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汽车驱动桥主减速器圆锥滚动轴承工作性能研究
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摘要
驱动桥是汽车重要的组成部件之一,在汽车传动系统中有着重要的作用。圆锥滚动轴承是汽车驱动桥主减速器的关键零件,其精度、振动和可靠性等指标对驱动桥的性能和寿命起着决定性的作用。驱动桥主减速器工作时,圆锥滚动轴承由于承受载荷较大、转速较高,常使滚动轴承出现打滑、歪斜、滚动体与滚道及挡边之间发生剧烈摩擦的现象,从而导致轴承过早的失效,成为影响驱动桥主减速器工作可靠性的主要原因之一。因此,研究汽车驱动桥主减速器圆锥滚动轴承的工作性能对提高汽车驱动桥可靠性有十分重要的意义。
     本文以重型汽车驱动桥主减速器圆锥滚动轴承为研究对象,通过对圆锥滚动轴承内部载荷分布、润滑油膜、疲劳寿命等工作性能的研究,为驱动桥主减速器的设计、制造提供理论指导。
     本文通过分析汽车驱动桥主减速器总成结构,建立了主减速器主动锥齿轮轴系力学模型,考虑了三轴承支承系统的静不定因素,对主减速器主动锥齿轮轴系的三个支承轴承的承载情况进行分析。
     根据圆锥滚动轴承零部件的空间相对运动关系,利用滚动轴承运动学关系和赫兹理论,并考虑惯性载荷、陀螺力矩和轴承偏斜等因素影响,研究建立了更为科学的圆锥滚动轴承力学模型,采用牛顿-拉夫逊迭代方法求解了滚动轴承力学平衡方程组。研究了安装预紧,径向、轴向和力矩的联合载荷作用下对滚动体受载和沿滚动体母线上载荷分布的影响规律,并进行了数值分析。
     为使分析更符合驱动桥主减速器圆锥滚动轴承的工作状态,在上述工作的基础上,研究了润滑对驱动桥主减速器圆锥滚动轴承的影响,建立了考虑滚动体与滚道接触表面粗糙度的等温稳态弹性流体动力润滑模型,并采用复合迭代法对模型方程组进行了计算求解。分析了接触表面粗糙度幅值、波长和纹理方向对油膜形状的影响,并分析了不同预紧量对接触表面摩擦系数的影响。提出把润滑油膜和表面粗糙度以摩擦系数方程的方式体现在有限元软件分析中的方法,对圆锥滚动轴承内部各零件进行了有限元分析,并对各种载荷条件下轴承滚动体与内外滚道之间的接触应力曲线进行了分析讨论。
     根据Lundberg-Palmgren寿命理论建立了按滚动体母线载荷分布的疲劳寿命预测模型,分析了汽车驱动桥主减速器圆锥滚动轴承的疲劳寿命,并应用有限元疲劳分析软件对轴承的寿命进行了计算,同时对两种计算结果进行了对比。在此基础上,用驱动桥总成台架试验,进行了实验验证,研究表明,本文预测滚动轴承疲劳寿命的方法合理,能够很好的为汽车驱动桥的研究设计提供理论依据。
     研究开发了汽车驱动桥主减速器圆锥滚动轴承工作性能分析软件,考虑滚动体接触应力不均匀分布的特点和圆锥滚动轴承滚动体与内外滚道之间弹性流体润滑,依据计算机数值模拟仿真,能够准确的预测汽车驱动桥主减速器圆锥滚动轴承的疲劳寿命。
     本文的工作为预测驱动桥的可靠性提供了理论依据,将为以后的驱动桥主减速器圆锥滚动轴承的工作性能研究提供有益的借鉴。
The drive axle is one of important components to the automobile,play an important role in the automobile transmission system. Taperedroller bearing is the critical part of main reducer in automobile drivingaxle. It’s accuracy, vibration and reliability play a decisive role in theperformance and life of the drive axle. When tapered rolling bearingsof the drive axle main reducer is working, rolling body will generateslipping, deflecting, dramatic friction between the raceway and the ribsdue to large loading, high speed. This will cause bearing fever and wear,leading to premature bearing failure. While tapered rolling bearingsfailure is one of the main reasons for the working reliability of the driveaxle main reducer. Therefore, the study of the working performance oftapered rolling bearings in the drive axle main reducer is veryimportant to improve the reliability of the automobile driving axle.
     In this paper, tapered rolling bearings of heavy-duty automobiledrive axle main reducer is the object of study, through studying loadingdistribution, lubricant film, fatigue life and other workingperformances of tapered rolling bearings, to provide theoreticalguidance for the actual work.
     By analyzing the final assembly structure of automobile drive axle,set up mechanics model of the main reducer driving bevel gear shafting,deduce the axial force, the radial force and the circumferential force,from the power plant reached to the driving bevel gear. Consideringstatically indeterminate factors of the three bearing support system,analysis loading conditions of three supporting bearing in the main bevel gear shafting. This thinking solve external load of tapered rollingbearings is closer to the real working.
     Spatial relationship of tapered rolling bearing is built; and deducethe centrifugal force and gyroscopic moment expression of taperedrolling bearings. Quote the rolling kinematics relations and Hertztheory, consider the inertia load, gyroscopic torque and bearingdeflection, to establish a more scientific tapered rolling bearingmechanical model, and use Newton-Rap son iterative method to solvethe rolling bearing mechanical equilibrium equations. Study, discussionand analysis of bearing loads of rolling elements and its generatrix’sloading distribution influencing rule by preloading, radial, axial andmoment loads.
     For a better evaluation of tapered rolling bearing’s workingperformance in the drive axle main reducer. In the basis of uponworking, lubrication impact tapered rolling bearing’s workingperformance in the drive axle main reducer is studied. Consideringsurface roughness of rolling elements and race way, isothermal steady-state elastic hydrodynamic lubrication model is built; use compositeiterative method and numerical solve the model equations. To filmshape, the influence from the contact surface roughness amplitude andwavelength is discussed, and analysis the impact of the differentpreload situation on the contact surface friction coefficient. This paperpresent a method, which is put the lubricating oil film and surfaceroughness friction factor as friction factor in the analysis of finiteelement software. Each part of tapered rolling bearing is analyzed byFEA. Under various loading conditions, contact stress curves betweenrolling element on the bearing and inside and outside the raceway areanalyzed and discussed. On this basis, there carried out experimentswith the drive axle assembly test bench. Studies have shown that thispaper predict the rolling life is reasonable, which provides a good theoretical basis for maintenance cycle of automobile drive axle.Working performance study system software of tapered rolling bearingin automobile drive axle main reducer is researched, which not onlyconsider the uneven distribution characteristics of rolling elementcontact stress, but also consider elastic fluid lubrication of taperedrolling bearing’s rolling elements with inside and outside the raceway.Based on computer simulation, fatigue life of tapered rolling bearing inthe automobile drive axle main redactor can be accurately forecasted.
     This paper provides the theoretical basis for forecast andassessment reliability of the drive axle main reducer. It is also providesuseful lessons to working performance study of tapered rolling bearingsin the automobile drive axle main redactor.
引文
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