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关中山东庄移民百年史迹与生聚现状研究
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摘要
人口迁移是人口变迁的主要方式,也是社会变迁的基本形式之一,对国家和社会发展起着举足轻重的作用。近代山东灾荒连年,社会动荡,出现了大规模的移民潮,成为最主要的移民迁出地。本研究选取晚清“鲁人入陕”事件作为研究对象,置山东移民于迁入地——关中这一特定的区域范围。通过田野调查,运用文献考据法、经济学、社会学、文化学等方法,重点考察山东庄移民经济与关中经济的互动关系,分析山东移民如何和关中土著居民实现融合,在实现自身经济发展的同时,共同推动关中经济和社会的恢复和发展。
     晚清天灾人祸后,齐鲁两地的人口和耕地占有出现了明显的差异,成为移民事件的最主要驱动力。鲁人入陕事件是一次自发性、有组织性并存的大规模移民行动,政府宽松的移民政策和山东籍政府官员焦云龙的参与,进一步加快了移民的速度和规模。移民入关中后,出于封建农业社会本能逐“地”性的需要,他们沿回乱后形成的人烟稀少的关中东部长带,在三原、高陵、阎良、临潼等区县及渭北的富平、大荔、渭南、蒲城等县,建立起众多的移民村落——山东庄,初步估算而今人口已达30万人以上。
     农业经济是山东庄移民经济的主体。山东移民积极垦荒,兴修水利,发展井灌,打破了关中地区原有的以粮棉为主的单一生产模式。他们引种美烟,种桑养蚕,扩大植棉,种植油料作物和园艺作物,农业生产呈现多种经营格局。山东移民的到来,为关中地区带来了充足劳动力,也使关中土地更加细碎化,加快了“关中模式”的形成进程;进一步完善了关中地区的灌溉系统,重新奠定了关中地区以粮棉大省地位;对战后关中农业的快速恢复发展起到了促进作用。
     相较于农业经济,山东庄的手工业和商业经济处于附属地位,是农业经济的有力补充。山东庄手工业经营是建构在封建土地所有制和小块土地经营基础上的“农工经营”模式,经营以家庭作坊为单位,主要从事农产品加工。因市场的狭小、资本和技术的缺乏,家庭手工业缺乏扩大再生产的动力,经营门类和经营方式具有狭隘性。山东庄移民的商业经营以销售手工业产品为主,商品的流向和销售渠道对农村集市有很大的依赖性。尽管商业经营规模受到资本、市场和购买力的限制,未能从区域上实现突破,从农村进入城市,但对以集市为中心的农村商品市场的经济网络的修复起到了很大作用,促生了关中农村商业贸易的再度繁荣。
     山东庄社会是一个由血缘和地缘构建起来的熟人社会,村落治理依靠长老统治和乡规民约约束。山东移民以谦和的退守避让策略化解了土客之争,未和关中土著在土地、水源争夺中产生矛盾冲突,以退为进赢得了关中人的尊敬。山东村落在关中大地依田而居,独立成庄,呈网状分布;村落选址不同于关中村落,主要因“田”(耕地)而居,较少考虑风水因素;村落规模以地缘为核心构建,以血缘为中心扩展,呈“包心菜”式扩大。早期的山东民居带有明显的移民符号,平原地区是山东式草棚,塬区是地坑窑,后来被逐渐同化,民居经失去了原有的特色,和关中民居逐步趋同。早期关中移民姻缘圈仅限于山东庄内部,不与关中人通婚,受制于习俗和经济水平,婚礼和丧葬仪式也较关中人更为节俭。因独立聚居,山东庄受外来文化侵入有限,带有明显移民符号的语言、饮食等习俗得以很好传承。
     关中地区基督教由山东移民传入,其传播形式异于其他,先有教民,后有传教士和教会,移民入教者甚多。山东移民比关中村民更重视子女的文化教育,早期是私塾教育,科举制废除后,移民子女多在教会学校接受教育,女孩子在教会女校接受教育。教会学校的设立适应了晚清文化变革和关中社会的需要,其完善的学科的设置和新颖的授课方法已经具有现代学科教育的雏形。
     三原县大李村和徐木村两个村落的抽样调查结果显示:村民普遍认为移民经济发展总体优于当地关中村落经济发展水平,在与关中村落的相处中他们表示了极高的满意度,而今在与故土的交流中,除了以血缘为基础的探亲访友,更多是基于业缘的经济交往。山东庄移民作为近代移民史上的成功范例,其移民过程中的经济发展和社会融合方式为当代移民提供了可资借鉴的经验。
The main mode of population changes is the population migration, which is also thefundamental mode of the community changes and is vital to the development of the wholesociety. In modern histories of China, famines have taken place in Shandong provincecontinually for several years. Consequently, the society has not been very stable and a largescale of immigrant tides have appeared and meanwhile the problems of immigrants have beenthe focus in the academic area. The subject of my study is the incident of “Shandongneseentering Shaanxi province” happening in the late Qing Dynasty. And these Shandongneseimmigrated into Guanzhong (the central part of Shanxi Plain). Based on the historicalmaterials, by investigation and application of economics, sociology, culturology andcomparative study, this paper analyzes how these Shandong immigrants fused with the localaboriginal inhabitants from the perspective of the economy and society and meanwhile howthey developed their own economy and how commonly promoted the restoration anddevelopment of the economy and society in Guanzhong.
     After the natural and man-made calamities in the late Qing Dynasty, there was a sharpcontrast between the population and arable land in Shandong Province, which became themost important driving force of immigration. The incident of “Shandongnese enteringShaanxi province” was a spontaneous and organized action of massive immigrants. Becauseof the loose immigrants policy and participation of Shandong governmental official JiaoYunlong, the speed and scale of immigration were further quickened. After moving to thecentral part of the Shaanxi province, owing to special need of feudal agricultural societyexpelling the land, they settled down along the sparse area in east of Guanzhong, such asSanyuan County, Gaoling County, Yanliang Distric, Lintong District etc and several countiesin the north part of Weiher River, such as Fuping County, Dali County, Weinan City andPucheng County, etc and meanwhile a lot of villages constituted by immigrants---Shandong Villages were established. By the preliminary evaluation, up to now the populationin these areas has reached more than300,000.
     Agricultural economy is the body of the immigrant economy in Shandong Village. They actively opened up virgin soil and reconstructed water conservancy project and changed theunitary production mode–grains and cotton were mainly planted in the central part ofShaanxi Plain. They introduced western tobaccos, planted mulberries, raised silkworms,enlarged the areas of cotton planting and planted oil-bearing crops and horticultural crops. Asa result, diversified managing pattern presented in agricultural production. These Shandongimmigrants provided enough labor forces to the production of Guanzhong and made thearable land in Guanzhong more comminuted, accelerating the process of formation of themode of the central Shaanxi plain, further improved irrigation system in Guanzhong,reestablished the leading status of grains and cottons in the central part of Shaanxi Plain andgreatly contributed to rapid restoration of postwar agriculture in Guanzhong.
     Handicraft industry and commercial economy in Shandong Village were subsidiary toand complementary to agricultural economy. The mode of handicraft industry management inShandong Village was based on the mode of agricultural industry management of feudallanded property and a small piece of land management. The mode of management is mainlyoperated as family workshop and mainly engaged in agricultural products processing.
     Due to the small market and lack of capital and technology, family handicraft industrywas short of power of expanded reproduction and the way of business categories andoperation was very narrow. The main mode of the business in the Shandong Village wasselling handicraft products, therefore the flow of goods and marketing channel were greatlydependent on the rural market. Although the scale of business management was restricted bycapital, market and purchase power, and could not break through from the regionalperspective so as to move from the rural area to the urban area, it was actually contributed tothe prosperity of trade and business in rural areas of Guanzhong region.
     The society of the Shandong Village was an acquaintances society, built up by ties ofblood and geoborderunity. Because of their moderate and retreating strategy, the warsbetween the aboriginals and Shandong immigrants were avoided. And also they had noconflicts with the aboriginals about the arable land and water resources. And they wererespected by the Guanzhong local villagers by the strategy of making concessions for the sakeof advancing. These villages were mainly administered by Elders, and disciplined by villagerules. Shandong Villages were mainly located near the field and independent of other villagesand were distributed in the shape of continuous net. These villagers seldom considered theinfluence of Fengshui. The construction of these villages center around the geoborderunityand the expansion centers around the ties of blood and the main expanding mode can becalled the type of cabbage. The early folk houses in Shandong Village mainly havecharacteristics of immigration. For example, these villagers mainly live in the straw shed of Shandong style in the flat area; and others mainly live in the pit cave in loess highland. And astime went on, these folk houses were gradually assimilated by those of central part in ShaanxiPlain. The marriage scope of these early immigrants was mainly restricted in the internalpart of these villages and did not intermarry with the locals. Meanwhile, owing to therestriction of their customs and economic level, their wedding and funeral ceremony werethriftier than those of locals. Because of the independent settlement, the invasion fromforeign cultures to Shandong Village was very limited, as a result, their own unique languagesand customs such as dietary habits were completely inherited.
     The Christianity in the central part of Shaanxi plains was mainly missioned by theseShandong immigrants in a different way, that is, Christians existed first, and then missionariesand churches followed. And the majority of these Shandong immigrants became Christians.These Shandong immigrants put more emphasis on their children’s education than the locals.Private education was very popular in the early days. After the civil-service examinationsystem was abolished, the majority of these immigrants’ kids were educated in missionaryschools and the girls were educated in missionary schools for girls.
     The establishment of the missionary school met the needs of cultural reform andGuanzhong society in late Qing Dynasty. And its perfect discipline arrangement andinnovative teaching approach have had the prototype of modern education of science.
     In order to have a good knowledge of the current living situation of the peasants inShandong Village, I made a survey in the Dali village and Xumu village in Sanyuan County.And the sampling survey results indicate that the overwhelming majority of villagers believethat the development of immigrant economy in general level is superior to the local villages inGuanzhong area. During the process of getting along with the Guanzhong local villagers, theywere extremely satisfied. Nowadays, in the process of communicating with their fellows,apart from visiting relatives and friends bases on the ties of blood, their main communicationcenters around the economy based on business. As a successful example in the modern historyof immigrants, these immigrants in Shandong Village provide valuable experience ineconomic development and social integration mode for the contemporary immigrants
引文
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