海洋表层沉积物元素地球化学数据处理分析及综合信息评价技术
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摘要
海洋表层沉积物元素地球化学是资源环境研究的主要内容，是探索海底资源环境的重要科学手段。本文基于数学地质方法和信息处理分析原理，从方法论角度，结合渤海表层沉积物元素地球化学环境评价工作，对元素地球化学数据处理分析的相关技术环节进行探讨，提出一套适合海洋表层沉积物元素地球化学环境评价工作的数据信息处理分析的系统方法。
提出数据平差方法，分析多种方法的优劣，并结合渤海实验区，给出实际应用。标准化方法能够消除“多源数据系统误差”差异，能将存在差异的数据统一到一个图幅，但该方法仅能够反映样品变量的分布变化情况，忽略了元素含量的真实水平；邻近点对法在缩小系统误差间距的同时将数据校正到更加合理的评定范围，保留了元素的实际含量水平。本文利用邻近点对法对渤海多来源表层沉积物地球化学常量元素以及微量元素进行平差处理。
引入Kriging、CoKriging方法模型，对该方法模型的构建、变差函数模拟及使用方法进行了系统解析。计算了Ni和Co及Fe和粒度参数的实验变差函数，并进行理论拟合，提取变差函数参数和交叉变差函数参数；利用变差函数所反映的元素空间自相关性和协相关性，判断出Ni、Co和Fe、粒度不但拥有显著统计相关性，而且也具有明显的空间相关性，变差函数模拟结果显示这些参数均受北北东向构造格架控制。利用CoKriging对边界效应数据和稀疏数据的插值效果进行实验，结果表明，该方法在边界缺失数据信息的情况下，利用次变量协同插值能够减小估计误差，提高插值效果；在数据信息点稀疏的情况下，同样能够减小估计误差，提高插值效果。另外，本文还给出基于ArcGIS平台的Kriging和CoKriging应用方法。
系统介绍分形、突变边界、汇流累积、移动平均等异常划分方法，并对渤海地球化学元素进行异常划分。应用结果表明，分形方法从地球化学场的空间自相似性出发，划定异常下限的同时，可以将研究区域划分出不同异常区域和异常等级；汇流累积法在圈定异常面积较小的同时保证异常区域罗列的全面，可以突出弱异常，且在高值聚集区域突出了较高值区域和线性特征；突变边界法划分的异常与移动平均法划分的异常区域较相似，移动平均法使用时人为因素较多，突变边界法比移动平均法更客观，划分的异常界限也较细致些。
引入多元信息综合分析方法，将地球化学元素信息图层以及异常分布图层与构造、地形、地貌、重力异常、磁力异常等信息图层进行叠加和相关分析，分析及解算结果表明：（1）空间异常的不同提取方法可以互相弥补，不同的异常提取方法，可能会指示不同的地质环境背景；（2）异常场的空间展布与其他综合信息的关联，可以提供更多的环境信息；（3）由Zn为代表的地球化学元素异常分布，表层沉积物粒度线性异常分布，水深线性异常分布以及渤海构造环境特征等之间存在着或强或弱的相关关系；（4）Zn异常主要受控因素为表层沉积物粒度，其次为重力异常信息，呈弱贡献关系。在不同的目标域，粒度与Zn的相关程度，以及线性模型模拟的精度不同，在渤海中部的石油盆地内，粒度明显为主控变量，与Zn含量强相关，且线性模型模拟结果与实际分布高度相近，模拟精度较高，相似系数达0.79；从全区模拟来看，由于模拟单元最多，相对其它目标域，粒度贡献及线性模拟精度相对仍然较高，由此可见靠近岸边的区域，Zn含量受粒度控制较强；与之相对，在渤海构造盆地以及构造带的的模拟结果相比之下，模型模拟精度较低，粒度与Zn的相关性也相对变弱，而重力异常信息控制变强；在Zn线性异常区域，模型模拟精度最低，粒度贡献相对较弱，可见在Zn线性异常区域内，Zn含量除受到粒度控制外，可能还与其它来源因素有关。
Geochemistry of surface sediments at seabed is the main content of resources and environment research, and is an important scientific means to explore the resources and environment of the seabed. Based on mathematics geology methods and information processing principle, the article investigates relative technical links of elements geochemistry datum from Bohai surface sediments element geochemical environment evaluation project, and proposes a system approach of data processing fitting marine surface sediments geochemical environment evaluation.
After the methods are analyzed, adjustment is proposed, and combining the datum of Bohai experimental area practical application based on adjustment is shown. Standardized method can eliminate difference of “Multi‐source data system error” and integrate the data that have difference into a map. But this method could only reflect distribution changes of samples and ignores the real level of element content; Adjacent points method regulates the data in a more reasonable range of assessment while narrows system error spacing. The article, on the basis of adjacent points method, applies adjustment processing to analyze the major elements and trace elements of Bohai multiple sources surface sediments geochemistry.
Kriging and CoKriging method model are introduced. The building of these models, simulating of variogram and the usage of them is systematically analyzed. The experimental variogram of Fe, Ni, Co, and grain size parameters are calculated, and the theoretical fit is made to extract the parameters of the variogram function and of cross‐variogram function; The variogram function reflecting self‐correlation and co‐correlation of elements space, which prove that the Fe, Ni, Co and particle size not only has a significant statistical correlation, but also has a significant spatial correlation. The variogram Simulation results show that these parameters are subject to north‐north‐east‐trending tectonic framework. Using CoKriging on interpolation effect on boundary effect data and sparse data, the results show that the method reduce the estimation error and improve the interpolation results by synergistic interpolation of secondary variables in the cases of missing data information at boundary and data point sparse. In addition, the article describes the application of Kriging and CoKriging on the ARCGIS platform.
Abnormal division method such as fractal, mutations boundary, flow accumulation and moving average is introduced, and with this method the Bohai geochemical elements abnormal division is worked out. The application results show that fractal, from the spatial self‐similarity of the geochemical field, divide the study area into different abnormal regions and abnormal levels, while delimite abnormal lower limit; Flow accumulation method guarantees comprehensively setting out abnormal regions, highlights weak anomaly and also the higher value area and linear features in high value clustered regions, when the abnormal regions in smaller area is delineated; Mutations boundary method delineate the similar abnormal regions as he moving average method, but the former identify more micromesh and objective abnormal areas than the latter method which has more human factors in application.
Finally, comprehensive analysis method of multi‐information is introduced to superimpose information layers of geo‐chemical elements, abnormal distribution, structure, topography, geomorphology, gravity anomalies and magnetic anomalies, and to analyse correspondingly. The results of analysis and solving indicates that (1) different methods of extracting space abnormalities compensate for each other. Different methods of extraction, the geological environment indicated;(2) combination of spatial anomalous field distribution and other comprehensive information provide more environmental information.(3) there is strong or weak correlation among Zn(representing geochemical elements) abnormal distribution, surface sediment grain size abnormal distribution, bathymetry anomalies lies and Bohai tectonic environment characteristics.(4)the mainly controlled factor of Zn anomalies is grain size of surface sediments, and the secondary factor is gravity anamalies which contribute less for Zn abnomalies. In different target domain, relevance of grain size and Zn is different, the accuracy of the linear model simulation different also. In oil basins in the centrol Bohai, the grain size is obviously the main control variable, strong correlation with Zn content, and the simulation results of the linear model being of highly similar with its actual distribution, the similarity coefficient0.79; for region simulation, grain size contribution and linear simulation accuracy are higher compare with other target region because of containing most simulation units, which incicates that Zn content is strongly controlled by granularity in area near the shore; by contrast, the simulation result of Bohai tectonic basin and the tectonic zone has low accuracy comparatively, the correlation between granularity and Zn turned weak relatively, while gravity anomaly affect becoming stronger; in Zn linear anomaly region, model simulation accuracy being the lowest, and granularity contributing less, which indicate that Zn content relates to other factors in addition to granularity in Zn linear abnomaly region.
提出数据平差方法，分析多种方法的优劣，并结合渤海实验区，给出实际应用。标准化方法能够消除“多源数据系统误差”差异，能将存在差异的数据统一到一个图幅，但该方法仅能够反映样品变量的分布变化情况，忽略了元素含量的真实水平；邻近点对法在缩小系统误差间距的同时将数据校正到更加合理的评定范围，保留了元素的实际含量水平。本文利用邻近点对法对渤海多来源表层沉积物地球化学常量元素以及微量元素进行平差处理。
引入Kriging、CoKriging方法模型，对该方法模型的构建、变差函数模拟及使用方法进行了系统解析。计算了Ni和Co及Fe和粒度参数的实验变差函数，并进行理论拟合，提取变差函数参数和交叉变差函数参数；利用变差函数所反映的元素空间自相关性和协相关性，判断出Ni、Co和Fe、粒度不但拥有显著统计相关性，而且也具有明显的空间相关性，变差函数模拟结果显示这些参数均受北北东向构造格架控制。利用CoKriging对边界效应数据和稀疏数据的插值效果进行实验，结果表明，该方法在边界缺失数据信息的情况下，利用次变量协同插值能够减小估计误差，提高插值效果；在数据信息点稀疏的情况下，同样能够减小估计误差，提高插值效果。另外，本文还给出基于ArcGIS平台的Kriging和CoKriging应用方法。
系统介绍分形、突变边界、汇流累积、移动平均等异常划分方法，并对渤海地球化学元素进行异常划分。应用结果表明，分形方法从地球化学场的空间自相似性出发，划定异常下限的同时，可以将研究区域划分出不同异常区域和异常等级；汇流累积法在圈定异常面积较小的同时保证异常区域罗列的全面，可以突出弱异常，且在高值聚集区域突出了较高值区域和线性特征；突变边界法划分的异常与移动平均法划分的异常区域较相似，移动平均法使用时人为因素较多，突变边界法比移动平均法更客观，划分的异常界限也较细致些。
引入多元信息综合分析方法，将地球化学元素信息图层以及异常分布图层与构造、地形、地貌、重力异常、磁力异常等信息图层进行叠加和相关分析，分析及解算结果表明：（1）空间异常的不同提取方法可以互相弥补，不同的异常提取方法，可能会指示不同的地质环境背景；（2）异常场的空间展布与其他综合信息的关联，可以提供更多的环境信息；（3）由Zn为代表的地球化学元素异常分布，表层沉积物粒度线性异常分布，水深线性异常分布以及渤海构造环境特征等之间存在着或强或弱的相关关系；（4）Zn异常主要受控因素为表层沉积物粒度，其次为重力异常信息，呈弱贡献关系。在不同的目标域，粒度与Zn的相关程度，以及线性模型模拟的精度不同，在渤海中部的石油盆地内，粒度明显为主控变量，与Zn含量强相关，且线性模型模拟结果与实际分布高度相近，模拟精度较高，相似系数达0.79；从全区模拟来看，由于模拟单元最多，相对其它目标域，粒度贡献及线性模拟精度相对仍然较高，由此可见靠近岸边的区域，Zn含量受粒度控制较强；与之相对，在渤海构造盆地以及构造带的的模拟结果相比之下，模型模拟精度较低，粒度与Zn的相关性也相对变弱，而重力异常信息控制变强；在Zn线性异常区域，模型模拟精度最低，粒度贡献相对较弱，可见在Zn线性异常区域内，Zn含量除受到粒度控制外，可能还与其它来源因素有关。
Geochemistry of surface sediments at seabed is the main content of resources and environment research, and is an important scientific means to explore the resources and environment of the seabed. Based on mathematics geology methods and information processing principle, the article investigates relative technical links of elements geochemistry datum from Bohai surface sediments element geochemical environment evaluation project, and proposes a system approach of data processing fitting marine surface sediments geochemical environment evaluation.
After the methods are analyzed, adjustment is proposed, and combining the datum of Bohai experimental area practical application based on adjustment is shown. Standardized method can eliminate difference of “Multi‐source data system error” and integrate the data that have difference into a map. But this method could only reflect distribution changes of samples and ignores the real level of element content; Adjacent points method regulates the data in a more reasonable range of assessment while narrows system error spacing. The article, on the basis of adjacent points method, applies adjustment processing to analyze the major elements and trace elements of Bohai multiple sources surface sediments geochemistry.
Kriging and CoKriging method model are introduced. The building of these models, simulating of variogram and the usage of them is systematically analyzed. The experimental variogram of Fe, Ni, Co, and grain size parameters are calculated, and the theoretical fit is made to extract the parameters of the variogram function and of cross‐variogram function; The variogram function reflecting self‐correlation and co‐correlation of elements space, which prove that the Fe, Ni, Co and particle size not only has a significant statistical correlation, but also has a significant spatial correlation. The variogram Simulation results show that these parameters are subject to north‐north‐east‐trending tectonic framework. Using CoKriging on interpolation effect on boundary effect data and sparse data, the results show that the method reduce the estimation error and improve the interpolation results by synergistic interpolation of secondary variables in the cases of missing data information at boundary and data point sparse. In addition, the article describes the application of Kriging and CoKriging on the ARCGIS platform.
Abnormal division method such as fractal, mutations boundary, flow accumulation and moving average is introduced, and with this method the Bohai geochemical elements abnormal division is worked out. The application results show that fractal, from the spatial self‐similarity of the geochemical field, divide the study area into different abnormal regions and abnormal levels, while delimite abnormal lower limit; Flow accumulation method guarantees comprehensively setting out abnormal regions, highlights weak anomaly and also the higher value area and linear features in high value clustered regions, when the abnormal regions in smaller area is delineated; Mutations boundary method delineate the similar abnormal regions as he moving average method, but the former identify more micromesh and objective abnormal areas than the latter method which has more human factors in application.
Finally, comprehensive analysis method of multi‐information is introduced to superimpose information layers of geo‐chemical elements, abnormal distribution, structure, topography, geomorphology, gravity anomalies and magnetic anomalies, and to analyse correspondingly. The results of analysis and solving indicates that (1) different methods of extracting space abnormalities compensate for each other. Different methods of extraction, the geological environment indicated;(2) combination of spatial anomalous field distribution and other comprehensive information provide more environmental information.(3) there is strong or weak correlation among Zn(representing geochemical elements) abnormal distribution, surface sediment grain size abnormal distribution, bathymetry anomalies lies and Bohai tectonic environment characteristics.(4)the mainly controlled factor of Zn anomalies is grain size of surface sediments, and the secondary factor is gravity anamalies which contribute less for Zn abnomalies. In different target domain, relevance of grain size and Zn is different, the accuracy of the linear model simulation different also. In oil basins in the centrol Bohai, the grain size is obviously the main control variable, strong correlation with Zn content, and the simulation results of the linear model being of highly similar with its actual distribution, the similarity coefficient0.79; for region simulation, grain size contribution and linear simulation accuracy are higher compare with other target region because of containing most simulation units, which incicates that Zn content is strongly controlled by granularity in area near the shore; by contrast, the simulation result of Bohai tectonic basin and the tectonic zone has low accuracy comparatively, the correlation between granularity and Zn turned weak relatively, while gravity anomaly affect becoming stronger; in Zn linear anomaly region, model simulation accuracy being the lowest, and granularity contributing less, which indicate that Zn content relates to other factors in addition to granularity in Zn linear abnomaly region.
引文
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