城镇绿色空间时空演变及其生态环境效应研究
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摘要
快速城市化导致了空气污染蔓延、城市热岛效应加剧、水环境恶化、生物多样性丧失等一系列生态环境问题,直接影响了区域的生态环境状况和可持续发展。城镇绿色空间作为城市生态系统的基本载体,成为平衡城市生态系统与城市化矛盾、抑制城市扩张的重要途径。景观生态学的发展为绿色空间景观格局过程与生态环境的相互作用与反馈机制提供了综合途径。近年来,对绿色空间格局和生态环境效应开展定量的、多学科的综合研究已是国内外学者的共识,成为城市地域生态研究的热点。上海作为我国近几十年来城市化过程最为剧烈的地区之一,其景观特征和生态环境均发生了巨大变化。因此本文以典型快速城市化地区上海为例,在景观生态学、遥感和GIS技术、空间统计以及相关统计分析方法等支持下,对其城镇绿色空间演变规律进行深入的剖析,探讨绿色空间演变带来的城市生态环境效应变化及其相互影响和作用机制。主要研究方法与结果如下：
(1)在对城镇绿色空间组成结构特征及其时空演变规律的研究中,基于1997-2008年四期遥感影像,应用遥感和GIS等空间信息技术,在基础资料和样地调查的辅助下,实现了对上海市城镇绿色空间的数量结构演变、植被覆盖度演变和植被结构演变的综合分析评价。结果发现研究期内上海城镇绿色空间面积总量萎缩明显,从1997年的2031.2km2减少到2008年的1364.7km2,城市郊区农田下降比例超过50%。城镇绿地在核心城区有上升趋势,但在边缘城区和近郊区变化复杂。随着城市化进程推进,总植被覆盖度降幅超过50%,其中高、全植被覆盖等级面积大幅下降,无、低和中植被覆盖等级面积呈上升趋势。城镇绿色空间向外部类型的转变主要为转变为建设用地,而绿色空间类型内的转变主要是农田向城镇绿地的转变。对上海市中心城区111个样地植物的调查结果表明,上海市中心城区绿地以落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林类型占优势,包含植物76科117属155种,其中香樟和广玉兰在样方中出现频率超过了30%。建成年代较早的公园绿地样方内平均高度、平均胸径、平均郁闭度、Simpson (?)旨数和Shanmon-Wiener指数均大于近年所建公园。居住区绿地初步调研结果表明,居住区绿地普遍存在乔木种类比较单一,数量较少的现象,70、80年代建成的居住区绿地乔木层物种丰富度和多样性指数高于近年所建居住区绿地。上海市行道树调查结果显示,悬铃木和香樟在数量上占绝对优势,但近年所选行道树在种类上开始出现多样化趋势。
(2)基于绿色空间分类图,采用景观指数、梯度分析、空间统计等动态分析方法,定量分析城镇绿色空间景观空间结构特征演变及其发展规律,随城市发展的绿色空间梯度变化的空间显式化研究可以更深刻的理解景观格局-过程,为功能研究提供基础。结果表明绿色空间景观格局演变随着城市空间的扩张而变化,研究区内郊区的城市化强度逐渐增强的同时绿色空间表现的越来越破碎,尤其是在城市化进程较快的浦东、南汇和松江所在方向。中心城区的建设速度呈平缓上升趋势,增绿措施使得中心城区绿地在数量上有一定增加,但却更加破碎和复杂,人工化痕迹较重。绿色空间和非绿色空间内外部共同作用复杂变化使得郊区地区比中心城区有着更高的景观多样性。
(3)在生态效应分析中引入了CITYgreen模型,在详细分析了CITYgreen生态环境效应评价模型的三个生态功能模型,大气污染物去除模型、碳储备与碳吸收模型和削减暴雨径流模型基础上,结合上海区域特征情况,探索模型所需数据的获取方法和途径,在区域生态系统分析方法思路指导下,基于城镇绿色空间演变数据,借助GIS技术将其生态价值空间可视化,得到结果为：1997-2008年,研究区内绿色空间去除大气污染物、固碳与削减径流生态环境效应价值之和由1.62×109元下降到1.42×109元。研究区郊区提供的生态环境效应要远大于中心城区提供的生态环境效应,但郊区大部分地区的绿色空间生态环境效应在研究期内有不断下降趋势,中心城区部分区域及浦东和南汇的部分区域生态环境效应有一定的增长。在CITYgreen模拟分析模块支持下,根据上海绿地系统规划预期目标,对2020年绿色空间生态环境效应预测结果表明,2020年绿色空间生态环境效应价值将比2008年增长近一倍。
(4)在对上海城镇绿色空间与热环境效应的研究中,首先根据遥感影像地表温度反演结果,得到1997年、2000年、2005年和2008年四个时段的上海市热环境空间分布格局,对不同时空热环境效应分析表明,城市热环境效应由集中到分散,沿城市扩展轴和主要交通干线辐射状延伸,表现出无规则形态,中心城区热环境效应明显好转,城市郊区的热环境效应有不同程度的加重。在探讨不同景观组成结构特征与热环境效应关系时得出,各类型景观地表温度从高到低为：建设用地景观、农田景观、城镇绿地景观、水域景观,研究期内各类型景观地表温度随区域环境变化均为升高趋势。构建的景观格局指数和生物物理参数与地表温度的关系表明,绿色空间斑块密度指数和最近邻体距离指数与地表温度之间呈二元上抛物线正相关,绿色空间斑块面积与地表温度为负的对数转换关系,归一化差值不透水面指数与样区地表温度之间呈一元线性显著正相关性,植被覆盖度和地表温度之间表现为一元线性显著负相关性。在分析城市热环境的影响因素时发现,城市人口密度与城市地表温度之间存在正的对数转换关系。
综上所述,论文基于景观生态学、环境科学等学科的理论与方法,融合多种定量分析方法,系统研究城镇绿色空间演变及其生态环境效应。本论文在基础研究层面上构建了基于城镇尺度上绿色空间演变与生态环境效应的“多元、多层次”的综合定量评价体系和技术方法；在实证应用方面,通过在不同梯度尺度(层次)对上海城镇绿色空间结构特征、过程模式、功能效应的研究,可以为上海的城镇绿色空间规划建设和改造提供基础数据,以期更好的发挥生态效应,同时为相似研究提供可资借鉴的案例。
The rapid urbanization leads to a series of eco-environmental problems, such as air pollution, urban heat island, water deterioration and decrease of biological diversity. This affects influence directly the state of regional ecological security and sustainable development. As the background of urban ecosystem, urban green space is a suitable way to balance the relationship between rapid urbanization and the eco-environmental problems. Landscape ecology that studies pattern, process and function offers a comprehensive way to solve these complicated ecological problems. Recently, multi-discipline researches on quantifying the pattern of urban green space and the following eco-environmental effects have become hot topics of urban ecological studies. As the most rapid urbanization area in China, Shanghai area's landscape pattern and environment experience a tremendous change. This dissertation takes Shanghai city as the case study area, analyzing the change rules of urban green space and the following eco-environmental effects based on the theories and methods of landscape ecology, remote sensing, geographic information system technology, spatial analysis as well as statistics analysis. Main methods and conclusions in this dissertation are as follows:
(1) Based on the1997,2000,2005and2008image data, basic data and sample plot survey, the dissertation integrates remote sensing and GIS-based spatial information technology to analyze urban green space composition and its spatial-temporal change processes. The result of the case study in Shanghai shows that urban green space has decreased from2031.2km2to1364.7km2during1997to2008and the proportion of crop land in the rural area has declined more than50%. Compared with the complex change process in the rural area, the chang in central urban area green space shows an upward trend. Total vegetation coverage has decreased significantly, the area of full and high coverage has dropped heavily, while the medium coverage, the low coverage and the no vegetation have increased. A survey of111field plots in Shanghai shows that the urban green space in central area are dominated over by deciduous broad-leaved forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest, consisted of155species,117genera and76families, where the frequency of Camphor and Magnolia grandiflora is more than30%. Old parks, compared with recently established parks, have greater average height, average diameter at breast height, average canopy density and species diversity. There are only a few trees in the green space of residential area where the species is not diversified but there are more trees and more diversified species in the old residential area than in the new one. The street tree survey shows that Sycamore and Camphor have a high proportion, but the street trees have a trend of diversification recently.
(2) Based on the classification map of urban green space, the dissertation integrates the landscape index, gradient analysis, spatial statistics to quantitative analyze the configuration of green landscape and its change rules. The gradient spatial analysis of urban green space in responses to the urbanization gives a deeper understanding of the pattern and process and supplies a background for the function study. The results show that the landscape pattern of urban green space changes along with the development of urbanization, the urban green space in the rural area present more fragmental along with the sprawl of urbanization, especial in Pudong, Nanhui and Songjiang area. The number of urban green space in central area shows little increase, but more fragmental and complex which was influenced by human beings. The complex change process of urban green space and non-green space makes the rural area possess higher landscape diversity than the central area.
(3) The dissertation integrates CITYgreen software to analyze the ecological benefits of urban green space. Based on the regional ecosystem analysis method and analysis of the framework and calculation principles of CITYgreen model in assessing the benefits of urban green space in air pollution removal, carbon storage and sequestration and stormwater runoff, an approach is figured out to obtain appropriate parameters of this model to calculate the ecological benefits of different urban land use types in the study area of Shanghai. The results indicate that the ecological value of air pollution removal, carbon storage and sequestration and stormwater runoff of study area drops from1.62billion RMB to1.42billion RMB in total from1997to2008. The ecological benefits of rural areas are more than those in the proper of Shanghai. However, the ecological benefits of the most parts of rural area decrease from1997to2008in study area while it increase in parts of the proper area, Pudong district and Nanhui district. Based on the scenario model of CITYgreen, the forecasting results show that the benefits of urban green space in2020will almost double than that in2008.
(4) According to temporal analysis on inter-annual variations of land surface temperature (LST), the thermal environmental effects performance from centralized to decentralized, sprawls along with the extension axis and major traffic lines showing a irregular form, and there are significant LSTs gradients from the city proper to surrounding rural areas. The thermal environmental effects are improved a lot in the city proper area while in the rural area they become worse. The land surface temperature of different landscape types are in the order of building landscape> crop landscape> urban green space landscape> water landscape. Furthermore, the overall relations between thermal environmental effects pattern and landscape index as well as biophysical features and population density are quantitatively explored. The patch density, euclidian area-weighted mean nearest neighbor distance, normalized difference impervious surface index and population density have a positive relationship with LST while the vegetation cover and total area of green space show a negative correlation with LST.
Above on, based on the theories and methods of landscape ecology and environmental science, integrate a variety of quantitative analysis method, this dissertation qualitativly analyzes the change of urban green space and the following eco-environmental effects. The dissertation establishes a comprehensive method to evaluate the urban eco-environmental effects of urban green space and presents a quantitative method systemizing urban green space pattern and function at multi-level. Based on the analysis of composition, change process and function of urban green space at different gradient scale (level) in the study area, the dissertation also provides fundamental data for urban green space planning and construction in Shanghai, and thus inspire to similar studies.
(1)在对城镇绿色空间组成结构特征及其时空演变规律的研究中,基于1997-2008年四期遥感影像,应用遥感和GIS等空间信息技术,在基础资料和样地调查的辅助下,实现了对上海市城镇绿色空间的数量结构演变、植被覆盖度演变和植被结构演变的综合分析评价。结果发现研究期内上海城镇绿色空间面积总量萎缩明显,从1997年的2031.2km2减少到2008年的1364.7km2,城市郊区农田下降比例超过50%。城镇绿地在核心城区有上升趋势,但在边缘城区和近郊区变化复杂。随着城市化进程推进,总植被覆盖度降幅超过50%,其中高、全植被覆盖等级面积大幅下降,无、低和中植被覆盖等级面积呈上升趋势。城镇绿色空间向外部类型的转变主要为转变为建设用地,而绿色空间类型内的转变主要是农田向城镇绿地的转变。对上海市中心城区111个样地植物的调查结果表明,上海市中心城区绿地以落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林类型占优势,包含植物76科117属155种,其中香樟和广玉兰在样方中出现频率超过了30%。建成年代较早的公园绿地样方内平均高度、平均胸径、平均郁闭度、Simpson (?)旨数和Shanmon-Wiener指数均大于近年所建公园。居住区绿地初步调研结果表明,居住区绿地普遍存在乔木种类比较单一,数量较少的现象,70、80年代建成的居住区绿地乔木层物种丰富度和多样性指数高于近年所建居住区绿地。上海市行道树调查结果显示,悬铃木和香樟在数量上占绝对优势,但近年所选行道树在种类上开始出现多样化趋势。
(2)基于绿色空间分类图,采用景观指数、梯度分析、空间统计等动态分析方法,定量分析城镇绿色空间景观空间结构特征演变及其发展规律,随城市发展的绿色空间梯度变化的空间显式化研究可以更深刻的理解景观格局-过程,为功能研究提供基础。结果表明绿色空间景观格局演变随着城市空间的扩张而变化,研究区内郊区的城市化强度逐渐增强的同时绿色空间表现的越来越破碎,尤其是在城市化进程较快的浦东、南汇和松江所在方向。中心城区的建设速度呈平缓上升趋势,增绿措施使得中心城区绿地在数量上有一定增加,但却更加破碎和复杂,人工化痕迹较重。绿色空间和非绿色空间内外部共同作用复杂变化使得郊区地区比中心城区有着更高的景观多样性。
(3)在生态效应分析中引入了CITYgreen模型,在详细分析了CITYgreen生态环境效应评价模型的三个生态功能模型,大气污染物去除模型、碳储备与碳吸收模型和削减暴雨径流模型基础上,结合上海区域特征情况,探索模型所需数据的获取方法和途径,在区域生态系统分析方法思路指导下,基于城镇绿色空间演变数据,借助GIS技术将其生态价值空间可视化,得到结果为：1997-2008年,研究区内绿色空间去除大气污染物、固碳与削减径流生态环境效应价值之和由1.62×109元下降到1.42×109元。研究区郊区提供的生态环境效应要远大于中心城区提供的生态环境效应,但郊区大部分地区的绿色空间生态环境效应在研究期内有不断下降趋势,中心城区部分区域及浦东和南汇的部分区域生态环境效应有一定的增长。在CITYgreen模拟分析模块支持下,根据上海绿地系统规划预期目标,对2020年绿色空间生态环境效应预测结果表明,2020年绿色空间生态环境效应价值将比2008年增长近一倍。
(4)在对上海城镇绿色空间与热环境效应的研究中,首先根据遥感影像地表温度反演结果,得到1997年、2000年、2005年和2008年四个时段的上海市热环境空间分布格局,对不同时空热环境效应分析表明,城市热环境效应由集中到分散,沿城市扩展轴和主要交通干线辐射状延伸,表现出无规则形态,中心城区热环境效应明显好转,城市郊区的热环境效应有不同程度的加重。在探讨不同景观组成结构特征与热环境效应关系时得出,各类型景观地表温度从高到低为：建设用地景观、农田景观、城镇绿地景观、水域景观,研究期内各类型景观地表温度随区域环境变化均为升高趋势。构建的景观格局指数和生物物理参数与地表温度的关系表明,绿色空间斑块密度指数和最近邻体距离指数与地表温度之间呈二元上抛物线正相关,绿色空间斑块面积与地表温度为负的对数转换关系,归一化差值不透水面指数与样区地表温度之间呈一元线性显著正相关性,植被覆盖度和地表温度之间表现为一元线性显著负相关性。在分析城市热环境的影响因素时发现,城市人口密度与城市地表温度之间存在正的对数转换关系。
综上所述,论文基于景观生态学、环境科学等学科的理论与方法,融合多种定量分析方法,系统研究城镇绿色空间演变及其生态环境效应。本论文在基础研究层面上构建了基于城镇尺度上绿色空间演变与生态环境效应的“多元、多层次”的综合定量评价体系和技术方法；在实证应用方面,通过在不同梯度尺度(层次)对上海城镇绿色空间结构特征、过程模式、功能效应的研究,可以为上海的城镇绿色空间规划建设和改造提供基础数据,以期更好的发挥生态效应,同时为相似研究提供可资借鉴的案例。
The rapid urbanization leads to a series of eco-environmental problems, such as air pollution, urban heat island, water deterioration and decrease of biological diversity. This affects influence directly the state of regional ecological security and sustainable development. As the background of urban ecosystem, urban green space is a suitable way to balance the relationship between rapid urbanization and the eco-environmental problems. Landscape ecology that studies pattern, process and function offers a comprehensive way to solve these complicated ecological problems. Recently, multi-discipline researches on quantifying the pattern of urban green space and the following eco-environmental effects have become hot topics of urban ecological studies. As the most rapid urbanization area in China, Shanghai area's landscape pattern and environment experience a tremendous change. This dissertation takes Shanghai city as the case study area, analyzing the change rules of urban green space and the following eco-environmental effects based on the theories and methods of landscape ecology, remote sensing, geographic information system technology, spatial analysis as well as statistics analysis. Main methods and conclusions in this dissertation are as follows:
(1) Based on the1997,2000,2005and2008image data, basic data and sample plot survey, the dissertation integrates remote sensing and GIS-based spatial information technology to analyze urban green space composition and its spatial-temporal change processes. The result of the case study in Shanghai shows that urban green space has decreased from2031.2km2to1364.7km2during1997to2008and the proportion of crop land in the rural area has declined more than50%. Compared with the complex change process in the rural area, the chang in central urban area green space shows an upward trend. Total vegetation coverage has decreased significantly, the area of full and high coverage has dropped heavily, while the medium coverage, the low coverage and the no vegetation have increased. A survey of111field plots in Shanghai shows that the urban green space in central area are dominated over by deciduous broad-leaved forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest, consisted of155species,117genera and76families, where the frequency of Camphor and Magnolia grandiflora is more than30%. Old parks, compared with recently established parks, have greater average height, average diameter at breast height, average canopy density and species diversity. There are only a few trees in the green space of residential area where the species is not diversified but there are more trees and more diversified species in the old residential area than in the new one. The street tree survey shows that Sycamore and Camphor have a high proportion, but the street trees have a trend of diversification recently.
(2) Based on the classification map of urban green space, the dissertation integrates the landscape index, gradient analysis, spatial statistics to quantitative analyze the configuration of green landscape and its change rules. The gradient spatial analysis of urban green space in responses to the urbanization gives a deeper understanding of the pattern and process and supplies a background for the function study. The results show that the landscape pattern of urban green space changes along with the development of urbanization, the urban green space in the rural area present more fragmental along with the sprawl of urbanization, especial in Pudong, Nanhui and Songjiang area. The number of urban green space in central area shows little increase, but more fragmental and complex which was influenced by human beings. The complex change process of urban green space and non-green space makes the rural area possess higher landscape diversity than the central area.
(3) The dissertation integrates CITYgreen software to analyze the ecological benefits of urban green space. Based on the regional ecosystem analysis method and analysis of the framework and calculation principles of CITYgreen model in assessing the benefits of urban green space in air pollution removal, carbon storage and sequestration and stormwater runoff, an approach is figured out to obtain appropriate parameters of this model to calculate the ecological benefits of different urban land use types in the study area of Shanghai. The results indicate that the ecological value of air pollution removal, carbon storage and sequestration and stormwater runoff of study area drops from1.62billion RMB to1.42billion RMB in total from1997to2008. The ecological benefits of rural areas are more than those in the proper of Shanghai. However, the ecological benefits of the most parts of rural area decrease from1997to2008in study area while it increase in parts of the proper area, Pudong district and Nanhui district. Based on the scenario model of CITYgreen, the forecasting results show that the benefits of urban green space in2020will almost double than that in2008.
(4) According to temporal analysis on inter-annual variations of land surface temperature (LST), the thermal environmental effects performance from centralized to decentralized, sprawls along with the extension axis and major traffic lines showing a irregular form, and there are significant LSTs gradients from the city proper to surrounding rural areas. The thermal environmental effects are improved a lot in the city proper area while in the rural area they become worse. The land surface temperature of different landscape types are in the order of building landscape> crop landscape> urban green space landscape> water landscape. Furthermore, the overall relations between thermal environmental effects pattern and landscape index as well as biophysical features and population density are quantitatively explored. The patch density, euclidian area-weighted mean nearest neighbor distance, normalized difference impervious surface index and population density have a positive relationship with LST while the vegetation cover and total area of green space show a negative correlation with LST.
Above on, based on the theories and methods of landscape ecology and environmental science, integrate a variety of quantitative analysis method, this dissertation qualitativly analyzes the change of urban green space and the following eco-environmental effects. The dissertation establishes a comprehensive method to evaluate the urban eco-environmental effects of urban green space and presents a quantitative method systemizing urban green space pattern and function at multi-level. Based on the analysis of composition, change process and function of urban green space at different gradient scale (level) in the study area, the dissertation also provides fundamental data for urban green space planning and construction in Shanghai, and thus inspire to similar studies.
引文
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