全固态激光非线性频率变换及热助推泵浦技术研究
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摘要
随着激光二极管泵浦的全固态激光技术的成熟，全固态激光器已经成为光学领域的一个重要的研究方向，本文对全固态激光器及非线性频率变换技术做了深入研究，研究内容包括全固态紫外激光器、全固态黄光激光器、全固态参量振荡器以及热助推泵浦技术，文中给出了一些新的结构及概念。主要内容及创新点如下：
1全固355nm态紫外激光器
利用激光晶体自身的热透镜效应来对基频光进行聚焦，在未采用额外的聚焦系统情况下，实现了高效紧凑的腔外非线性频率变换紫外355nm激光器，当注入的泵浦功率28W，调制频率10kHz时，获得了1.65W的355nm紫外激光输出，单脉冲能量165μJ，脉宽6ns，峰值功率27.5kW，对应1064nm到355nm的光光转换率20.4%，为了获得更高的光光转换率，我们提出了一种二次和频技术，使一次和频剩余的1064nm和532nm激光再次被聚焦到和频晶体中进行二次和频，从而提高了光光转换效率，当泵浦功率25W时，获得了2.7W的355nm紫外激光输出，1064nm到355nm的光光转换率为43.5%，为了进一步提高1064nm到355nm的光光转换效率，我们利用反射式聚焦技术将1064nm激光和532nm激光聚焦到两块非线性频率变换频晶体中，这种聚焦方式消除了由于透射式聚焦带来的色散效应，将光光转换率进一步提高到了47.4%。
2全固态266nm紫外激光器
对腔外非线性频率变换的266nm紫外激光器进行了研究，为了使激光器更加紧凑采用短光纤耦合，短腔结构，在泵浦功率为25W时，获得了0.85W的紫外266nm激光输出，脉冲宽度6ns,1064nm到266nm的光光为13.7%。
对LD侧泵紫外激光器进行了研究，为了改善光束质量提高光光转换效率，采用了Z型腔结构，当泵浦功率19A，调制频率5kHz时，获得了16W的532nm激光输出，光束质量因子为5，利用BBO晶体进行腔外四倍频，最终获得了2.1W的266nm紫外激光输出，1064nm到266nm的光光转换率为13.13%。
3全固态黄光激光器
提出了一种全新的LD泵浦共轴双晶体结构，当泵浦功率为1.5W时，获得了54mW的589nm黄光激光输出，光光转换率3.6%，激光的长期不稳定度约为5%，采用传统方式在相同的条件下只获得了15mW的黄光激光输出，这种LD泵浦的共轴双晶体结构具有结构紧凑、灵活的特点，可以广泛用于许多和频激光器中。
4全固态连续波可调谐人眼安全波段及中红外激光器
对温度和周期调谐曲线进行了计算，实验中获得了1401~1513nm的连续波人眼安全波段以及3.66~4.22μm的中红外闲频光输出，与理论曲线吻合的很好，当泵浦功率17.1W，最大获得了2.21W的1500nm激光输出，对应的光光转换率12.9%，在相同条件下可获得960mW的3.66μm的中红外闲频光输出，对应光光转换率5.6%.
5热助推泵浦技术的研究
利用914nm热助推泵浦Nd:YVO_4晶体获得了1064nm激光输出，为了克服这种泵浦方式对泵浦光吸收率较低的缺点，采用了增加晶体温度、提高晶体的掺杂浓度以及增加晶体的长度三种方式，并且对以上三种方式进行了实验比较，实验表明利用长晶体和适当的提高晶体的掺杂浓度是能够有效提高转换率的方法，实验中采用1%掺杂10mm长的Nd:YVO_4晶体，当热沉温度为50℃的情况下，吸收了2.87W的914nm泵浦光，获得了2.27W的1064nm激光输出，光光转换率为79.9%，同时，还开展了热助推泵浦的1342nm激光器的研究，利用1%掺杂8mm长的Nd:YVO_4晶体，吸收1.82W的914nm泵浦光获得了0.86W的1342nm激光输出，对应的斜率效率65.4%，在此基础上，进行了880nm热助推泵浦的Nd:YVO_4自受激Raman散射实验，实验表明相比于808nm泵浦的情况，880nm热助推泵浦能够明显的降低晶体的热，从而提高受激Raman散射的光光转换效率。
With the maturity of the diode pumped solid state lasers, it has become one of themost important research point of the optics field. In this paper we research on all solidstate laser and nonlinear frequency conversion techniques, including ultraviolet laser,yellow laser, optical parametric oscillator and a new thermally boosted pumpedmanner, some new architecture and conpect were given here.The main contents and key innovative points are as follows:
1.All-solid-sate ultraviolet laser
The266nm and355nm ultraviolet laser were researched, the compact and efficient355nm laser was realized without additional focusing system by using the thermallens of Nd:YAG crystal itself, with an input pump power of28W, modulatedfrequency at10kHz,1.65W ultraviolet355nm laser was obtained with single pulseenergy165μJ，pulse width6ns, corresponding peak power of27.5kW, optical tooptical (1064nm to355nm) efficiency is20.4%. In order to improve the conversionefficiency. We proposed the secondary summing frequency techniques to make therest power of1064nm and532nm of the first summing frequency sum frequencyagain. With an input pump power of25W,2.7W third harmonic radiation at355nmwas obtained. The optical-to-optical (1064nm to355nm) conversion efficiency was43.5%. To further improve the optical to optical efficiency from1064nm to355nmlaser, a concave reflection mirror was used to focus the laser of1064nm and532nminto two third harmonic optical crystals, which avoids the chromatic aberration oftraditional focusing lens effectively. Finally, the optical-to-optical (1064nm to355nm)conversion efficiency was up to47.4%.
A compact diode end pumped Nd:YAG extracavity frequency conversion266nmultraviolet laser was realized with a short fiber coupling and short optical resonatorsturcture, with the pumped power of25W and modulation frequency10kHz,0.85Wultraviolet266nm laser was obtained, the pulse width was6ns, the optical-to-optical(1064nm to266nm) conversion efficiency was13.7%.
A laser diode side-pumped Nd:YAG266nm ultraviolet laser was also researchedin this paper. To improved the beam quality and increase the conversion efficiency, azigzag cavity was used in this laser, when the pumped current was19A, modulatefrequency is5kHz,16W532nm green laser was obtained with the beam quality factor of5, with the extra-cavity frequency conversion of BBO crystal,2.1W ultravioletlaser266nm was obtained with a optical to optical (532nm to266nm) conversionefficiency was13.13%.
2.All-solid-state yellow laser
A new configuration of589nm yellow laser with a single LD pump source andcoaxial double crystals was proposed in this paper. When the incidence pump poweris1.5W,54mW yellow laser at589nm was obtain, the optical to optical conversionefficiency is3.6%, the laser long term instability was about5%. An orthodox methodfor589nm laser was also employed under the same condition, only15mW yellowlaser was obtain. The configuration of single pump source and coaxial double crystalsis compact and flexible which can be used in many sum frequency laser.
3.All solid state continuous-wave tunable eye-safe and3-5μm mid-infrared laser
Temperature and grating period turning curves of PPLN-OPO were calculated.Experimental tuning range were1401~1513nm for near infrared eye-safe signaloutput and3.66~4.22μm for mid-infrared idle output, which matched theoreticalcurves well. When the LD pump power was17.1W, the maximum signal outputpower was2.21W at1500nm, with a conversion efficiency of12.9%. For the idleoutput, it was960mW at3.66μm, the conversion efficiency was5.6%.
4All solid state thermally boosted pumped lasers
A high efficiency1064nm Nd:YVO_4laser thermally boosted pumped from highStark sublevel of ground state to upper-laser-level by a914nm Nd:YVO_4laser wasdemonstrated. To overcome the shortcoming of low absorption in this pumpingscheme, three possible means-increasing temperature, doping concentration andlength of the Nd:YVO_4crystal-were adopted and compared in detail in theexperiments. The experiments show that using longer gain medium with properdoping concentration should be the most promising method to ensure the absorptionand high efficiency. The maximum1064nm output power of2.27W was achievedwith a1.0%doped,10mm long Nd:YVO_4crystal at the temperature50°C, leading toa efficiency of79.9%with respect to the2.87W absorbed914nm pump power. Ahigh-efficiency1342nm Nd:YVO_4laser thermally boosted pumped at914nm isdemonstrated. An a-cut8mm length Nd:YVO_4crystals-1.0-at.%doped was choosenin the experiment. Finally,0.86W of1342nm laser output was obtained with1.82Wabsorbed pump power. Corresponding slope efficiency of65.4%. Based on the880nmthermally boosted pumped Nd:YVO_4self-stimulated Raman scattering laser was experimental demonstrated, the experiment shows that compared with808nm pumpedmanner the in-band pumped can reduce the heat deposition in the Nd:YVO_4crystalsand improve the optical conversion efficiency of self-stimulated Raman scattering.
1全固355nm态紫外激光器
利用激光晶体自身的热透镜效应来对基频光进行聚焦，在未采用额外的聚焦系统情况下，实现了高效紧凑的腔外非线性频率变换紫外355nm激光器，当注入的泵浦功率28W，调制频率10kHz时，获得了1.65W的355nm紫外激光输出，单脉冲能量165μJ，脉宽6ns，峰值功率27.5kW，对应1064nm到355nm的光光转换率20.4%，为了获得更高的光光转换率，我们提出了一种二次和频技术，使一次和频剩余的1064nm和532nm激光再次被聚焦到和频晶体中进行二次和频，从而提高了光光转换效率，当泵浦功率25W时，获得了2.7W的355nm紫外激光输出，1064nm到355nm的光光转换率为43.5%，为了进一步提高1064nm到355nm的光光转换效率，我们利用反射式聚焦技术将1064nm激光和532nm激光聚焦到两块非线性频率变换频晶体中，这种聚焦方式消除了由于透射式聚焦带来的色散效应，将光光转换率进一步提高到了47.4%。
2全固态266nm紫外激光器
对腔外非线性频率变换的266nm紫外激光器进行了研究，为了使激光器更加紧凑采用短光纤耦合，短腔结构，在泵浦功率为25W时，获得了0.85W的紫外266nm激光输出，脉冲宽度6ns,1064nm到266nm的光光为13.7%。
对LD侧泵紫外激光器进行了研究，为了改善光束质量提高光光转换效率，采用了Z型腔结构，当泵浦功率19A，调制频率5kHz时，获得了16W的532nm激光输出，光束质量因子为5，利用BBO晶体进行腔外四倍频，最终获得了2.1W的266nm紫外激光输出，1064nm到266nm的光光转换率为13.13%。
3全固态黄光激光器
提出了一种全新的LD泵浦共轴双晶体结构，当泵浦功率为1.5W时，获得了54mW的589nm黄光激光输出，光光转换率3.6%，激光的长期不稳定度约为5%，采用传统方式在相同的条件下只获得了15mW的黄光激光输出，这种LD泵浦的共轴双晶体结构具有结构紧凑、灵活的特点，可以广泛用于许多和频激光器中。
4全固态连续波可调谐人眼安全波段及中红外激光器
对温度和周期调谐曲线进行了计算，实验中获得了1401~1513nm的连续波人眼安全波段以及3.66~4.22μm的中红外闲频光输出，与理论曲线吻合的很好，当泵浦功率17.1W，最大获得了2.21W的1500nm激光输出，对应的光光转换率12.9%，在相同条件下可获得960mW的3.66μm的中红外闲频光输出，对应光光转换率5.6%.
5热助推泵浦技术的研究
利用914nm热助推泵浦Nd:YVO_4晶体获得了1064nm激光输出，为了克服这种泵浦方式对泵浦光吸收率较低的缺点，采用了增加晶体温度、提高晶体的掺杂浓度以及增加晶体的长度三种方式，并且对以上三种方式进行了实验比较，实验表明利用长晶体和适当的提高晶体的掺杂浓度是能够有效提高转换率的方法，实验中采用1%掺杂10mm长的Nd:YVO_4晶体，当热沉温度为50℃的情况下，吸收了2.87W的914nm泵浦光，获得了2.27W的1064nm激光输出，光光转换率为79.9%，同时，还开展了热助推泵浦的1342nm激光器的研究，利用1%掺杂8mm长的Nd:YVO_4晶体，吸收1.82W的914nm泵浦光获得了0.86W的1342nm激光输出，对应的斜率效率65.4%，在此基础上，进行了880nm热助推泵浦的Nd:YVO_4自受激Raman散射实验，实验表明相比于808nm泵浦的情况，880nm热助推泵浦能够明显的降低晶体的热，从而提高受激Raman散射的光光转换效率。
With the maturity of the diode pumped solid state lasers, it has become one of themost important research point of the optics field. In this paper we research on all solidstate laser and nonlinear frequency conversion techniques, including ultraviolet laser,yellow laser, optical parametric oscillator and a new thermally boosted pumpedmanner, some new architecture and conpect were given here.The main contents and key innovative points are as follows:
1.All-solid-sate ultraviolet laser
The266nm and355nm ultraviolet laser were researched, the compact and efficient355nm laser was realized without additional focusing system by using the thermallens of Nd:YAG crystal itself, with an input pump power of28W, modulatedfrequency at10kHz,1.65W ultraviolet355nm laser was obtained with single pulseenergy165μJ，pulse width6ns, corresponding peak power of27.5kW, optical tooptical (1064nm to355nm) efficiency is20.4%. In order to improve the conversionefficiency. We proposed the secondary summing frequency techniques to make therest power of1064nm and532nm of the first summing frequency sum frequencyagain. With an input pump power of25W,2.7W third harmonic radiation at355nmwas obtained. The optical-to-optical (1064nm to355nm) conversion efficiency was43.5%. To further improve the optical to optical efficiency from1064nm to355nmlaser, a concave reflection mirror was used to focus the laser of1064nm and532nminto two third harmonic optical crystals, which avoids the chromatic aberration oftraditional focusing lens effectively. Finally, the optical-to-optical (1064nm to355nm)conversion efficiency was up to47.4%.
A compact diode end pumped Nd:YAG extracavity frequency conversion266nmultraviolet laser was realized with a short fiber coupling and short optical resonatorsturcture, with the pumped power of25W and modulation frequency10kHz,0.85Wultraviolet266nm laser was obtained, the pulse width was6ns, the optical-to-optical(1064nm to266nm) conversion efficiency was13.7%.
A laser diode side-pumped Nd:YAG266nm ultraviolet laser was also researchedin this paper. To improved the beam quality and increase the conversion efficiency, azigzag cavity was used in this laser, when the pumped current was19A, modulatefrequency is5kHz,16W532nm green laser was obtained with the beam quality factor of5, with the extra-cavity frequency conversion of BBO crystal,2.1W ultravioletlaser266nm was obtained with a optical to optical (532nm to266nm) conversionefficiency was13.13%.
2.All-solid-state yellow laser
A new configuration of589nm yellow laser with a single LD pump source andcoaxial double crystals was proposed in this paper. When the incidence pump poweris1.5W,54mW yellow laser at589nm was obtain, the optical to optical conversionefficiency is3.6%, the laser long term instability was about5%. An orthodox methodfor589nm laser was also employed under the same condition, only15mW yellowlaser was obtain. The configuration of single pump source and coaxial double crystalsis compact and flexible which can be used in many sum frequency laser.
3.All solid state continuous-wave tunable eye-safe and3-5μm mid-infrared laser
Temperature and grating period turning curves of PPLN-OPO were calculated.Experimental tuning range were1401~1513nm for near infrared eye-safe signaloutput and3.66~4.22μm for mid-infrared idle output, which matched theoreticalcurves well. When the LD pump power was17.1W, the maximum signal outputpower was2.21W at1500nm, with a conversion efficiency of12.9%. For the idleoutput, it was960mW at3.66μm, the conversion efficiency was5.6%.
4All solid state thermally boosted pumped lasers
A high efficiency1064nm Nd:YVO_4laser thermally boosted pumped from highStark sublevel of ground state to upper-laser-level by a914nm Nd:YVO_4laser wasdemonstrated. To overcome the shortcoming of low absorption in this pumpingscheme, three possible means-increasing temperature, doping concentration andlength of the Nd:YVO_4crystal-were adopted and compared in detail in theexperiments. The experiments show that using longer gain medium with properdoping concentration should be the most promising method to ensure the absorptionand high efficiency. The maximum1064nm output power of2.27W was achievedwith a1.0%doped,10mm long Nd:YVO_4crystal at the temperature50°C, leading toa efficiency of79.9%with respect to the2.87W absorbed914nm pump power. Ahigh-efficiency1342nm Nd:YVO_4laser thermally boosted pumped at914nm isdemonstrated. An a-cut8mm length Nd:YVO_4crystals-1.0-at.%doped was choosenin the experiment. Finally,0.86W of1342nm laser output was obtained with1.82Wabsorbed pump power. Corresponding slope efficiency of65.4%. Based on the880nmthermally boosted pumped Nd:YVO_4self-stimulated Raman scattering laser was experimental demonstrated, the experiment shows that compared with808nm pumpedmanner the in-band pumped can reduce the heat deposition in the Nd:YVO_4crystalsand improve the optical conversion efficiency of self-stimulated Raman scattering.
引文
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