水培植物净化城市黑臭河水的效果、机理分析及示范工程
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摘要
本论文以严重污染的城市黑臭河流作为研究对象,通过构建水培植物净化槽,开展利用水培植物(梭鱼草和香菇草)净化城市黑臭河水的试验研究,并且实施示范工程研究,旨在为城市黑臭河流原位治理与生态修复技术的工程设计、系统集成及运行调控提供理论依据和技术支撑。
本论文依托于国家“十一五”科技重大专项《城市黑臭河道外源阻断、工程修复与原位多级生态净化关键技术研究与示范》(2009ZX07317-006),开展上海市工业河水培植物净化城市黑臭河水试验研究,并且,实施温州市九山外河水质净化与生态修复示范工程研究。论文的重点研究内容有以下几个方面：1)分析植物生理特性、形态特点以及净水效果的变化,探讨植物生理特性与净水效果之间的关联；2)以人工曝气作为外源调控因素,将不同曝气强度影响植物的生理特性、形态特点与净化效果进行关联,探讨三者之间的内在联系；3)采用16SrDNA克隆文库方法,对植物根系微生物群落的多样性变化进行研究；4)开展温州市九山外河水质净化与生态修复示范工程研究。主要得出以下结论：
(1)在春、夏、秋三个季节中,随着光照强、弱日变化,梭鱼草和香菇草的生理特性呈现对应升、降变化；在12：00am-14：00pm时段,由于光照强度增加,两种植物的叶片Chla、Chlb、Soluble protein含量和根组织CAT、POD、SOD活性均高于其它时段,而夏季植物发生“光合午休”现象,导致两种植物的叶片Chla、 Chlb、Soluble protein含量在13：00pm降低；春季和夏季,两种植物的叶片Soluble protein含量和根组织CAT、POD活性均差异显著(T-Test,p<0.05);秋季,两种植物的叶片Chla、Chlb、Soluble protein含量和根组织POD、SOD活性均差异显著(T-Test,p<0.05)。在春、夏、秋三个季节中,梭鱼草的根长、茎长、叶面积、生物量均显著高于香菇草(T-Test,p<0.05),而香菇草的分蘖数显著大于梭鱼草(T-Test,p<0.05)；在春季和夏季,梭鱼草的氮含量和磷含量均显著高于香菇草(T-Test,p<0.05),而秋季相反。
(2)在春、夏、秋三个季节中,随着光照强、弱日变化,梭鱼草和香菇草的净水效果呈现对应升、降变化；在12：00am-14：00pm时段,两种植物净化槽对黑臭河水的净水效果好于其它时段。春季,两种植物净化槽的净水效果差异不显著；夏季,梭鱼草净化槽中CODCr、TN、NH3-N、TP、DTP去除率和DO浓度均显著高于香菇草(ANOVA,p<0.05);秋季,香菇草净化槽中CODCr、TN、NH3-N、TP、DTP去除率和DO浓度均显著高于梭鱼草净化槽(ANOVA,p<0.05)。
(3)在春、夏、秋三个季节中,随着光照强、弱日变化,梭鱼草和香菇草的生理特性日变化与净水效果日变化之间均呈正相关。其中,以梭鱼草净化槽的夏季试验为例,植物的叶片Chla、Chlb、Soluble protein含量分别与植物净化槽中DO浓度呈显著正相关(r=0.962、0.826、0.953,p<0.05)；植物的根组织CAT、POD、SOD活性分别与植物净化槽中NH3-N去除率呈极显著相关(0.953、0.945、0.866,p<0.05)、与植物净化槽中DTP去除率也呈极显著相关(r=0.954、0.961、0.942,p<0.05)。在春季和秋季试验中,对两种植物的相关分析结果类似。
(4)不同曝气强度处理影响梭鱼草和香菇草生理特性、形态特点变化各不相同。在春、夏、秋三个季节中,两种植物在45L/min、60L/min处理下的生理特性、形态特点分别与对照处理均差异显著(ANOVA, p<0.05)。春季,梭鱼草在15L/min处理下的生理特性、形态特点分别与对照处理差异不显著,而其对照处理与30L/min处理的差异显著(ANOVA,p<0.05);香菇草在15L/min、30L/min处理下的生理特性、形态特点分别与对照处理差异不显著。夏季,两种植物在15L/min、30L/min处理下的生理特性与对照处理差异不显著；在15L/min处理下,梭鱼草的根长、茎长、叶面积、生物量、分蘖数以及氮、磷含量均较对照处理显著增加(ANOVA, p<0.05);香菇草在15L/min、30L/min处理下的根长、茎长、叶面积、生物量、分蘖数以及氮、磷含量均显著高于对照处理(ANOVA,p<0.05)；秋季,梭鱼草在15L/min处理下的生理特性与对照处理差异不显著,而其根长、茎长、叶面积、生物量、分蘖数以及氮、磷含量均较对照处理显著增加(ANOVA, p<0.05);香菇草在15L/min、30L/min处理下的生理特性与对照处理差异不显著,香菇草的在30L/min处理下的形态特点与对照处理差异不显著,而在15L/min处理下,香菇草的根长、茎长、叶面积、生物量、分蘖数以及氮、磷含量均显著高于对照处理(ANOVA, p<0.05)。
(5)不同曝气强度对梭鱼草和香菇草的净水效果影响明显。在春、夏、秋三个季节中,两种植物净化槽分别在15L/min处理下的净水效果最好；以夏季试验为例：梭鱼草净化槽对CODCr、TN、NH3-N、TP和DTP的去除率分别为62.27%、57.08%、66.80%、55.28%和63.70%,该工况净化槽中DO浓度为4.24mg/L;香菇草净化槽对CODCr、N、NH3-N、TP和DTP的去除率分别为58.56%、49.28%、57.89%、52.82%和63.51%,该工况净化槽中DO浓度为3.95mg/L。
(6)在春、夏、秋三个季节的动态进水条件下,低强度曝气强化低浓度致臭物质去除效果的作用明显。以夏季试验为例,在15L/min处理下,梭鱼草净化槽对DMS和DMDS的去除率为76.58%和80.55%,香菇草净化槽对DMS和DMDS的去除率为84.92%和77.81%,在30L/min处理下,梭鱼草净化槽对DMS和DMDS的去除率为87.76%和86.02%；,香菇草净化槽对DMS和DMDS的去除率为91.35%和84.19%。
(7)在春、夏、秋三个季节中,不同曝气强度和不同季节的变化对梭鱼草净化槽内植物根系微生物种群的多样性影响明显。植物在夏季处于生长旺盛期,植物根系泌氧作用增强,加上较高的水温,使得梭鱼草净化槽内植物根系微生物种群的多样性相比春、秋季节更丰富,此时梭鱼草净化槽净水效果更好；梭鱼草净化槽在30L/min曝气强度条件下,净化槽内植物根系微生物种群的多样性最丰富,硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira sp.)细菌是主要优势菌种；在30L/min处理下,梭鱼草净化槽的CODCr、TN和NH3-N去除率最高。
(8)采用曝气增氧强化工程和原位生态净化工程对温州市九山外河水质净化与生态修复的示范工程效果显著。在示范工程运行期间,示范河段的水质改善明显,河水黑臭基本消除。在采样日：2012-06-10,九山外河水质净化与生态修复工程示范河段的6个监测采样点处,示范段河水的DO、CODCr、NH3-N和TP浓度的平均值分别为4.49mg/L、17.29mg/L、3.34mg/L和0.58mg/L；其中,少年宫桥、兽医桥、桑拿桥三个示范工程考核断面河水的DO、CODCr、NH3-N和TP浓度均已达到示范工程的目标要求。
本论文通过水培植物净化城市黑臭河水的现场试验研究,实证了在不同植物种类、不同季节和不同曝气强度条件下,水培植物的生理特性、形态特点的动态变化规律及其对植物净水效果的影响水平和机制；同时,论文实施了温州市九山外河水质净化与生态修复示范工程研究。论文研究结果为城市污染河流的原位治理与生态修复技术实际运用提供了可靠依据,具有一定的理论意义和应用价值。
This dissertation took urban black-odorous river as research object, two typical hydroponic plant purifying tanks(Pontederia cordata, Hydrocotyle vulgaris) were constructed, which were used to carry out the experimental research of urban black-odorous river water purification. Additionally, demonstration project research was carries out. The purposes of this dissertation were to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the technology of the engineering design, system integration and manipulation of urban black-odorous river in situ treatment and ecological restoration.
This dissertation was supported by National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China during the11th Five-Year Plan (No.2009ZX07317-006). The experimental researches of urban black-odorous river water purification in Shanghai Gongye River were carried out. Additionally, the project of water purification and ecological restoration for Jiushanwai River was implemented. The main investigations of this dissertation were as follows:1) analysis of the physiological properties and morphological characteristics of plants, as well as the changes of water purification effect, to explore the association between the physiological characteristics of plants and water purification effects;2) set artificial aeration as the factor of exogenous regulation, associated the physiological properties and morphological characteristics of plants with the changes of water purification effect, the internal relevance was investigated;3) the method of16S rDNA clone library was used to analyze the diversity of microbial community on the roots of the plant;4) the demonstration project of water purification and ecological restoration for Jiushanwai River was implemented. The main results were as follows:
(1) In spring, summer and autumn, as the intensity of the sunlight increased or decreased on diurnal variation, the physiological characteristics of P. cordata and H. vulgaris demonstrated a corresponding up and down. During12:00am to14:00pm, with the increasing on the intensity of sunlight, the contents of Chla, Chlb, and Soluble protein in the leaves of two plants, as well as the activities of CAT, POD and SOD in the roots tissue of two plants were higher than those in other time quantums, respectively. In summer, two plants were observed to display the phenomenon of photosynthesis midday depression which led to a decrease on the contents of Chla, Chlb and Soluble protein in the leaves of two plants at13:00pm. In spring and summer, the content of Soluble protein in the leaves, as well as the activities of CAT and POD in the roots tissue between two plants displayed significant difference (T-Test, p<0.05), respectively. In autumn, the contents of Chla, Chlb and Soluble protein in the leaves of two plants, as well as the activities of POD and SOD in the roots tissue between the two plants showed significant difference (T-Test, p<0.05), respectively. In spring, summer and autumn, the length of the root and stem, the area of the leaves and the biomass of P. cordata were higher than those of H. vulgaris (T-Test, p<0.05), while the number of tillers of the latter was higher than those of the former (T-Test, p<0.05), respectively. In spring and summer, the contents of nitrogen and phosphorous in P. cordata were higher than those of H. vulgaris (T-Test, p<0.05).
(2) In spring, summer and autumn, as the intensity of the sunlight increased or decreased on diurnal variation, the effects of water purification of P. cordata and H. vulgaris varied accordingly. During12:00am to14:00pm, the effects of water purification were better than those in other time quantums. In spring, there was no significant difference between the two types of hydroponic plant purifying tanks, excluding the DTP removal efficiency. In summer, the removal efficiencies of CODCr, TN, NH3-N, TP and DTP, as well as the DO concentration in the P. cordata purifying tanks were higher than those of the H. vulgaris purifying tanks (ANOVA,p<0.05) respectively. In autumn, the removal efficiencies of CODcr, TN, NH3-N, TP and DTP, as well as the DO concentration in the P. cordata purifying tanks were higher than those of the H. vulgaris purifying tanks (ANOVA, p<0.05), respectively.
(3) In spring, summer and autumn, as the intensity of the sunlight increased or decreased on diurnal variation, the correlations between the effects of water purification and the physiological characteristics of plants demonstrated positive correlation on diurnal variation. To take the experiment of P. cordata in summer as an example:the contents of Chla, Chlb, and Soluble protein in the leaves showed significant positive correlation with the DO concentration in the tanks (r=0.962,0.826,0.953,p<0.05), the activities of CAT, POD and SOD in roots tissue showed significant positive correlation with the removal efficiency of NH3-N (r=0.953,0.945,0.866, p<0.05), and they also demonstrated a close correlation with the removal efficiency of DTP (r=0.954,0.961,0.942, p<0.05). The similar analysis results were concluded in the experiment during spring and autumn.
(4) Various treatments of aeration intensities affected the physiological properties and morphological characteristics of two plants differently. In spring, summer and autumn, the physiological properties and morphological characteristics of two plants among45L/min,60L/min and0L/min showed significant difference (ANOVA, p<0.05). In spring, the physiological properties and morphological characteristics of P. cordata were no significant difference between15L/min and0L/min, while the physiological properties and morphological characteristics of P. cordata between30L/min and0L/min showed significant difference (ANOVA,p<0.05), respectively. The physiological properties and morphological characteristics of H. vulgaris were no significant difference between15L/min,30L/min and0L/min. In summer, the physiological properties and morphological characteristics of two plants were no significant difference between15L/min,30L/min and0L/min, respectively. In autumn, the physiological properties of P. cordata were no significant difference between15L/min and0L/min, but the length of the root and stem, the area of the leaves, the biomass, the number of tillers and the content of nitrogen and phosphorous of P. cordata between30L/min and0L/min showed significant difference (ANOVA, p<0.05), respectively; the physiological properties of H. vulgaris were no significant difference between15L/min,30L/min and0L/min, the length of the root and stem, the area of the leaves, the biomass, the number of tillers and the content of nitrogen and phosphorous of H. vulgaris under15L/min were significant higher than those of H. vulgaris under0L/min (ANOVA, p<0.05), respectively.
(5) In spring, summer and autumn, various aeration intensities affected the purification effect of two plants obviously. Two types of plant purifying tanks had best purification effect under15L/min. To take the experiment in summer as an example: the removal efficiencies of CODCr, TN, NH3-N, TP and DTP in the P. cordata purifying tank as well as the DO concentration were62.27%,57.08%,66.80%,55.28%and63.70%,4.24mg/L, respectively; while the removal efficiencies of CODcr, TN, NH3-N, TP and DTP in the H. vulgaris purifying tank as well as the DO concentration were58.56%,49.28%,57.89%,52.82%and63.51%,3.95mg/L, respectively.
(6) In spring, summer and autumn, two types of plant purifying tank under continuous influent had remarkable effects on the removal efficiencies of DMS and DMDS. To take the experiment in summer as an example:the removal efficiencies of DMS and DMDS in the P. cordata purifying tank under15L/min were76.58%and80.55%, the removal efficiencies of DMS and DMDS in the H. vulgaris purifying tank under15L/min were84.92%and77.81%; the removal efficiencies of DMS and DMDS in the P. cordata purifying tank under30L/min were87.76%and86.02%, the removal efficiencies of DMS and DMDS in the H. vulgaris purifying tank under30L/min were91.35%and84.19%.
(7) In spring, summer and autumn, the changes of aeration intensities and seasons had remarkable effects on the diversity of microbial community on the roots of the plant. In summer, the more oxygen was secreted from plant roots during the vigorously growing stage of plant and coupled with higher water temperatures, which led to the more microbial diversities and the better water purification effects in the P. cordata purifying tank. Under30L/min, the diversity of microbial community on the roots of the plant was most in the P. cordata purifying tank; in addition, Nitrospira sp. bacteria was the dominant strain in the P. cordata purifying tank. Additionally, the removal efficiencies of CODCr, TN and NH3-N were highest in the P. cordata purifying tank under30L/min.
(8) The demonstration project of water purification and ecological restoration for Jiushanwai River had remarkable effects. During the operation period of the demonstration project, the water quality of demonstration river reach was improved effectively and the black-odorous of river water had been basically eliminated. On the sampling day:2012-06-10, the average concentrations of DO, CODCr,NH3-N and TP in demonstration river reach were4.49mg/L,17.29mg/L,3.34mg/L and0.58mg/L respectively. Additionally, the average concentrations of DO, CODCr, NH3-N and TP in three evaluation sections (Children's Palace Bridge, Veterinarian Bridge and Sauna Bridge) in demonstration river reach had achieved the objectives and requirements of the demonstration project, respectively.
This dissertation was based on the experimental research of urban black-odorous river water purification, which finished an empirical analysis of the dynamic changes of the physiological properties and morphological characteristics of plants in different conditions, as well as the dynamic changes of water purification effect in different condition. Additionally, this dissertation implemented the demonstration project of water purification and ecological restoration for Jiushanwai River. The results of this dissertation provided a reliable basis for the practical engineering application of urban black-odorous river in situ treatment and ecological restoration, which had some theoretical significance and application value.
本论文依托于国家“十一五”科技重大专项《城市黑臭河道外源阻断、工程修复与原位多级生态净化关键技术研究与示范》(2009ZX07317-006),开展上海市工业河水培植物净化城市黑臭河水试验研究,并且,实施温州市九山外河水质净化与生态修复示范工程研究。论文的重点研究内容有以下几个方面：1)分析植物生理特性、形态特点以及净水效果的变化,探讨植物生理特性与净水效果之间的关联；2)以人工曝气作为外源调控因素,将不同曝气强度影响植物的生理特性、形态特点与净化效果进行关联,探讨三者之间的内在联系；3)采用16SrDNA克隆文库方法,对植物根系微生物群落的多样性变化进行研究；4)开展温州市九山外河水质净化与生态修复示范工程研究。主要得出以下结论：
(1)在春、夏、秋三个季节中,随着光照强、弱日变化,梭鱼草和香菇草的生理特性呈现对应升、降变化；在12：00am-14：00pm时段,由于光照强度增加,两种植物的叶片Chla、Chlb、Soluble protein含量和根组织CAT、POD、SOD活性均高于其它时段,而夏季植物发生“光合午休”现象,导致两种植物的叶片Chla、 Chlb、Soluble protein含量在13：00pm降低；春季和夏季,两种植物的叶片Soluble protein含量和根组织CAT、POD活性均差异显著(T-Test,p<0.05);秋季,两种植物的叶片Chla、Chlb、Soluble protein含量和根组织POD、SOD活性均差异显著(T-Test,p<0.05)。在春、夏、秋三个季节中,梭鱼草的根长、茎长、叶面积、生物量均显著高于香菇草(T-Test,p<0.05),而香菇草的分蘖数显著大于梭鱼草(T-Test,p<0.05)；在春季和夏季,梭鱼草的氮含量和磷含量均显著高于香菇草(T-Test,p<0.05),而秋季相反。
(2)在春、夏、秋三个季节中,随着光照强、弱日变化,梭鱼草和香菇草的净水效果呈现对应升、降变化；在12：00am-14：00pm时段,两种植物净化槽对黑臭河水的净水效果好于其它时段。春季,两种植物净化槽的净水效果差异不显著；夏季,梭鱼草净化槽中CODCr、TN、NH3-N、TP、DTP去除率和DO浓度均显著高于香菇草(ANOVA,p<0.05);秋季,香菇草净化槽中CODCr、TN、NH3-N、TP、DTP去除率和DO浓度均显著高于梭鱼草净化槽(ANOVA,p<0.05)。
(3)在春、夏、秋三个季节中,随着光照强、弱日变化,梭鱼草和香菇草的生理特性日变化与净水效果日变化之间均呈正相关。其中,以梭鱼草净化槽的夏季试验为例,植物的叶片Chla、Chlb、Soluble protein含量分别与植物净化槽中DO浓度呈显著正相关(r=0.962、0.826、0.953,p<0.05)；植物的根组织CAT、POD、SOD活性分别与植物净化槽中NH3-N去除率呈极显著相关(0.953、0.945、0.866,p<0.05)、与植物净化槽中DTP去除率也呈极显著相关(r=0.954、0.961、0.942,p<0.05)。在春季和秋季试验中,对两种植物的相关分析结果类似。
(4)不同曝气强度处理影响梭鱼草和香菇草生理特性、形态特点变化各不相同。在春、夏、秋三个季节中,两种植物在45L/min、60L/min处理下的生理特性、形态特点分别与对照处理均差异显著(ANOVA, p<0.05)。春季,梭鱼草在15L/min处理下的生理特性、形态特点分别与对照处理差异不显著,而其对照处理与30L/min处理的差异显著(ANOVA,p<0.05);香菇草在15L/min、30L/min处理下的生理特性、形态特点分别与对照处理差异不显著。夏季,两种植物在15L/min、30L/min处理下的生理特性与对照处理差异不显著；在15L/min处理下,梭鱼草的根长、茎长、叶面积、生物量、分蘖数以及氮、磷含量均较对照处理显著增加(ANOVA, p<0.05);香菇草在15L/min、30L/min处理下的根长、茎长、叶面积、生物量、分蘖数以及氮、磷含量均显著高于对照处理(ANOVA,p<0.05)；秋季,梭鱼草在15L/min处理下的生理特性与对照处理差异不显著,而其根长、茎长、叶面积、生物量、分蘖数以及氮、磷含量均较对照处理显著增加(ANOVA, p<0.05);香菇草在15L/min、30L/min处理下的生理特性与对照处理差异不显著,香菇草的在30L/min处理下的形态特点与对照处理差异不显著,而在15L/min处理下,香菇草的根长、茎长、叶面积、生物量、分蘖数以及氮、磷含量均显著高于对照处理(ANOVA, p<0.05)。
(5)不同曝气强度对梭鱼草和香菇草的净水效果影响明显。在春、夏、秋三个季节中,两种植物净化槽分别在15L/min处理下的净水效果最好；以夏季试验为例：梭鱼草净化槽对CODCr、TN、NH3-N、TP和DTP的去除率分别为62.27%、57.08%、66.80%、55.28%和63.70%,该工况净化槽中DO浓度为4.24mg/L;香菇草净化槽对CODCr、N、NH3-N、TP和DTP的去除率分别为58.56%、49.28%、57.89%、52.82%和63.51%,该工况净化槽中DO浓度为3.95mg/L。
(6)在春、夏、秋三个季节的动态进水条件下,低强度曝气强化低浓度致臭物质去除效果的作用明显。以夏季试验为例,在15L/min处理下,梭鱼草净化槽对DMS和DMDS的去除率为76.58%和80.55%,香菇草净化槽对DMS和DMDS的去除率为84.92%和77.81%,在30L/min处理下,梭鱼草净化槽对DMS和DMDS的去除率为87.76%和86.02%；,香菇草净化槽对DMS和DMDS的去除率为91.35%和84.19%。
(7)在春、夏、秋三个季节中,不同曝气强度和不同季节的变化对梭鱼草净化槽内植物根系微生物种群的多样性影响明显。植物在夏季处于生长旺盛期,植物根系泌氧作用增强,加上较高的水温,使得梭鱼草净化槽内植物根系微生物种群的多样性相比春、秋季节更丰富,此时梭鱼草净化槽净水效果更好；梭鱼草净化槽在30L/min曝气强度条件下,净化槽内植物根系微生物种群的多样性最丰富,硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira sp.)细菌是主要优势菌种；在30L/min处理下,梭鱼草净化槽的CODCr、TN和NH3-N去除率最高。
(8)采用曝气增氧强化工程和原位生态净化工程对温州市九山外河水质净化与生态修复的示范工程效果显著。在示范工程运行期间,示范河段的水质改善明显,河水黑臭基本消除。在采样日：2012-06-10,九山外河水质净化与生态修复工程示范河段的6个监测采样点处,示范段河水的DO、CODCr、NH3-N和TP浓度的平均值分别为4.49mg/L、17.29mg/L、3.34mg/L和0.58mg/L；其中,少年宫桥、兽医桥、桑拿桥三个示范工程考核断面河水的DO、CODCr、NH3-N和TP浓度均已达到示范工程的目标要求。
本论文通过水培植物净化城市黑臭河水的现场试验研究,实证了在不同植物种类、不同季节和不同曝气强度条件下,水培植物的生理特性、形态特点的动态变化规律及其对植物净水效果的影响水平和机制；同时,论文实施了温州市九山外河水质净化与生态修复示范工程研究。论文研究结果为城市污染河流的原位治理与生态修复技术实际运用提供了可靠依据,具有一定的理论意义和应用价值。
This dissertation took urban black-odorous river as research object, two typical hydroponic plant purifying tanks(Pontederia cordata, Hydrocotyle vulgaris) were constructed, which were used to carry out the experimental research of urban black-odorous river water purification. Additionally, demonstration project research was carries out. The purposes of this dissertation were to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the technology of the engineering design, system integration and manipulation of urban black-odorous river in situ treatment and ecological restoration.
This dissertation was supported by National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China during the11th Five-Year Plan (No.2009ZX07317-006). The experimental researches of urban black-odorous river water purification in Shanghai Gongye River were carried out. Additionally, the project of water purification and ecological restoration for Jiushanwai River was implemented. The main investigations of this dissertation were as follows:1) analysis of the physiological properties and morphological characteristics of plants, as well as the changes of water purification effect, to explore the association between the physiological characteristics of plants and water purification effects;2) set artificial aeration as the factor of exogenous regulation, associated the physiological properties and morphological characteristics of plants with the changes of water purification effect, the internal relevance was investigated;3) the method of16S rDNA clone library was used to analyze the diversity of microbial community on the roots of the plant;4) the demonstration project of water purification and ecological restoration for Jiushanwai River was implemented. The main results were as follows:
(1) In spring, summer and autumn, as the intensity of the sunlight increased or decreased on diurnal variation, the physiological characteristics of P. cordata and H. vulgaris demonstrated a corresponding up and down. During12:00am to14:00pm, with the increasing on the intensity of sunlight, the contents of Chla, Chlb, and Soluble protein in the leaves of two plants, as well as the activities of CAT, POD and SOD in the roots tissue of two plants were higher than those in other time quantums, respectively. In summer, two plants were observed to display the phenomenon of photosynthesis midday depression which led to a decrease on the contents of Chla, Chlb and Soluble protein in the leaves of two plants at13:00pm. In spring and summer, the content of Soluble protein in the leaves, as well as the activities of CAT and POD in the roots tissue between two plants displayed significant difference (T-Test, p<0.05), respectively. In autumn, the contents of Chla, Chlb and Soluble protein in the leaves of two plants, as well as the activities of POD and SOD in the roots tissue between the two plants showed significant difference (T-Test, p<0.05), respectively. In spring, summer and autumn, the length of the root and stem, the area of the leaves and the biomass of P. cordata were higher than those of H. vulgaris (T-Test, p<0.05), while the number of tillers of the latter was higher than those of the former (T-Test, p<0.05), respectively. In spring and summer, the contents of nitrogen and phosphorous in P. cordata were higher than those of H. vulgaris (T-Test, p<0.05).
(2) In spring, summer and autumn, as the intensity of the sunlight increased or decreased on diurnal variation, the effects of water purification of P. cordata and H. vulgaris varied accordingly. During12:00am to14:00pm, the effects of water purification were better than those in other time quantums. In spring, there was no significant difference between the two types of hydroponic plant purifying tanks, excluding the DTP removal efficiency. In summer, the removal efficiencies of CODCr, TN, NH3-N, TP and DTP, as well as the DO concentration in the P. cordata purifying tanks were higher than those of the H. vulgaris purifying tanks (ANOVA,p<0.05) respectively. In autumn, the removal efficiencies of CODcr, TN, NH3-N, TP and DTP, as well as the DO concentration in the P. cordata purifying tanks were higher than those of the H. vulgaris purifying tanks (ANOVA, p<0.05), respectively.
(3) In spring, summer and autumn, as the intensity of the sunlight increased or decreased on diurnal variation, the correlations between the effects of water purification and the physiological characteristics of plants demonstrated positive correlation on diurnal variation. To take the experiment of P. cordata in summer as an example:the contents of Chla, Chlb, and Soluble protein in the leaves showed significant positive correlation with the DO concentration in the tanks (r=0.962,0.826,0.953,p<0.05), the activities of CAT, POD and SOD in roots tissue showed significant positive correlation with the removal efficiency of NH3-N (r=0.953,0.945,0.866, p<0.05), and they also demonstrated a close correlation with the removal efficiency of DTP (r=0.954,0.961,0.942, p<0.05). The similar analysis results were concluded in the experiment during spring and autumn.
(4) Various treatments of aeration intensities affected the physiological properties and morphological characteristics of two plants differently. In spring, summer and autumn, the physiological properties and morphological characteristics of two plants among45L/min,60L/min and0L/min showed significant difference (ANOVA, p<0.05). In spring, the physiological properties and morphological characteristics of P. cordata were no significant difference between15L/min and0L/min, while the physiological properties and morphological characteristics of P. cordata between30L/min and0L/min showed significant difference (ANOVA,p<0.05), respectively. The physiological properties and morphological characteristics of H. vulgaris were no significant difference between15L/min,30L/min and0L/min. In summer, the physiological properties and morphological characteristics of two plants were no significant difference between15L/min,30L/min and0L/min, respectively. In autumn, the physiological properties of P. cordata were no significant difference between15L/min and0L/min, but the length of the root and stem, the area of the leaves, the biomass, the number of tillers and the content of nitrogen and phosphorous of P. cordata between30L/min and0L/min showed significant difference (ANOVA, p<0.05), respectively; the physiological properties of H. vulgaris were no significant difference between15L/min,30L/min and0L/min, the length of the root and stem, the area of the leaves, the biomass, the number of tillers and the content of nitrogen and phosphorous of H. vulgaris under15L/min were significant higher than those of H. vulgaris under0L/min (ANOVA, p<0.05), respectively.
(5) In spring, summer and autumn, various aeration intensities affected the purification effect of two plants obviously. Two types of plant purifying tanks had best purification effect under15L/min. To take the experiment in summer as an example: the removal efficiencies of CODCr, TN, NH3-N, TP and DTP in the P. cordata purifying tank as well as the DO concentration were62.27%,57.08%,66.80%,55.28%and63.70%,4.24mg/L, respectively; while the removal efficiencies of CODcr, TN, NH3-N, TP and DTP in the H. vulgaris purifying tank as well as the DO concentration were58.56%,49.28%,57.89%,52.82%and63.51%,3.95mg/L, respectively.
(6) In spring, summer and autumn, two types of plant purifying tank under continuous influent had remarkable effects on the removal efficiencies of DMS and DMDS. To take the experiment in summer as an example:the removal efficiencies of DMS and DMDS in the P. cordata purifying tank under15L/min were76.58%and80.55%, the removal efficiencies of DMS and DMDS in the H. vulgaris purifying tank under15L/min were84.92%and77.81%; the removal efficiencies of DMS and DMDS in the P. cordata purifying tank under30L/min were87.76%and86.02%, the removal efficiencies of DMS and DMDS in the H. vulgaris purifying tank under30L/min were91.35%and84.19%.
(7) In spring, summer and autumn, the changes of aeration intensities and seasons had remarkable effects on the diversity of microbial community on the roots of the plant. In summer, the more oxygen was secreted from plant roots during the vigorously growing stage of plant and coupled with higher water temperatures, which led to the more microbial diversities and the better water purification effects in the P. cordata purifying tank. Under30L/min, the diversity of microbial community on the roots of the plant was most in the P. cordata purifying tank; in addition, Nitrospira sp. bacteria was the dominant strain in the P. cordata purifying tank. Additionally, the removal efficiencies of CODCr, TN and NH3-N were highest in the P. cordata purifying tank under30L/min.
(8) The demonstration project of water purification and ecological restoration for Jiushanwai River had remarkable effects. During the operation period of the demonstration project, the water quality of demonstration river reach was improved effectively and the black-odorous of river water had been basically eliminated. On the sampling day:2012-06-10, the average concentrations of DO, CODCr,NH3-N and TP in demonstration river reach were4.49mg/L,17.29mg/L,3.34mg/L and0.58mg/L respectively. Additionally, the average concentrations of DO, CODCr, NH3-N and TP in three evaluation sections (Children's Palace Bridge, Veterinarian Bridge and Sauna Bridge) in demonstration river reach had achieved the objectives and requirements of the demonstration project, respectively.
This dissertation was based on the experimental research of urban black-odorous river water purification, which finished an empirical analysis of the dynamic changes of the physiological properties and morphological characteristics of plants in different conditions, as well as the dynamic changes of water purification effect in different condition. Additionally, this dissertation implemented the demonstration project of water purification and ecological restoration for Jiushanwai River. The results of this dissertation provided a reliable basis for the practical engineering application of urban black-odorous river in situ treatment and ecological restoration, which had some theoretical significance and application value.
引文
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