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汶川地震灾区历史文化名城灾后价值分析与保护研究
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摘要
5.12汶川特大地震灾区历史文化资源十分丰富,拥有众多国家级和省级历史文化名城。地震使大量历史文化名城遭受严重破坏,近千处文物保护单位、无数的历史建筑和历史文化价值极高的街区遭受灭顶之灾。灾区重建任务已全面完成,住房和基础设施建设已经解决,灾区群众生产和生活步入正轨。在此背景下审视灾区的历史文化名城保护工作,发现问题并提出解决思路,可对今后灾后重建工作提供借鉴,具有重要的理论和实践价值。本文以地震灾害和历史文化名城保护综合考虑的思路开展研究,通过分析国内外大灾之后的历史文化恢复理论和实践,以及历史文化名城保护的一般理论和方法,针对灾区历史文化名城的震后现状,分析其价值的变化,建立历史文化名城价值的地震影响综合评价模型,明确了评价的原则、标准、内容和方法。进而实地考察汶川地震极重灾区的都江堰、汶川、什邡、绵竹、北川5个城市,分析其历史文化价值,地震灾损,恢复重建规划和实施,防灾减灾系统,以及景观风貌恢复和保护,应用设计的评价体系,进行灾后历史文化名城价值评价,并对灾后历史文化名城保护提出建议。最后从名城价值、防灾系统的构建、景观风貌的塑造、地震遗址和纪念建筑、政策法规导向等方面,探讨历史文化名城保护可供操作的一般经验和需要注意的问题。基于以上的综合研究分析,本论文的主要研究内容和结论有以下几个方面:
     一、汶川地震灾区的历史文化名城具有历史价值高、文化遗存丰富、地理区位独特、历史影响深远、地域特征明显等特征。震后,文物点本身的属性发生变化,传统风貌、现状肌理和整体格局的改变导致名城价值受到影响;同时,地震遗址和纪念物等物质载体及抗震救灾与灾后重建精神等方面的成就也给名城价值增添了新的内容。
     二、建立历史文化名城价值的地震影响综合评价模型,将整个评价体系划分为历史文化价值特色、地震影响评估、地震景观与社会影响、保护规划和抗震措施4个一级指标,继续分解为13个二级指标,29个三级指标。通过定量与定性结合的评价方法对历史文化名城价值进行综合评价,再依据分级标准对评价结果进行等级评判。
     三、对汶川地震极重灾区的五个城市进行考察分析并提出历史文化名城保护建议:
     1.修复紧邻世界遗产都江堰景区的历史街区建筑,划分有价值的区域为历史文化街区进行保护,如幸福路、大观街、书院街、瑞莲街、井福街、蒲阳镇古廊桥地区;增加城市开放空间,分级设置城市公园、地区公园、社区公园、儿童公园、街头绿地等,作为休憩和疏散场地;拆除文物古迹周边的棚户区和工厂区,更新城区老化设施,开展水域综合环境治理,引导商业文化设施集聚中心。
     2.合理引导、强化汶川历史文化名城意识和保护名城的责任感;扩大现代建筑与文物古迹间缺乏必要的过渡协调地带,如姜维城遗址;挖掘原有的历史文化底蕴,强化禹羌文化特色,并借助震后“汶川”的名气,丰富历史文化名城的内涵。
     3.绵竹历史文化名城保护专项规划中增加对文物建筑的抗震防震措施;整治民主巷历史文化风貌,开展民主巷历史文化街区保护规划;加强新城区与旧城之间必要的过渡和引导,明确风貌控制区和建设协调区,新建筑应体现川西建筑特色。
     4.提升什邡历史文化特色和品质,整治周家大院街区和罗汉寺街区,进行城区风貌改造,有条件的街区进行保护,如马井正大街、师古回龙街、蓥华红旗街;改善文物古迹用地现状的局促,对慧剑寺和关帝庙周边进行改造,拆除现代化建筑,划定文物保护控制区和协调区;建立立体绿化游憩网络,保护和完善绿化建设,如留春苑公园内以及筏子河两岸,在重要节点建设相应街头绿地和小游园。
     5.北川是汶川地震灾区唯一异地重建的城市,灾后重建塑造了“北川模式”。通过研究,认为北川申报“灾难型”历史文化名城,其历史文化名城特色定位为大禹故里,现代化的羌族文化城,灾后重建模范城市;历史文化保护核心区为曲山原县城遗址、县城南部的任家坪地区以及北部的唐家山堰塞湖堰塞体周边;永昌新城大禹文化轴线街区可列为历史文化街区,市民中心、北川大酒店、羌族博物馆与羌文化研究综合体、抗震纪念馆等可适当列为文物保护单位。
     四、进一步提出了增强历史文化名城历史文化保护和抗灾防灾能力的建议:对老城区进行功能疏解,调整用地性质和规模,降低老城区密度;防灾避灾和城市历史空间相结合,利用古城水系等要素形成城市公园兼具疏散作用,整治不合理的历史街巷,满足避难所和疏散通道要求;按照城市新抗震设防要求,增加文物保护单位和历史建筑的抗震防震措施;综合解决古城交通的现代化、用地功能的调整、风貌特色的形成等对历史文化名城保护有重大影响的问题;原真性修复地震中受损的历史古迹和历史街区,保持地域传统特色,最大限度地发挥历史文化遗产在构成城市风貌特色中的积极作用;积极保护地震遗址,利用灾后恢复重建的物质和精神成果,扩大城市的历史文化价值范畴,提高历史文化名城的社会影响力。
     期望本文对汶川地震灾区历史文化名城的进一步保护工作提供科学参考,同时也为其他历史文化名城的防灾减灾提供借鉴。
The disaster area of5.12Wenchuan great earthquakes is rich in historical and cultural resources, and has large amounts of national and provincial historical cultural cities. The great earthquake damaged considerable quantities of historical cultural cities. About a thousand units of cultural relic protection, innumerable historical buildings and street with high historical and cultural value had suffered from a great calamity. Until now, the reconstruction task of disaster area has been fully completed. The housing and infrastructure construction has been resolved, and the production and life of the people in the disaster area are gradually on track. In this context, examining the protection of the historical and cultural cities in the disaster area, finding problems and putting forward to solving methods can provide successful experience for the post-disaster reconstruction, which has important value of theory and practice. This paper was carried out based on the thought of combining earthquake disaster with protection of historical and cultural cities. There is a need to set up an earthquake impact assessment system of historical and cultural cities and to have clear evaluation principles, standards, contents and methods in accordance with the existing state after earthquake in historical and cultural cities by analyzing the changes in the values from the analysis of the theory and practice of city protection and restoration after disaster home and abroad, and of general theory and methods of protecting the historical and cultural cities. And then, analyzing the historical and cultural value and the damage in the earthquake of the5most damaged cities of Dujiangyan, Wenchuan County, Shifang City, Mianzhu City, and Beichuan County in Wenchuan earthquake by field investigation to recover the reconstruction planning and implementation and disaster prevention and deduction system, and to restore and protect landscape. It can make assessment on the value of the historical and cultural cities after disaster using the designing assessment system, and to propose protecting the historical and cultural cities after disaster. At last, we discuss operational experience and problems needing attention of historical and cultural cities protection from the aspects of historical and cultural cities value, disaster prevention system construction, landscape creation, earthquake sites and monuments and policy orientation. Based on the aforementioned comprehensive research and analysis, the main research contents and conclusion of this paper are as followed:
     1. The historical and cultural cities of Wenchuan earthquake disaster area had the characteristics of high historical value, rich cultural heritage, unique geographical location, profound historical influence, and obvious regional characters. After the earthquake, the inherent properties of the historical and cultural cities have changed. The changes of traditional style, the present situation and texture and overall situation would influence the value of these cities. Meanwhile, the material carriers of earthquake site and memorial, the achievements of earthquake relief and rebuilding of spirit after disaster have added new values to the historical and cultural cities.
     2. Setting up an earthquake impact assessment system of values of historical and cultural cities, which was divided into4first-class indicators:characteristic of historical cultural value, assessment of earthquake impact, seismic landscape and social influence and conservation planning and seismic measures. These4first-class indicators can be divided into13second-class indicators,29third-class indicators. The historical and cultural cities can be evaluated comprehensively through the combination of quantitative and qualitative evaluation method, and then be evaluated into grade according to the classification standard.
     3. Investigate and analyze the5most damaged cities in the Wenchuan earthquake and recommend protecting the historical and cultural cities:
     (1) Restore the historic building next to world heritage site of Dujiangyan. Divide valued region into historical and cultural blocks for protection, such as Happiness Road, Grand Street, College Street, Lotus Street, Well Street, Poyang Town, and Ancient Lounge Area. Set up free places with classification, such as City Park, Regional Park, Community Park, Children Park, Green Street and so on for rest and evacuation. Remove the shanty towns and industrial areas around the cultural relics and historic sites, update urban aging facilities, carry out water integrated environmental management, and guide commercial and cultural facilities center.
     (2) Reasonably guide and strengthen the consciousness of Wenchuan historical and cultural cities and the responsibility of protecting historical and cultural cities; enlarge the lacked and indispensible transition coordination area between the modern building and cultural relics, such as the ruins of Jiang Weicheng; excavate the original historical and cultural heritage, and strengthen the Yu Qiang characteristic; enrich historical and cultural cities cultivation with the help of "Wenchuan earthquake"
     (3) Add anti-seismic measures to architectural heritage in the planning of protecting Mianzhu historical and cultural cities; renovate historical and cultural features of Democracy Lane, and develop historic blocks protection planning of Democracy Lane; strengthen the necessary transition and guide between the new city and the old city; make clear feature control areas and construction coordination area, in which the new building should reflect the architectural features of Chuanxi.
     (4) Promote the historical and cultural characteristics and qualities of Shifang, dredge Zhou Jia courtyard blocks and arhat Temple Street, transform the urban style and features and protect conditioned blocks, such as the Horse Jingzheng Street, Division ancient dragon Street, Ying Hua street; improve the cramped situation of cultural relics and historic sites, reform the surrounding places of Hui sword Temple and Guan Yu Temple, tear down the modernizd architecture, delimit cultural relics protection control and coordination zones, establish three-dimensional green recreation network, protect and improve the greening construction, for example the green street and small garden built at the important joint in the Liu Chunyuan Park and on both sides of Raft River.
     (5) Beichuan is the only city to reconstruct elsewhere in Wenchuan earthquake areas and the post-disaster reconstruction has represent "Beichuan mold". Beichuan registered the "catastrophic" historical and cultural cities after investigation. The historical and cultural city characters of Beichuan is defined as the "the hometown of Da Yu", modernized Qiang culture city, and Post disaster reconstruction model city. The core area of historical culture protection is Qu Shanyuan county ruins, Ren Jiaping zone in the south of the county, and the surroundings of Tang Jiashan barrier lake which in the north of the county; Yongchang Metro Dayu culture axis block can be listed as historical and cultural blocks; Civic Center, Beichuan Hotel, Qiang Museum and Qiang culture research center, Earthquake Memorial can be properly classified as heritage conservation units.
     4. We further put forward suggestions of strengthening the historical cultural protection and disaster prevention ability of historical and cultural cities:mediate the old city function, adjust the land nature and scale, reduce the density of the old city; combine the disaster avoidance with the city historical space, develop city park with evacuation function through ancient city water system and other elements, remediate unreasonable historical streets to meet the requirements of refuge and the evacuation channels; increase the anti-seismic measurements to cultural relic units and historic building according to the new requirements against earthquakes; solve comprehensively the problems that have major effects on the protection of historical and cultural cities, for example traffic modernization of ancient city, adjustment of land usage, the formation of style and characteristics; authentically repair historical monuments and historic districts damaged in earthquake to reserve regional traditional characteristics and maximize the positive role the historical and cultural heritage has played in the formation of city style and features; positively protect the earthquake sites, enlarge the city's historical and cultural value category and improve social influence of the historical and cultural cities with the help of post-war reconstructed material and spiritual achievements.
     We expect that this paper can provide reference to the further protection of historical and cultural cities in the Wenchuan earthquake areas, and can provide reference to the disaster prevention of other historical and cultural cities at the same time.
引文
①引自2008年10月8日胡锦涛同志在全国抗震救灾总结表彰大会上的讲话。
    ②引自百度百科词条——5.12汶川地震。http://baike.baidu.com/view/1587399.htm
    ①引自2008年5月16日,住房和城乡建设部部长姜伟新在国务院新闻办抗震救灾新闻发布会上的讲话。
    ②四川的国家级历史文化名城有:成都市、自贡市、宜宾市、阆中市、乐山市、都江堰市、泸州市、会理县。省级历史文化名城有:巴中、通江、剑阁、资中、邛崃、崇州、新都、松潘、江油、眉山、叙永、广元、西昌、南充、三台、汶川、芦山、旺苍、广汉、绵阳、绵竹、雅安、什邡、江安、罗江。中国历史文化名镇有:安仁镇、太平镇、尧坝镇、老观镇、平乐镇、黄龙溪镇、李庄镇、仙市镇。省级历史文化名镇有:上里、安顺、新繁镇、城厢镇、龙华镇、恩阳镇、铁佛镇、罗泉镇、郡江场、石桥镇、礼州镇、孝泉镇、青莲镇、江口镇、罗城、昭化镇、木门。中国历史文化名村有:丹巴县梭坡乡莫洛村、攀枝花市仁和区平地镇迤沙拉村、汶川县雁门乡萝卜寨村、阆中市天宫乡天宫院村。
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