生态水信息指标参数遥感反演模型研究
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摘要
水文循环系统（SPAC，Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum）耦合了大气、土壤、植被等诸多的因素，作为水文循环的一个重要实体-生态水层，涵盖了与地表植被层息息相关的水体，是水循环和水资源监测的重要内容。生态水的富水性分区直接作用于生态环境，合理地评价和计量生态水资源，对水资源的综合管理及区域的可持续发展有很现实的指导意义。
目前国内外的研究大都围绕对农田水分，植被物种含水量，各种生化参数，干旱洪水各种灾害信息等方面的水分含量量化研究，对于区域尺度的森林涵养水源还仅限于各站点与样本监测相结合的综合统计，而这并不能适应动态变化的地理条件。地球信息科学的前沿技术-遥感技术，能够动态监测植被、土壤等的时空变化情况，短期内获取大尺度的地面信息，客观地反映其水分涵养情况。然而地表环境复杂多变，遥感的任何一种波段，不论是在可见光、近红外波段，还是热红外波段，甚至微波波段都无法全面准确地定量监测生态水资源。采用定量遥感技术，应用定量算法处理和分析海量的光学遥感监测数据、估测地表参数、反演可靠的依赖于地表过程的动态监测模型，将此类技术应用于植被生态水信息的量化提取将是水资源和遥感应用领域重要的学术问题。
本文选取岷江上游植被和土壤类型典型地区-毛儿盖实验区，完善生态水模型的指标体系，明确各地表参数与模型变量间的关系，利用遥感影像和实测光谱信息等数据定量反演植被含水量（EWT和FMC）、土壤湿度、地表耗水等物理遥感模型，构建生态水富水系数模数，分析毛儿盖实验区近10年生态水富水性变化情况，预测岷江上游生态水富水性变化趋势。
论文的主要研究内容和创新成果有以下方面：
（1）结合项目组前期研究成果，进一步完善了生态水信息指标参数体系，进一步明确了研究区各影响因子生态水量化参数的意义，开展了对多种植被指数、植被生化指数、地表反照率、地表温度和土壤湿度指数等生态水指标参数遥感反演方法研究。
（2）基于光谱学和遥感基本原理，可见光波段能够反映植被的覆盖程度，近红外波段能够分析植被的垂直结构特征，论文分析植被对水的敏感波段，对比各种光谱指数和模型与植被含水量的关系，利用野外实测数据及项目组前期利用SR光谱指数建立的植被相对含水量（FMC）模型，建立了研究区植被含水量（EWT）经验模型，并结合叶面积指数计算研究区植被水分含量，通过残差分析，结果合理，精度符合要求，模型具备一定实用性。
（3）岷江上游地区地质地貌情况复杂，论文分别从三种不同角度建立了三个土壤含水量模型：分析近红外光谱反射率与土壤含水量表示方法的关系，建立基于近红外土壤水分敏感波段的高光谱土壤水分模型；利用土壤敏感波段选取土壤线，结合TM遥感影像特点建立了土壤水分光谱的土壤含水量模型；利用不同的植被指数与温度构造特征空间，比较分析后选用TS-EVI空间建立的水分指数，反演适用于岷江上游典型地表的土壤含水量模型和地下土壤分层含水量模型。对比三者反演结果，分析了模型适用性。
（4）耗水量是地表水循环中最难以估算的分量，论文利用ETM+遥感影像的近红外红外波段构建NIR-RED光谱特征空间，依据遥感技术与能量平衡原理相结合的方法，选用SEBAL模型，并针对区域特点和数据特征，改进潜热通量的算法，反演计量土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾量的耗水模型，其结果与气象台站监测数据和相关文献资料相符。
（5）论文结合本底调查中关于生态水定性分级的类型，创新性地利用本文建立的植被含水量模型、土壤含水量模型和耗水模型构造生态水富水系数模数模型，计算生态水富水系数模数，提取研究区域生态水富水性量化标准，结果与本底调查定性分类结果和水文资料相符。在此基础上，分析近10年来研究区域生态水的变化特点并进行评价和预测，并论证该模型对高原地区和岷江上游地区的适用性。
Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum(SPAC) contains atmosphere, soil, vegetation,water and many other factors, ecological water as an important part of SPAC, itcontains water related to vegetation layer, is an important part of water cycle andwater resources monitoring. Reasonable evaluation and measurement of ecologicalwater resources is very practical to water resources integrated management and regionsustainable development.
Most of the researches at home and abroad pay attention to water quantitativeresearch of farmland water, vegetation water, a variety of biochemical parameters,drought and flood hazard, for the regional-scale forest water is limited tocomprehensive statistic of site and sample monitoring. It can not adapt to dynamicchanges in overall geographical conditions. Remote sensing technology candynamically monitor vegetation, soil, etc. access large-scale ground information inshort term, objectively reflect its water conservation. Because ground surface iscomplex and changing, any kind of remote sensing band, both in the visible, nearinfrared, or thermal infrared band, and even microwave band can not fully andaccurately monitor the ecology of water resources. Quantitative remote sensingtechnology can quickly collect data and do quantitative analysis, use of this techniqueto extract water information will be an important area of academic problems.
In this paper, Maoergai area in the upper minjiang which contain typicalvegetation and soil is chosen as study area, its ecological water model index system isstudied, the uncertain parameters`relations are cleared. Vegetation water content (EWT and FMC), soil moisture, soil evaporation and vegetation transpiration iscalculated by using remote sensing images and measured spectrum information,ecological water coefficient module is established. It is simple and convenient inactual ecological monitoring and correct evaluation of water conservation.
The mainly content and innovation of this paperis as follows:
Combined with the previous research results of the project, improve theecological water information index parameters system further, discussed indexparameters inversion method of variety of vegetation index, vegetation biochemicalindex, surface albedo, the surface temperature, soil humidity index. The meaning ofthe parameters and its weight is determined and ecological water information index iscalculated.
Based on spectroscopy and the basic principle of remote sensing, the visiblespectrum can reflect the vegetation coverage, and the near-infrared spectrum can beused to analyze the vertical structure of vegetation. Vegetation sensitive band to wateris analysed using spectroscopy and RS. Various spectrum index and model relation tovegetation water content is analysed, moisture content (EWT) and vegetation relativewater content (FMC) model is established using SR vegetation index, through theresidual analysis, precision is accords with requirement, and the model has certainpractical value.
Considering the complexity of geology and geomorphology in the upperminjiang, three soil water content model was set up from different anglerespectively: analyze the relstionship between near infrared spectral reflectance andsoil water content, established hyperspectralsoil moisture content model combinedwith near infrared sensitive bands; select soil line using soil sensitive band,established soil moisture content model combined with TM remote sensing imagefeatures; inversed soil moisture content model which is suitable for high forestvegetation coverage using TS-NDVI space established moisture index. The threeresultsis contrasted and the applicability of the model is analyzed.
It is difficult to compute the latent heat flux in surface water cycle.BuildNIR-RED spectrum characteristic space using ETM+remote sensing image of thenear infrared infrared bands, accord to the energy balance principle, choose SEBALmodel and the improved algorithm of latent heat flux, inverse soil evaporation and vegetation transpiration water model, and the results is accord with meteorologicalstations monitoring data and related literature material.
This paper established ecological water-rich index model firstly, and dividedwater-rich district of the study area, the result is consistent with the results ofbackground investigation. On this base, analyzed changing characteristics of studyregional ecological water in recent10years and predicted its future, and proved themodel applicability for forest area and in the upper minjiang.
目前国内外的研究大都围绕对农田水分，植被物种含水量，各种生化参数，干旱洪水各种灾害信息等方面的水分含量量化研究，对于区域尺度的森林涵养水源还仅限于各站点与样本监测相结合的综合统计，而这并不能适应动态变化的地理条件。地球信息科学的前沿技术-遥感技术，能够动态监测植被、土壤等的时空变化情况，短期内获取大尺度的地面信息，客观地反映其水分涵养情况。然而地表环境复杂多变，遥感的任何一种波段，不论是在可见光、近红外波段，还是热红外波段，甚至微波波段都无法全面准确地定量监测生态水资源。采用定量遥感技术，应用定量算法处理和分析海量的光学遥感监测数据、估测地表参数、反演可靠的依赖于地表过程的动态监测模型，将此类技术应用于植被生态水信息的量化提取将是水资源和遥感应用领域重要的学术问题。
本文选取岷江上游植被和土壤类型典型地区-毛儿盖实验区，完善生态水模型的指标体系，明确各地表参数与模型变量间的关系，利用遥感影像和实测光谱信息等数据定量反演植被含水量（EWT和FMC）、土壤湿度、地表耗水等物理遥感模型，构建生态水富水系数模数，分析毛儿盖实验区近10年生态水富水性变化情况，预测岷江上游生态水富水性变化趋势。
论文的主要研究内容和创新成果有以下方面：
（1）结合项目组前期研究成果，进一步完善了生态水信息指标参数体系，进一步明确了研究区各影响因子生态水量化参数的意义，开展了对多种植被指数、植被生化指数、地表反照率、地表温度和土壤湿度指数等生态水指标参数遥感反演方法研究。
（2）基于光谱学和遥感基本原理，可见光波段能够反映植被的覆盖程度，近红外波段能够分析植被的垂直结构特征，论文分析植被对水的敏感波段，对比各种光谱指数和模型与植被含水量的关系，利用野外实测数据及项目组前期利用SR光谱指数建立的植被相对含水量（FMC）模型，建立了研究区植被含水量（EWT）经验模型，并结合叶面积指数计算研究区植被水分含量，通过残差分析，结果合理，精度符合要求，模型具备一定实用性。
（3）岷江上游地区地质地貌情况复杂，论文分别从三种不同角度建立了三个土壤含水量模型：分析近红外光谱反射率与土壤含水量表示方法的关系，建立基于近红外土壤水分敏感波段的高光谱土壤水分模型；利用土壤敏感波段选取土壤线，结合TM遥感影像特点建立了土壤水分光谱的土壤含水量模型；利用不同的植被指数与温度构造特征空间，比较分析后选用TS-EVI空间建立的水分指数，反演适用于岷江上游典型地表的土壤含水量模型和地下土壤分层含水量模型。对比三者反演结果，分析了模型适用性。
（4）耗水量是地表水循环中最难以估算的分量，论文利用ETM+遥感影像的近红外红外波段构建NIR-RED光谱特征空间，依据遥感技术与能量平衡原理相结合的方法，选用SEBAL模型，并针对区域特点和数据特征，改进潜热通量的算法，反演计量土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾量的耗水模型，其结果与气象台站监测数据和相关文献资料相符。
（5）论文结合本底调查中关于生态水定性分级的类型，创新性地利用本文建立的植被含水量模型、土壤含水量模型和耗水模型构造生态水富水系数模数模型，计算生态水富水系数模数，提取研究区域生态水富水性量化标准，结果与本底调查定性分类结果和水文资料相符。在此基础上，分析近10年来研究区域生态水的变化特点并进行评价和预测，并论证该模型对高原地区和岷江上游地区的适用性。
Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum(SPAC) contains atmosphere, soil, vegetation,water and many other factors, ecological water as an important part of SPAC, itcontains water related to vegetation layer, is an important part of water cycle andwater resources monitoring. Reasonable evaluation and measurement of ecologicalwater resources is very practical to water resources integrated management and regionsustainable development.
Most of the researches at home and abroad pay attention to water quantitativeresearch of farmland water, vegetation water, a variety of biochemical parameters,drought and flood hazard, for the regional-scale forest water is limited tocomprehensive statistic of site and sample monitoring. It can not adapt to dynamicchanges in overall geographical conditions. Remote sensing technology candynamically monitor vegetation, soil, etc. access large-scale ground information inshort term, objectively reflect its water conservation. Because ground surface iscomplex and changing, any kind of remote sensing band, both in the visible, nearinfrared, or thermal infrared band, and even microwave band can not fully andaccurately monitor the ecology of water resources. Quantitative remote sensingtechnology can quickly collect data and do quantitative analysis, use of this techniqueto extract water information will be an important area of academic problems.
In this paper, Maoergai area in the upper minjiang which contain typicalvegetation and soil is chosen as study area, its ecological water model index system isstudied, the uncertain parameters`relations are cleared. Vegetation water content (EWT and FMC), soil moisture, soil evaporation and vegetation transpiration iscalculated by using remote sensing images and measured spectrum information,ecological water coefficient module is established. It is simple and convenient inactual ecological monitoring and correct evaluation of water conservation.
The mainly content and innovation of this paperis as follows:
Combined with the previous research results of the project, improve theecological water information index parameters system further, discussed indexparameters inversion method of variety of vegetation index, vegetation biochemicalindex, surface albedo, the surface temperature, soil humidity index. The meaning ofthe parameters and its weight is determined and ecological water information index iscalculated.
Based on spectroscopy and the basic principle of remote sensing, the visiblespectrum can reflect the vegetation coverage, and the near-infrared spectrum can beused to analyze the vertical structure of vegetation. Vegetation sensitive band to wateris analysed using spectroscopy and RS. Various spectrum index and model relation tovegetation water content is analysed, moisture content (EWT) and vegetation relativewater content (FMC) model is established using SR vegetation index, through theresidual analysis, precision is accords with requirement, and the model has certainpractical value.
Considering the complexity of geology and geomorphology in the upperminjiang, three soil water content model was set up from different anglerespectively: analyze the relstionship between near infrared spectral reflectance andsoil water content, established hyperspectralsoil moisture content model combinedwith near infrared sensitive bands; select soil line using soil sensitive band,established soil moisture content model combined with TM remote sensing imagefeatures; inversed soil moisture content model which is suitable for high forestvegetation coverage using TS-NDVI space established moisture index. The threeresultsis contrasted and the applicability of the model is analyzed.
It is difficult to compute the latent heat flux in surface water cycle.BuildNIR-RED spectrum characteristic space using ETM+remote sensing image of thenear infrared infrared bands, accord to the energy balance principle, choose SEBALmodel and the improved algorithm of latent heat flux, inverse soil evaporation and vegetation transpiration water model, and the results is accord with meteorologicalstations monitoring data and related literature material.
This paper established ecological water-rich index model firstly, and dividedwater-rich district of the study area, the result is consistent with the results ofbackground investigation. On this base, analyzed changing characteristics of studyregional ecological water in recent10years and predicted its future, and proved themodel applicability for forest area and in the upper minjiang.
引文
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