东北南部春玉米高产群体田间结构配置研究
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摘要
本研究以东北南部春玉米高产群体为研究对象,以鞍山市台安县玉米生产田作为研究范例,开展高产群体田间结构配置试验,以行距、耕法、播期和密度等不同配置要素对产量的影响差异为研究内容,并且通过大区集成验证,最终阐明创建高产群体田间结构的适宜配置要素及技术途径。其主要研究内容和结论如下：
1、播期和密度是田间结构的重要配置要素,播期与密度对产量存在较大的互作效应。在低密度条件下这种互作效应较小,在高密度下互作效应较强。辽宁南部地区设置播期以不低于品种生育期所需的最低积温为限。
2、在适宜播期下,产量随着密度的增加而随之增加,高密度(90000株/公顷)与中密度(67500株/公顷)群体通过提高有效穗数来实现增产,产量分别比低密度(45000株/公顷)增加6.4%和5.4%。但高密度群体抗逆境能力降低,产量受环境影响波动较大。中密度群体具有较高的LAI、Pn、WUE、Fm/Fv和SPAD值,即具有较高的光合性能。
3、宽窄行配置与等行距配置对群体产量的影响存在显著差异。82.5-27.5cm行距配置下的群体具有较高的产量,比等行距配置产量增加9.54%,LAI提高3.4-13%,干物质积累量提高6.97%, LAD、Pn、Tr、SPAD、 RD和WUE等与光合作用直接相关的指标都有所提高,即提高了群体光合作用性能和群体的最大适宜密度。
4、深松耕法相对于传统旋耕降低了土壤容重,增加了土壤深层(60-120cm)蓄水量,其群体的LAI、光合速率与光能转化效率明显提高；深松耕法比旋耕在有效穗数、百粒重和穗粒数上都有所提高,比旋耕耕法增产7.8%。
5、田间结构配置要素的集成验证试验表明：东北南部地区适宜密度为每公顷67500株,适宜耕法为隔行连年深松耕作方式,适宜宽行距配置为82.5-27.5cm；适宜密度与适宜耕法集成比低密度传统旋耕种植方式增产幅度较大,适宜宽行距配置较等行距(0.55-0.55cm)配置群体增产显著。
The trials of field structure configuration for high yield population of spring maize are carried out, which explores the cause of yield differences and the methods of structure configuration of high yield population with the configuration factors of wide-narrow row, tillage management, sowing date and planting density as an example of Taian County in Anshan city of the northeast of China. Furthermore, the trials of integration factors are verified in the field. The main conclusions are as follows:
1、The sowing date and planting density are one of the important influence factors of the field structural configuration. The interaction effects of sowing date and planting density to yield are complex, which are smaller in low-density conditions and stronger in high density and has a greater impact on yield.
2、In the appropriate sowing date conditions, the yield of high density (90000plant-ha-1) and medium density (67500plant·ha-1) has no significant difference, increasing by6.4%and5.4%compared with low density (45000plant·ha-1), respectively. Population of high planting density has lower ability to anti-stress and great fluctuations of yield to environments. The medium density has higher photosynthetic capability with the indexes of LA、Pn、 WUE、 Fm/Fv and SPAD. This study indicates that high-yield population of close planting should be later at sowing date.
3、The population yield has significant difference between the wide-narrow row spacing and the equal row spacing configuration. The grain yield, LAI and dry matter accumulation of population with the82.5cm wide row and27.5cm narrow spacing increased by9.54%,3.4-13.0%and6.97%compared to the equal row spacing configuration, respectively. Moreover, with the increasing of the photosynthesis indexes as the examples of LAD, Pn, Tr, SPAD, RD and WUE, the capability of photosynthesis and the appropriate density of high yield population are improved.
4、The deep loosening tillage increases soil water storage capacity from60cm to120cm depth ranges, which improves the yield by7.8%and photosynthetic rate and light energy conversion efficiency and water use efficiency of the population compared to the traditional rotary tillage.
5、The trials of field structural configuration integration factors showed:The planting density should not exceed67500plants per hectare in the south of Liaoning Province, the planting density of67500plants per hectare and the deep loosening tillages with the next row annually are appropriate in the south of Northeast, which increase grain yield by33.43-38.09%. The appropriate row spacing (82.5cm-27.5cm) increases yield by19.69%than equal row spacing (0.55cm-0.55cm).
1、播期和密度是田间结构的重要配置要素,播期与密度对产量存在较大的互作效应。在低密度条件下这种互作效应较小,在高密度下互作效应较强。辽宁南部地区设置播期以不低于品种生育期所需的最低积温为限。
2、在适宜播期下,产量随着密度的增加而随之增加,高密度(90000株/公顷)与中密度(67500株/公顷)群体通过提高有效穗数来实现增产,产量分别比低密度(45000株/公顷)增加6.4%和5.4%。但高密度群体抗逆境能力降低,产量受环境影响波动较大。中密度群体具有较高的LAI、Pn、WUE、Fm/Fv和SPAD值,即具有较高的光合性能。
3、宽窄行配置与等行距配置对群体产量的影响存在显著差异。82.5-27.5cm行距配置下的群体具有较高的产量,比等行距配置产量增加9.54%,LAI提高3.4-13%,干物质积累量提高6.97%, LAD、Pn、Tr、SPAD、 RD和WUE等与光合作用直接相关的指标都有所提高,即提高了群体光合作用性能和群体的最大适宜密度。
4、深松耕法相对于传统旋耕降低了土壤容重,增加了土壤深层(60-120cm)蓄水量,其群体的LAI、光合速率与光能转化效率明显提高；深松耕法比旋耕在有效穗数、百粒重和穗粒数上都有所提高,比旋耕耕法增产7.8%。
5、田间结构配置要素的集成验证试验表明：东北南部地区适宜密度为每公顷67500株,适宜耕法为隔行连年深松耕作方式,适宜宽行距配置为82.5-27.5cm；适宜密度与适宜耕法集成比低密度传统旋耕种植方式增产幅度较大,适宜宽行距配置较等行距(0.55-0.55cm)配置群体增产显著。
The trials of field structure configuration for high yield population of spring maize are carried out, which explores the cause of yield differences and the methods of structure configuration of high yield population with the configuration factors of wide-narrow row, tillage management, sowing date and planting density as an example of Taian County in Anshan city of the northeast of China. Furthermore, the trials of integration factors are verified in the field. The main conclusions are as follows:
1、The sowing date and planting density are one of the important influence factors of the field structural configuration. The interaction effects of sowing date and planting density to yield are complex, which are smaller in low-density conditions and stronger in high density and has a greater impact on yield.
2、In the appropriate sowing date conditions, the yield of high density (90000plant-ha-1) and medium density (67500plant·ha-1) has no significant difference, increasing by6.4%and5.4%compared with low density (45000plant·ha-1), respectively. Population of high planting density has lower ability to anti-stress and great fluctuations of yield to environments. The medium density has higher photosynthetic capability with the indexes of LA、Pn、 WUE、 Fm/Fv and SPAD. This study indicates that high-yield population of close planting should be later at sowing date.
3、The population yield has significant difference between the wide-narrow row spacing and the equal row spacing configuration. The grain yield, LAI and dry matter accumulation of population with the82.5cm wide row and27.5cm narrow spacing increased by9.54%,3.4-13.0%and6.97%compared to the equal row spacing configuration, respectively. Moreover, with the increasing of the photosynthesis indexes as the examples of LAD, Pn, Tr, SPAD, RD and WUE, the capability of photosynthesis and the appropriate density of high yield population are improved.
4、The deep loosening tillage increases soil water storage capacity from60cm to120cm depth ranges, which improves the yield by7.8%and photosynthetic rate and light energy conversion efficiency and water use efficiency of the population compared to the traditional rotary tillage.
5、The trials of field structural configuration integration factors showed:The planting density should not exceed67500plants per hectare in the south of Liaoning Province, the planting density of67500plants per hectare and the deep loosening tillages with the next row annually are appropriate in the south of Northeast, which increase grain yield by33.43-38.09%. The appropriate row spacing (82.5cm-27.5cm) increases yield by19.69%than equal row spacing (0.55cm-0.55cm).
引文
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