创业者社会网络的演化过程研究
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摘要
本文利用社会网络理论和创业理论构建了创业者在新企业创建过程中其社会网络主体和结构演化的理论模型，利用复杂网络理论实现了从理论模型向数理模型的转变。创业者社会网络是个体网络，从自然人社会网络发展而来。实践中，真实的创业者将归属于其个人的“社会网络”称为“关系网”。社会网络作为获取外部信息和资源的平台被大多数创业者重视。创业者从社会网络中获取对其有价值的信息和资源，并为了更加高效的获取信息和资源而优化其社会网络。
创业者在创业想法产生之前，其社会网络来自于日常生活并服务于日常生活，因此网络主体和结构都与其个人偏好有着密切的关系。创业者在产生创业想法之后，其对信息与资源的需求显著增加，已有社会网络无法完成信息与资源获取需求，对社会网络的改造成为了当务之急。如何改造创业者社会网络使之更适合获取创业所需的信息和资源是本文研究的核心问题。本文在回顾了社会网络经典理论和创业理论的基础上构建了创业者社会网络演化的理论模型，并分析了演化过程中网络主体和网络结构动态变化对信息获取的数量，质量和效率的影响。
创业者或自然人都从社会网络中获取信息和资源。信息获取是资源获取的重要前置因素，而且信息也是在社会网络时刻进行交流和共享，这种信息交流和共享的行为起到了维持和强化社会网络中主体之间关系的常态化行为。因此本文主要考虑创业者社会网络从其自然人状态转变到以创业为目的的状态的时候其主体的更新，结构的转变等社会网络动态变化的重要指标，分析了在这个动态变化过程中创业者信息获取的数量，质量和效率。
为了实现创业者社会网络的动态变化过程，对社会网络进行模型构建需要突破原有的基于定性的社会网络讨论的模型，构建包含核心要素的社会网络模型，并在过程中观察核心要素的变化。创业者在创业的过程中其社会网络发生变化的因素复杂，主体，结构都会发生变化，这种变化伴随着环境的影响，因此仅仅考察各种因素对于社会网络影响程度无法解决本文所要研究的问题，定量描述创业者社会网络的模型是必然需求。本文利用复杂网络中经典的“无尺度”模型（Scale-free）的研究范式来构建创业者社会网络中主体及其所附属的信息的模型，通过观察创业者社会网络中度的分布来观察个体的属性和其所提供信息的数量，质量和效率。信息的大量，高质量和高效率的获取对于创业者获取重要资源奠定了良好的基础，本文也在理论构建的时候提出了关于信息的假设，并在之后的案例访谈和问卷调研中得到了充分的验证。
有关主体和其所携带信息的描述本文已经实现，那么什么样的网络结构对于创业者获取信息产生重要的影响，则是本文所面临的另一个问题。本文利用了复杂网络理论中“小世界”模型（Small World）的研究范式来构建创业者社会网络的结构模型。“小世界”这个概念在实践中真实的存在于创业者头脑之中，这种实践中被称为“小圈子”的概念在理论中可以被归为“小世界”的概念，因此本文建立了“小世界”概念在实践中度量体系和标准。本文通过关注于创业者社会网络在其度的分布和小世界行为这两个层面下的表现来度量创业者在创业进程中不断的获取信息，进而不断的获取重要的创业资源。
本文在管理学视角下提出了有关创业者优化社会网络行为的研究问题，其理论的构建、变量的提出、因素的分析等都在管理学理念下进行。由于本文想实现创业者社会网络的优化行为的整体性研究，从而发现创业者优化社会网络行为的共性，进而为实现提供良好的解决方案这个目标，本文利用了复杂网络理论下两种重要的研究范式，无尺度模型和小世界模型。将这两个不同领域，甚至是两中不同学科下的研究方法统一到一起，共同用于构建创业者社会网络的动态变化模型对作者是一个重大挑战。由于两个不同学科中的方法论在问题设计和方法实现上均有较明显的差别，本文不仅仅需要从理论上解释这两个不同学科对同一现象的描述和内涵，更要重的是要在实践中实现无误解和无偏差的结果检验。为了实现这一目标本文首先利用案例访谈的方式，深入访谈了5位从事不同行业的真实的创业者，依托这5位创业者的访谈内容将这两个学科学科中关于社会网络主体、结构、信息交流和共享机制等本文重要研究内容进行初步研究，并整理出用于问卷调研的问题。在访谈中，本文没有事先给出相关概念的内涵来考察实践中对于相关术语的理解程度，结果部分概念与实践中可理解的词汇相差巨大，因此本文需要利用实践中可以理解的词语将概念重新说明，并把概念的度量利用实践中常用的语言进行描述，从而增强了问卷调研中问题的可读性和理解的准确性，进而保证了本文的研究结构在实践中可以得到验证。本文利用问卷调查了长春223名创业者或创业企业对于其社会网络的动态变化问题的看法。支持了本文在第3章中提出的关于时间紧迫性对社会网络优化紧迫性的正向影响；社会网络中个体数量对信息获取数量的正向影响；创业者所处小世界个数对其获取信息和质量和效率有正向影响等假设内容，并印证了在第4章中本文所建立的创业者社会网络演化的数理模型中关于网络主体演化的结论，即创业初期强关系主体与弱关系主体的比例大致相当。本文的最后总结了研究的结论和主要的创新点，并提出了本研究的局限和未来的发展方向。本文主要有三个创新点：（1）基于完整的新企业创建过程构建创业者社会网络演化的理论模型；（2）基于理论模型，利用复杂网络思想提出了创业者社会网络演化两种重要途径和方法；（3）利用案例访谈和实证研究的方法建立了理论模型的要素与数理模型中的参数的对应关系，使得数理模型既有实践基础，又有理论支撑。
本文按照如下的顺序展开研究工作。在第1章绪论中，本文总结了本研究的理论背景和实践背景，并在这些背景下提出本文研究问题、研究方法和技术路线。在第2章的理论和文献综述中，本文回顾了社会网络理论和复杂网络理论各自的研究内容和研究范式，为之后的研究奠定了基础。在第3章的理论模型构建中，本文提出了创业者社会网络的概念及其内涵，并提出了关于其动态变化行为的4条假设，进而构建了创业者社会网络演化的理论模型，分析其影响因素。在第4章的数理模型构建中，本文利用复杂网络中无尺度模型和小世界模型进行模型构建，利用演化博弈的思想实现其动态的演化行为。在第在第5章中本文利用案例分析和问卷调研的方式实现了理论模型和数理模型的相互验证，从而对本研究的结果给予实践上的支持。第6章回顾了本文的研究和主要创新点，并分析研究的局限性和未来的发展方向。
This paper utilizes the classical theory of social network and complex network to buildthe dynamic developing model on the structure and node of the social networks ofentrepreneurs. Social network of the entrepreneur is the most important platform for accessto external information and resources for most entrepreneurs. Therefore, in practice,entrepreneurs are intentionally or unintentionally, to optimize and improve their own socialnetwork, which real Chinese entrepreneurs called as "guanxi network". Beforeentrepreneurial ideas generated, entrepreneurs’ social networks act as the network for theirindividual preference. When entrepreneurs generate entrepreneurial ideas, information andresources demand significantly increase. Entrepreneurs can not be access to all theinformation and resources via their quondam social network, so it is imperative for thetransformation of the social network. This paper reviews the classical theory of the socialnetwork and the classic model of the complex network, and analyses the importantantecedent role as resource obtaining. Entrepreneurs or natural persons access to informationand resources from their social networks, exchanging and sharing of information is a normalbehavior to maintain and strengthen the relationship between the main social networks, andthe acquisition of resources in a full exchange of information and sharing Objective highlybehavior will occur. This paper considered important indicators of the social network ofentrepreneurs to the state for the purpose of entrepreneurship to shift from their naturalperson status, social network dynamic change of the main body of the update, thereconstruction of the relationship, and changes in the structure, the analysis in this dynamicchange carried by the body of a procedure for the exchange of information and sharingmechanism.
In order to achieve the dynamic process of the social network of entrepreneurs, need tobreak the original model discussed based on the qualitative the social network, build a socialnetwork model contains the core elements, and observe the changes of the core elements inthe process of social network model. Complex factors of entrepreneurs in the businessprocess change its social network, the main structure will change, along with theenvironmental impact of this change, therefore only examine the various factors that can notbe solved in this article for the impact of social network research quantitative description of the model of the social network of entrepreneurs is an inevitable demand. In this paper, acomplex network in the classic "scale-free" model (Scale-free) research paradigm socialnetwork of entrepreneurs to build a model of the main body and its subsidiary informationby observing the distribution of the social network of entrepreneurs moderate to observe theindividual attributes and the diversity of the information it provides. This diversity ofinformation access to vital resources for entrepreneurs and laid a good foundation, this paperalso theoretical construct assumptions about the diversity of information and has beensufficiently validated in the following case interviews and a questionnaire survey.
The description of this article on the subject and the diversity of information carried byhim has been achieved, then what kind of network structure for entrepreneurs to obtaininformation important impact is facing. The use of complex network theory "small world"model (Small World) paradigm to build a model of the structure of the social network ofentrepreneurs. This concept in practice in the real presence of "small world" in the minds ofthe entrepreneurs, this practice is called "inner circle" concept in theory can be classified as a"small world" concept, this article established The "small world" concept in the metricsystem and standard practice. This paper focuses on the social networks of entrepreneurs inits degree distribution and small-world behavior of these two levels metric entrepreneurs inthe entrepreneurial process of constant access to information, and thus access to importantentrepreneurial resources.
The Management Perspective entrepreneurs optimization study of the social networkbehavior problems, the construction of the theory, the proposal of the variable factorsanalysis, etc. Management philosophy. Want achieve holistic optimization behavior researchin the social network of entrepreneurs, which found that common for entrepreneurs tooptimize social network behavior, and thus provide a good solution for the realization of thisgoal, we make use of the theory of complex networks under two important researchparadigm, the scale-free model and the small world model. These two different areas, evenresearch method is unified under the two different disciplines together jointly used to buildthe model of the dynamic changes of the social network of entrepreneurs is a majorchallenge on the author. Methodology in two different disciplines on the realization of thedesign and method of the problem has obvious difference, not only from theory to describeand explain these two different disciplines on the same phenomenon connotation moreweight to in practice to achieve the result of misunderstanding and no deviation test. In orderto achieve the goal of this article first case interviews, in-depth interviews with five real entrepreneurs in different industries, relying on interviews of five entrepreneurs of these twodisciplines disciplines about the social network the main structure, information exchange andsharing mechanism, an important research content of this article a preliminary study, andsort out the problem for the questionnaire survey. In interviews, the article does not advancegiven the connotation of related concepts to examine the practice for the understanding ofthe relevant terminology the results understandable part of the concept and practice ofvocabulary huge difference, This article the concept of re-use of words can be understood inthe practice description, and the metric of the concept using a language commonly used inpractice will be described, thereby enhancing the readability and understanding of theproblem in the questionnaire survey accuracy, thereby ensuring the structure of this studycan be verified in practice. In this paper, the questionnaire Changchun223entrepreneurs orentrepreneurial enterprise view of the dynamic changes of the social network. Assumed thatthe content of the main support in Chapter3, on the evolution of the social network triggerreason-time urgency, evolution, evolution of the structure and evolution of the power-entrepreneurial willingness role, and confirmed in the first Chapter4herein establishedentrepreneur social network evolution part of the results of the mathematical model. Thisarticle concludes the study's conclusions and the main point of innovation, and thelimitations of this study and the future direction of development. In this paper, there are threeinnovative points:(1) complete and unified description of social networks from naturalperson status to entrepreneurs state of transition;(2) to achieve the transition frommanagement theory to the mathematical model of, and evolutionary game thinkingentrepreneurs social network evolution;(3) a mathematical model of the social networkconstruction and evolution analysis using case studies and empirical validation andestimation parameters.
This article was in the following order to expand the research work. Chapter1Introduction This paper summarizes the theoretical background and practical background ofthis study, the context of this study, the research methods and technology roadmap. Chapter2Theory and Literature Review This paper reviews the social network theory and complexnetwork theory research content and research paradigm, and laid the foundation for thefollowing research. In Chapter3of the theoretical model, the paper puts forward the conceptand connotation of the social network of entrepreneurs, and four assumptions about thebehavior of the dynamic changes, and then construct a theoretical model of the evolution ofthe social network of entrepreneurs, analysis of its factor. Chapter4mathematical model, this paper, a complex network model to build scale models and small-world model, the ideaof evolutionary game dynamic evolution behavior. Mutual validation of theoretical modelsand mathematical models in Chapter5of this article the use of case studies andquestionnaire survey, the results of this study give practical support. Chapter6reviews theresearch and innovation, and analysis of the limitations of the study and the future directionof development.
创业者在创业想法产生之前，其社会网络来自于日常生活并服务于日常生活，因此网络主体和结构都与其个人偏好有着密切的关系。创业者在产生创业想法之后，其对信息与资源的需求显著增加，已有社会网络无法完成信息与资源获取需求，对社会网络的改造成为了当务之急。如何改造创业者社会网络使之更适合获取创业所需的信息和资源是本文研究的核心问题。本文在回顾了社会网络经典理论和创业理论的基础上构建了创业者社会网络演化的理论模型，并分析了演化过程中网络主体和网络结构动态变化对信息获取的数量，质量和效率的影响。
创业者或自然人都从社会网络中获取信息和资源。信息获取是资源获取的重要前置因素，而且信息也是在社会网络时刻进行交流和共享，这种信息交流和共享的行为起到了维持和强化社会网络中主体之间关系的常态化行为。因此本文主要考虑创业者社会网络从其自然人状态转变到以创业为目的的状态的时候其主体的更新，结构的转变等社会网络动态变化的重要指标，分析了在这个动态变化过程中创业者信息获取的数量，质量和效率。
为了实现创业者社会网络的动态变化过程，对社会网络进行模型构建需要突破原有的基于定性的社会网络讨论的模型，构建包含核心要素的社会网络模型，并在过程中观察核心要素的变化。创业者在创业的过程中其社会网络发生变化的因素复杂，主体，结构都会发生变化，这种变化伴随着环境的影响，因此仅仅考察各种因素对于社会网络影响程度无法解决本文所要研究的问题，定量描述创业者社会网络的模型是必然需求。本文利用复杂网络中经典的“无尺度”模型（Scale-free）的研究范式来构建创业者社会网络中主体及其所附属的信息的模型，通过观察创业者社会网络中度的分布来观察个体的属性和其所提供信息的数量，质量和效率。信息的大量，高质量和高效率的获取对于创业者获取重要资源奠定了良好的基础，本文也在理论构建的时候提出了关于信息的假设，并在之后的案例访谈和问卷调研中得到了充分的验证。
有关主体和其所携带信息的描述本文已经实现，那么什么样的网络结构对于创业者获取信息产生重要的影响，则是本文所面临的另一个问题。本文利用了复杂网络理论中“小世界”模型（Small World）的研究范式来构建创业者社会网络的结构模型。“小世界”这个概念在实践中真实的存在于创业者头脑之中，这种实践中被称为“小圈子”的概念在理论中可以被归为“小世界”的概念，因此本文建立了“小世界”概念在实践中度量体系和标准。本文通过关注于创业者社会网络在其度的分布和小世界行为这两个层面下的表现来度量创业者在创业进程中不断的获取信息，进而不断的获取重要的创业资源。
本文在管理学视角下提出了有关创业者优化社会网络行为的研究问题，其理论的构建、变量的提出、因素的分析等都在管理学理念下进行。由于本文想实现创业者社会网络的优化行为的整体性研究，从而发现创业者优化社会网络行为的共性，进而为实现提供良好的解决方案这个目标，本文利用了复杂网络理论下两种重要的研究范式，无尺度模型和小世界模型。将这两个不同领域，甚至是两中不同学科下的研究方法统一到一起，共同用于构建创业者社会网络的动态变化模型对作者是一个重大挑战。由于两个不同学科中的方法论在问题设计和方法实现上均有较明显的差别，本文不仅仅需要从理论上解释这两个不同学科对同一现象的描述和内涵，更要重的是要在实践中实现无误解和无偏差的结果检验。为了实现这一目标本文首先利用案例访谈的方式，深入访谈了5位从事不同行业的真实的创业者，依托这5位创业者的访谈内容将这两个学科学科中关于社会网络主体、结构、信息交流和共享机制等本文重要研究内容进行初步研究，并整理出用于问卷调研的问题。在访谈中，本文没有事先给出相关概念的内涵来考察实践中对于相关术语的理解程度，结果部分概念与实践中可理解的词汇相差巨大，因此本文需要利用实践中可以理解的词语将概念重新说明，并把概念的度量利用实践中常用的语言进行描述，从而增强了问卷调研中问题的可读性和理解的准确性，进而保证了本文的研究结构在实践中可以得到验证。本文利用问卷调查了长春223名创业者或创业企业对于其社会网络的动态变化问题的看法。支持了本文在第3章中提出的关于时间紧迫性对社会网络优化紧迫性的正向影响；社会网络中个体数量对信息获取数量的正向影响；创业者所处小世界个数对其获取信息和质量和效率有正向影响等假设内容，并印证了在第4章中本文所建立的创业者社会网络演化的数理模型中关于网络主体演化的结论，即创业初期强关系主体与弱关系主体的比例大致相当。本文的最后总结了研究的结论和主要的创新点，并提出了本研究的局限和未来的发展方向。本文主要有三个创新点：（1）基于完整的新企业创建过程构建创业者社会网络演化的理论模型；（2）基于理论模型，利用复杂网络思想提出了创业者社会网络演化两种重要途径和方法；（3）利用案例访谈和实证研究的方法建立了理论模型的要素与数理模型中的参数的对应关系，使得数理模型既有实践基础，又有理论支撑。
本文按照如下的顺序展开研究工作。在第1章绪论中，本文总结了本研究的理论背景和实践背景，并在这些背景下提出本文研究问题、研究方法和技术路线。在第2章的理论和文献综述中，本文回顾了社会网络理论和复杂网络理论各自的研究内容和研究范式，为之后的研究奠定了基础。在第3章的理论模型构建中，本文提出了创业者社会网络的概念及其内涵，并提出了关于其动态变化行为的4条假设，进而构建了创业者社会网络演化的理论模型，分析其影响因素。在第4章的数理模型构建中，本文利用复杂网络中无尺度模型和小世界模型进行模型构建，利用演化博弈的思想实现其动态的演化行为。在第在第5章中本文利用案例分析和问卷调研的方式实现了理论模型和数理模型的相互验证，从而对本研究的结果给予实践上的支持。第6章回顾了本文的研究和主要创新点，并分析研究的局限性和未来的发展方向。
This paper utilizes the classical theory of social network and complex network to buildthe dynamic developing model on the structure and node of the social networks ofentrepreneurs. Social network of the entrepreneur is the most important platform for accessto external information and resources for most entrepreneurs. Therefore, in practice,entrepreneurs are intentionally or unintentionally, to optimize and improve their own socialnetwork, which real Chinese entrepreneurs called as "guanxi network". Beforeentrepreneurial ideas generated, entrepreneurs’ social networks act as the network for theirindividual preference. When entrepreneurs generate entrepreneurial ideas, information andresources demand significantly increase. Entrepreneurs can not be access to all theinformation and resources via their quondam social network, so it is imperative for thetransformation of the social network. This paper reviews the classical theory of the socialnetwork and the classic model of the complex network, and analyses the importantantecedent role as resource obtaining. Entrepreneurs or natural persons access to informationand resources from their social networks, exchanging and sharing of information is a normalbehavior to maintain and strengthen the relationship between the main social networks, andthe acquisition of resources in a full exchange of information and sharing Objective highlybehavior will occur. This paper considered important indicators of the social network ofentrepreneurs to the state for the purpose of entrepreneurship to shift from their naturalperson status, social network dynamic change of the main body of the update, thereconstruction of the relationship, and changes in the structure, the analysis in this dynamicchange carried by the body of a procedure for the exchange of information and sharingmechanism.
In order to achieve the dynamic process of the social network of entrepreneurs, need tobreak the original model discussed based on the qualitative the social network, build a socialnetwork model contains the core elements, and observe the changes of the core elements inthe process of social network model. Complex factors of entrepreneurs in the businessprocess change its social network, the main structure will change, along with theenvironmental impact of this change, therefore only examine the various factors that can notbe solved in this article for the impact of social network research quantitative description of the model of the social network of entrepreneurs is an inevitable demand. In this paper, acomplex network in the classic "scale-free" model (Scale-free) research paradigm socialnetwork of entrepreneurs to build a model of the main body and its subsidiary informationby observing the distribution of the social network of entrepreneurs moderate to observe theindividual attributes and the diversity of the information it provides. This diversity ofinformation access to vital resources for entrepreneurs and laid a good foundation, this paperalso theoretical construct assumptions about the diversity of information and has beensufficiently validated in the following case interviews and a questionnaire survey.
The description of this article on the subject and the diversity of information carried byhim has been achieved, then what kind of network structure for entrepreneurs to obtaininformation important impact is facing. The use of complex network theory "small world"model (Small World) paradigm to build a model of the structure of the social network ofentrepreneurs. This concept in practice in the real presence of "small world" in the minds ofthe entrepreneurs, this practice is called "inner circle" concept in theory can be classified as a"small world" concept, this article established The "small world" concept in the metricsystem and standard practice. This paper focuses on the social networks of entrepreneurs inits degree distribution and small-world behavior of these two levels metric entrepreneurs inthe entrepreneurial process of constant access to information, and thus access to importantentrepreneurial resources.
The Management Perspective entrepreneurs optimization study of the social networkbehavior problems, the construction of the theory, the proposal of the variable factorsanalysis, etc. Management philosophy. Want achieve holistic optimization behavior researchin the social network of entrepreneurs, which found that common for entrepreneurs tooptimize social network behavior, and thus provide a good solution for the realization of thisgoal, we make use of the theory of complex networks under two important researchparadigm, the scale-free model and the small world model. These two different areas, evenresearch method is unified under the two different disciplines together jointly used to buildthe model of the dynamic changes of the social network of entrepreneurs is a majorchallenge on the author. Methodology in two different disciplines on the realization of thedesign and method of the problem has obvious difference, not only from theory to describeand explain these two different disciplines on the same phenomenon connotation moreweight to in practice to achieve the result of misunderstanding and no deviation test. In orderto achieve the goal of this article first case interviews, in-depth interviews with five real entrepreneurs in different industries, relying on interviews of five entrepreneurs of these twodisciplines disciplines about the social network the main structure, information exchange andsharing mechanism, an important research content of this article a preliminary study, andsort out the problem for the questionnaire survey. In interviews, the article does not advancegiven the connotation of related concepts to examine the practice for the understanding ofthe relevant terminology the results understandable part of the concept and practice ofvocabulary huge difference, This article the concept of re-use of words can be understood inthe practice description, and the metric of the concept using a language commonly used inpractice will be described, thereby enhancing the readability and understanding of theproblem in the questionnaire survey accuracy, thereby ensuring the structure of this studycan be verified in practice. In this paper, the questionnaire Changchun223entrepreneurs orentrepreneurial enterprise view of the dynamic changes of the social network. Assumed thatthe content of the main support in Chapter3, on the evolution of the social network triggerreason-time urgency, evolution, evolution of the structure and evolution of the power-entrepreneurial willingness role, and confirmed in the first Chapter4herein establishedentrepreneur social network evolution part of the results of the mathematical model. Thisarticle concludes the study's conclusions and the main point of innovation, and thelimitations of this study and the future direction of development. In this paper, there are threeinnovative points:(1) complete and unified description of social networks from naturalperson status to entrepreneurs state of transition;(2) to achieve the transition frommanagement theory to the mathematical model of, and evolutionary game thinkingentrepreneurs social network evolution;(3) a mathematical model of the social networkconstruction and evolution analysis using case studies and empirical validation andestimation parameters.
This article was in the following order to expand the research work. Chapter1Introduction This paper summarizes the theoretical background and practical background ofthis study, the context of this study, the research methods and technology roadmap. Chapter2Theory and Literature Review This paper reviews the social network theory and complexnetwork theory research content and research paradigm, and laid the foundation for thefollowing research. In Chapter3of the theoretical model, the paper puts forward the conceptand connotation of the social network of entrepreneurs, and four assumptions about thebehavior of the dynamic changes, and then construct a theoretical model of the evolution ofthe social network of entrepreneurs, analysis of its factor. Chapter4mathematical model, this paper, a complex network model to build scale models and small-world model, the ideaof evolutionary game dynamic evolution behavior. Mutual validation of theoretical modelsand mathematical models in Chapter5of this article the use of case studies andquestionnaire survey, the results of this study give practical support. Chapter6reviews theresearch and innovation, and analysis of the limitations of the study and the future directionof development.
引文
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