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软件企业战略风险评估研究
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摘要
软件行业是信息科学的重要组成部分之一,作为资本与技术双密集型行业,软件企业是将人才、资本与技术融为了一体,是以智力和人才作为主要的经营资源,以知识与信息作为经营的载体,以创新作为主要的经营特色,具有高渗透性、高投入、高效益回报、高附加值、高风险等诸多特点,已经成为了更新传统、推动产业结构与产品结构调整的重要支撑。面对如今十分严峻的全球经济形式,软件企业也同时面临着极大的挑战。
     伴随着市场竞争的加剧,软件企业所面临的各种内、外部环境都变得十分复杂与动荡,因此,企业在发展过程中采取的任何行为都可能会涉及到不确定性和风险问题,避免风险比获得超常收益更为重要,这已经是企业界的基本共识。
     软件企业的发展离不开战略风险管理。战略风险管理的核心内容之一就是内外部环境特点,做出具有针对性的风险评估,并在战略选择与确定确定之前,尽可能地合理利用内外部条件,对资源进行优化配置,将风险的发生机率与所带来的损失尽量预估清楚,只有这样才能使企业战略的制定更具有科学性与合理性,进而保证企业的可持续性地良性发展。
     本文是以不确定性理论作为研究基础,将企业战略理论、风险理论、决策理论进行融合,通过隶属度分析、层次分析、模糊分析等方法,针对软件行业的战略风险评估进行研究,以期进一步丰富战略风险研究的理论体系。为了使研究更加具有全面性和创新性,全文紧密地围绕软件企业战略的风险识别、风险预估和风险分析,主要开展了以下研究工作。
     首先,本文从软件企业的特点入手,对软件企业战略风险的来源、不同发展阶段的风险构成因素进行了分析。我们所说的软件行业伴随随高风险的同时,具有高收益性,这并不是说软件企业在整个发展过程中都具有高收益性,就一般经验而言,软件企业在发展过程的各个阶段其收益是非常不平衡的,在创业初期,伴随的基本上都是高风险,而收益却显得十分微乎其微。只有当企业的经营趋于成功的时候,高收益性才出现。
     其次,影响软件企业战略风险的因素有很多,要想做出十分准确、非常合理的风险判断,就需要从多个层次、各种角度出发,设计出一系列相互关联的指标体系。本文采用了专家问卷调查、访谈与隶属度分析相结合的方法对软件企业战略风险评估指标进行了设计与筛选,最后保留了2个大类,13个子类,共计60个三类评估指标。
     每个指标在评估体系中所起的作用是不尽相同的,因此需要明确其权重的大小,这样才能更加全面、客观、真实地反映客观实际情况。本文随后基于层次分析法,利用同层比较,逐层加权、递阶归并的方式将每个指标在系统模型中的权重数值计算出来。并以此为依据,再采用模糊综合评价与隶属度分析相结合的方法,构建层次模糊分析模型,计算出软件企业某项战略的风险状况,为下一步风险组合分析奠定了基础。
     战略的制定不能是单纯地以风险为依据,也不是简简单单地以战略预期收益为出发点,而是在战略风险与预期收益,以及风险控制成本等多种因素之间进行权衡。本文重点研究企业战略风险评估的组合框架,结合了预估成本、预期效益、风险偏好、风险容忍度等综合指标进行组合分析,构建软件企业基于风险因素分析的战略制定模型,找出软件企业的核心风险因素,最后通过实证验证上述风险分析方法的可行、有效性。为我国软件企业今后能够健康发展,并减少战略风险发生概率所做的决策提供理论指导和建议。
Software industry is one of the most important part of information science field. Asthe capital and technology double-intensive industry, software enterprise connects talent,capital, and technology as a whole, taking intelligence and talent as main businessresources, taking knowledge and information as business carrier, taking innovation asmain business features. It has many features, such as high permeability, high investment,high added value, high risk and high effective return, and has became the importantsupporting foundation to innovating tradition, promoting economic structure andadjusting products structure. Software enterprise is facing tremendous challenges intoday’s hard global economy.
     Accompanied by the increasing competition, software company's internal andexternal environment have become very complex and volatile, so any behavior ofenterprise development will involve in the trouble of uncertainty and risk. Avoiding riskis more important than getting supernormal profits, it has become the consensus of thebusiness community.
     Enterprise strategy risk management is indispensability to the development ofsoftware company. The key point of strategy risk management is to make a targeted riskassessment. If we can reasonably utilize the internal and external conditions, optimize theallocation of resources and make clear about the estimation of risk losses before thestrategy was decided, the decision of making enterprises strategy will be more scientificand reasonable, so as to keep the enterprise developing healthly.
     This paper is based on uncertainty theory combining the theory of enterprisestrategy, the risk management theory, the decision theory, and studies the strategic riskassessment in software industry by the method of membership grade analysis,hierarchical analysis, and fuzzy analysis, with a view to further enrich the theory systemresearch on strategy risk. In order to make the research work more comprehensive andinnovative, this paper illustrates the software enterprise strategic risk prediction and riskidentification, risk analysis, mainly carried out the following research step.
     First of all, starting with the features of the software enterprise, we made the risk analysis about the sources of software company, different stages of development ofenterprise strategy. What we mentioned the high profitability accompanied by the higherrisks in software industry, doesn’t mean the high profitability throughout the wholedevelopment process. In fact, as for the general rule of thumb, the income of softwarecompanies at all stages of the development is very uneven. In those early phases, theenterprise always goes with high risk, but the benefit is minimal. When the success iscoming, the high profitability also appears.
     Secondly, there are many factors to affect software enterprise strategic risk. In orderto make accurate and reasonable risk judgment, we need design a series of interrelatedindicators system from multiple levels and view. In this paper, software enterprisestrategy risk assessment indicators was designed and filtered by analyzine ways of expertquestionnaires, interviews, membership grade, and reserved2categories,13classes,total60three-level items of evaluation in the end.
     Each index’s function effect in the evaluation system is not the same, therefore weneed to make it clear about their weighted value, so that more comprehensively,objectively and truly reality is reflected. Then this paper is based on hierarchy analysismethod, comparison of the same layer, layer-by-layer-weighted hierarchical merging ofthe calculated weight values in each index system model. And on this basis, combinedwith fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the membership grade methods,construction of fuzzy analysis hierarchy process models, calculate the risks of softwareenterprises’ strategic situation, it is the foundation for risk combination analysis for thenext step.
     Strategy cannot be made simply basing on risk, nor on expected return as theconference starting point, but on the tradeoff between strategy risk, expected returns, riskcontrol costs, and other factors. This paper focuses on research on combinationframework of enterprise strategic risk assessment, combined with estimated costs andexpected benefits, risk appetite, risk tolerance and other indicators for portfolio analysis,building software enterprise strategy model based on risk factors, to find the core riskfactors of software enterprise. In the end, verify the analysis method’s feasibility andvalidity mentioned above by empirical study. It will provide guidance and recommendations to software enterprise’s strategy decision for the healthy developmentto software enterprises in China and reduce the probability of risk losing
引文
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