboratory tests; the modified model was employed to investigate the largedeformation of Aquifer IV in Shanghai and surface settlement in Changzhou. The gist andprimary new findings of this dissertation induces:
1) One of the main reason causing deformations in aquifer was accumulation of shearstress in aquifer. By considering the scale of soil element, the Cosserat continuummechanism could be applied to calculate the deformantion of aquifer.
2) A modified model based on Cosserat continuum mechanism was proposed in thisstudy. Budhu and Adiyaman first proposed a model to simulate the deformation ofunconfined aquifer. In this model, the simple shear displacement and rotation of soil hasbeen considerated. Due to the different consolidation procedure between confined andunconfined aquifer, a modified model based on Budhu’s model was proposed in this studyto simulate the deformation of confined aquifer. Especially, new simultaneous polynomialequations were used to fit groundwater head with sudden change or in long distance.
3) The mechanism of underground structures on the groundwater seepageenvironment was established. A series of laboratory investigation on the disturb behaviorof water pumping and underground constructions in aquifer. The results show thatgroundwater level and equivalent permeability were serious disturbed by water pumpingand underground constructions. According to laboratory tests, the assumption of usingpolynomial to fit groundwater level proposed by Budhu and Adiyaman has been proved asa useful simplifies approach. However, simultaneous polynomial equations were used tofit the groundwater level with sharp variation. The construction of underground structurein aquifer would decrease the equivalent permeability.
4) The calculation method of equivalent permeability of the aquifer was proposed.The pile foundation not only reduced the seepage area, but also enlarged seepage path.With different arrangement, the blocking effect by pile foundation was also different too.
5) A series of numerical analysis were conducted to analyze the deformation ofaquifer due to groundwater pumping and underground structures construction found inShanghai and Changzhou. The simulation results were shown below:
i) The results of modified model based on Cosserat continuum mechanism fit fielddata very well. Three different models, including modified model, flow model and plainstrain model, were introduced for comparing. The consolidation of overburden layer andaccumulation of shear stress in aquifer were both considered in the modified model. Thesimulating results showed that the hydraulic gradient has large influence on deformationof aquifer.
ii) Based on the field test data of Shanghai, the results proved the cyclic loading wasnot the main reason causing aquifer deformation. Due to shallow depth and large thicknessof Aquifer II in Changzhou, the deformation in aquifer already caused large landsubsidence. The simultaneous polynomial equations were more suitable in water levelfiting for long distance than single equation. The densely constructed undergroundstructures would increase land subsidence.
(1)提出了含水层水位下降引起的土层中剪应力累积是造成含水层变形问题的主要原因：由于Cosserat连续体理论考虑了介质尺度的影响，可以计算连续体中的非对称剪应力分布，从而适用于研究复杂应力条件下土体变形的问题。
(2)建立基于Cosserat连续体理论的Budhu拓展模型：基于Cosserat连续体理论的Budhu模型可用于分析非承压含水层变形，在该模型变形计算中不仅包含了土层的压缩变形，还考虑了由于应力分布不均匀引起的剪切及扭转变形。通过分析非承压含水层与承压含水层之间的区别，以及含水层水位随时间变化的规律，在Budhu模型的基础上建立Budhu拓展模型。
(3)确立了地下水开采与地下构筑物对地下水渗流环境影响的发生机理：通过室内试验确立了地下水开采与地下构筑物对地下水渗流环境的影响规律，包括含水层水位及渗透系数两个方面。试验结果证明在含水层水位分布较均匀时，采用Budhu和Adiyaman提出的单一多项式拟合最终水位的方法是可行的；当含水层中存在地下构筑物造成水位突变时，采用联立多项式拟合效果更好。同时地下构筑物的存在也会影响一定范围内含水层的渗透系数，根据地下构筑物形式不同而有所区别。
(4)建立了挡桩群存在时含水层等效渗透系数的计算方法：挡桩群对含水层渗透性的影响在减小渗流面积的同时还延长了渗流路径，因此挡桩群的布置形式会影响等效渗透系数的大小。引入等效渗透系数修正系数对基于有效介质理论所得到的等效渗透系数计算方法进行修正，得到考虑布桩形式后的含水层等效渗透系数计算方法。
(5)应用本研究提出的Budhu拓展模型分析上海市第IV承压含水层变形及常州市地面沉降问题，结果如下：
①Budhu拓展模型可以较好地预测含水层变形的大小和趋势。Budhu拓展模型、渗流压缩模型、基于Cauchy连续体理论的轴对称模型三种模型的计算结果表明，传统模型无论从渗流角度或是土层材料性状角度出发，都无法考虑由于水力梯度引起土层中剪应力累积的过程，特别处于低水位处的剪应力值较大，所以对土层变形模拟结果均偏保守。而Budhu拓展模型由于考虑了上覆隔水层固结过程以及含水层中剪应力累积过程，模拟结果较好，并解释了变形滞后于水位的宏观现象。
②通过对上海市第IV承压含水层变形的分析，验证了长时间的循环荷载不是引起含水层变形的主要原因。通过对常州市国棉一厂到龙虎塘之间的地面沉降的分析，验证了在长距离多井抽水情况下，采用联立多项式拟合水位更为准确。并且在大范围地下水开采时，密集建造地下构筑物会明显加大地面沉降。
This study was undertaken to evaluate the deformation of aquifer caused by variationof groundwater seepage environment. In order to investigate the mechanism of thesephenomenons, theoretical analysis, laboratory element tests and numerical simulationswere conducted to analysis deformation found in aquifer. The modified model based onCosserat continuum mechanism was proposed; the variation of seepage environment wasdiscussed in laboratory tests; the modified model was employed to investigate the largedeformation of Aquifer IV in Shanghai and surface settlement in Changzhou. The gist andprimary new findings of this dissertation induces:
1) One of the main reason causing deformations in aquifer was accumulation of shearstress in aquifer. By considering the scale of soil element, the Cosserat continuummechanism could be applied to calculate the deformantion of aquifer.
2) A modified model based on Cosserat continuum mechanism was proposed in thisstudy. Budhu and Adiyaman first proposed a model to simulate the deformation ofunconfined aquifer. In this model, the simple shear displacement and rotation of soil hasbeen considerated. Due to the different consolidation procedure between confined andunconfined aquifer, a modified model based on Budhu’s model was proposed in this studyto simulate the deformation of confined aquifer. Especially, new simultaneous polynomialequations were used to fit groundwater head with sudden change or in long distance.
3) The mechanism of underground structures on the groundwater seepageenvironment was established. A series of laboratory investigation on the disturb behaviorof water pumping and underground constructions in aquifer. The results show thatgroundwater level and equivalent permeability were serious disturbed by water pumpingand underground constructions. According to laboratory tests, the assumption of usingpolynomial to fit groundwater level proposed by Budhu and Adiyaman has been proved asa useful simplifies approach. However, simultaneous polynomial equations were used tofit the groundwater level with sharp variation. The construction of underground structurein aquifer would decrease the equivalent permeability.
4) The calculation method of equivalent permeability of the aquifer was proposed.The pile foundation not only reduced the seepage area, but also enlarged seepage path.With different arrangement, the blocking effect by pile foundation was also different too.
5) A series of numerical analysis were conducted to analyze the deformation ofaquifer due to groundwater pumping and underground structures construction found inShanghai and Changzhou. The simulation results were shown below:
i) The results of modified model based on Cosserat continuum mechanism fit fielddata very well. Three different models, including modified model, flow model and plainstrain model, were introduced for comparing. The consolidation of overburden layer andaccumulation of shear stress in aquifer were both considered in the modified model. Thesimulating results showed that the hydraulic gradient has large influence on deformationof aquifer.
ii) Based on the field test data of Shanghai, the results proved the cyclic loading wasnot the main reason causing aquifer deformation. Due to shallow depth and large thicknessof Aquifer II in Changzhou, the deformation in aquifer already caused large landsubsidence. The simultaneous polynomial equations were more suitable in water levelfiting for long distance than single equation. The densely constructed undergroundstructures would increase land subsidence.
引文
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