射水抽汽低压加热除氧器性能的理论分析及实验研究
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摘要
面对日益剧增的能源需求与资源接近枯竭的矛盾，热力发电厂节能降耗已迫在眉睫。目前国内外电厂低压加热系统采用的主要方式是面式加热器加热给水，诸如高端差、易结垢、凝结水含铜、系统庞大等问题一直无法得到根本有效的解决，且汽轮机的凝结水经低压加热器加热后进入除氧器中需要被蒸汽再次加热至104℃来脱氧。本文针对国家发明专利“工业锅炉引射式热力除氧器”（专利号：ZL2009101038522）的核心问题，对利用汽水混合加热的射水抽汽低压加热除氧器进行理论分析与实验研究。通过实验的方法对射水抽汽器的性能进行研究，提出采用二级引汽使凝结水温升至110℃以上，使高压过饱和水喷入大气式除氧器中迅速降压直接闪蒸除氧的方法。应用一维守恒方程从整体上建立射水抽汽器的性能计算模型，并用数值模拟方法获得其内部参数分布，进而在理论模型与实验结果的基础上分析影响其性能的主要因素，该研究具有重要的学术意义和工业应用前景。
通过对射水抽汽器性能的实验研究发现，运行参数对其性能有很大影响。射水抽汽器的喷射系数随着进水压力和进水温度的升高而下降，随蒸汽压力的升高而增大；其出口水温随着进水压力的升高而下降，随蒸汽压力的升高而增大；其阻力系数随着进水压力和进水温度的升高而增大。存在一最佳背压值，使得射水抽汽器的出口水温最高，且当射水抽汽器背压为0.12MPa时，其出水温度可以达到110℃，因而能够达到进入除氧器的给水温度要求。实验研究还发现，两级射水抽汽器具有很好的加热性能，可使出口水温升高87℃，并且平均温升比单级引射提高23%以上，因此，对于加热不足的情况下可以采用两级引射方式。
本文采用全局模型，通过采用一定的简化假设和经验公式，直接从整体上得到射水抽汽器的性能计算模型，进而在理论计算模型的基础上编程计算，得出了不同运行工况下射水抽汽器出口水压的变化情况。研究结果表明，计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。出口水压随着入口蒸汽压力的升高达到最大值，然后逐渐减小；进水温度的升高将降低射水抽汽器的升压性能；随着进水流量的增加，射水抽汽器的出口水压逐渐升高，当进水流量达到一定值后，继续增加进水流量时，出口水压变化较平缓。
通过建立射水抽汽器的分析模型，从可用能角度出发分析了运行参数对射水抽汽器运行经济性的影响。研究发现，射水抽汽器的效率随进水温度的升高而增大，随喷射系数的增大而升高，随蒸汽压力的变化存在最小值，与升压比呈近似线性关系。通过对比，两级射水抽汽器的效率较高，平均比单级射水抽汽器的效率高21%。射水抽汽器各部件的损失随着喷射系数的增加而减小，且射水抽汽器内最大的损失产生于一级混合室，水喷嘴的损失最小。
采用数值模拟方法计算并分析了结构参数对射水抽汽器性能的影响，数值计算结果表明，随着面积比的增加，射水抽汽器的喷射系数首先增大然后减小，且在面积比m=6.25时出现了最大值。对于一个给定的射水抽汽器，存在一最佳归一化喉嘴距L=6使得其获得最大的喷射系数，距离过小没有足够的时间和长度来引射蒸汽，距离太大引射蒸汽会产生回流现象，使其喷射性能下降。
本文创新地提出采用射水抽汽低压加热除氧器来代替目前电厂中所使用的表面式低压加热器，它利用凝结水压力来引射蒸汽，使之与凝结水混合，把水加热至近饱和温度，而获得的高温过饱和水(对大气式除氧而言)在加热器的扩压段升压后可顺利地流入除氧器中闪蒸除氧。与传统的大气式热力除氧相比，这种方法减少了蒸汽消耗量。通过表面式单级回热和射水抽汽单级回热加热系统的对比分析，采用射水抽汽低压加热除氧器替代原有的面式加热器，可使机组的热效率提高1.29%，这也被永荣矿务局发电厂6MW汽轮发电机组的工业运行试验所证实，因而具有很好的工业应用前景。
At present, energy demand is rising dramatically for human life and industrialproduction. But fossil resources are being exhausted. Facing this contradiction, savingenergy and reducing consumption is imminent in power plant. The surface heater ismainly used to heat feed water in low-pressure heating system of the power plant. It hassome weaknesses, such as high terminal temperature difference, scaling easily,containing copper in the condensed water, large system and so on. The condensed waterinto the deaerator needs to be heated at temperature of104℃again by the steam.Therefore, this paper focuses the core issues of national invention patent “ejectedthermal deaerator of the industrial boiler”(patent number: ZL2009101038522). Thetheoretical analysis and experimental research on the low-pressure heater and deaeratorwith water jet steam injector is carried out. The performance of water jet steam injectoris researched by experiment. The paper presents the method of the flash deoxidation.The water is heated above the temperature of110℃by two-stage steam. Then the highpressure saturated water into the atmospheric deaerator is directly flashed to remove theoxygen. The performance calculation model for water jet steam injector is establishedaccording to one-dimensional conservation equations. The parameters distribution isobtained by numerical simulation method. Based on the theoretical model andexperimental results, the main factors of the injector performance are analyzed.
The experimental research indicates that operating parameters have importantinfluence on the performance of water jet steam injector. The entrainment ratio of theinjector decreases with the increase of inlet water pressure and temperature, andincreases with the increase of inlet steam pressure. Similarly, the outlet watertemperature decreases with the increase of inlet water pressure, and increases with theincrease of inlet steam pressure. The resistance coefficient increases while inlet waterpressure and temperature increases. There exists an optimum back pressure valuecorresponding to the maximum of outlet water temperature. The outlet temperature canreach110℃when the back pressure of the injector is0.12MPa. Therefore, it is able tomeet the temperature requirements of feed water into the deaerator. The experimentalresults also show that the two-stage injector has good heating performance. The outletwater temperature can increase87℃, and the average temperature rise of two-stageinjector is23%more than that of single-stage one. So the two-stage injector can be used in conditions of insufficient heating.
Based on the certain simplifying assumptions and empirical formulas, theperformance calculation model for water jet steam injector is established by the globalmodel. Then the outlet water pressure under different operating conditions is obtainedaccording to the programming calculation on the basis of the theoretical model. Theresults show that the calculated results are consistent with the experimental results. Theoutlet water pressure of the injector increases firstly, and then decreases while inletsteam pressure increases. The boosting performance of the injector will be weakenedwhile inlet water temperature increases. The outlet water pressure increases with theincrease of inlet water flux at the initial stage. When inlet water flux reaches a certainvalue, the outlet water pressure little changes.
Exergy analysis model of injector is deduced in view of available energy point.The influence of the operating parameters on economical performance is analyzed onthe basis of exergy analysis model. The results indicate that exergy efficiency ofinjector increases with the increase of inlet water temperature and entrainment ratio. Aminimum of exergy efficiency occurs as inlet steam pressure changes. The relationshipbetween exergy efficiency and pressure ratio is approximatively linear. According to thecontrast, the average exergy efficiency of the two-stage injector is21%more than thatof the single-stage one. It is also found that the exergy losses of each componentdecrease with the increase of entrainment ratio. The amounts of exergy losses in thefirst-stage mixing chamber play a large and critical part in this process while the exergylosses of the water nozzle are the lowest.
The influence of the structural parameters on the injector performance is analyzedby numerical simulation method. The calculated results show that the entrainment ratioof injector increases at first and then decreases with the increase of area ratio. Thereexists a maximum value of entrainment ratio corresponding to the area ratio m=6.25.For a given water jet steam injector, there exists a maximum value of entrainment ratiowhile the dimensionless distance between throat and spout L=6. It has not enough timeand length to eject the steam due to short distance. The phenomenon of the reflowingwill appear if the distance between throat and spout is too long.
This paper presents a lower-pressure heater and deaerator with water jet steaminjector to instead of the surface heater in power plant. The steam is ejected by thecondensed water in injector and heat the water at nearly saturated temperature. The hightemperature and saturated water will flash to remove the oxygen in the deaerator after the water pressure is boosted in the diffuser. Compared to the traditional atmosphericthermal deaerator, the steam consumption will be reduced by this method. According tothe contrast, the thermal efficiency of singe-stage recuperative heating system withwater jet steam injector is more1.29%than that of heating system with surface type. Itis confirmed by the industrial test of6MW turbogenerator in Yongrong power plant.Therefore, the lower-pressure heater and deaerator with water jet steam injector hasgood foreground for industrial application.
通过对射水抽汽器性能的实验研究发现，运行参数对其性能有很大影响。射水抽汽器的喷射系数随着进水压力和进水温度的升高而下降，随蒸汽压力的升高而增大；其出口水温随着进水压力的升高而下降，随蒸汽压力的升高而增大；其阻力系数随着进水压力和进水温度的升高而增大。存在一最佳背压值，使得射水抽汽器的出口水温最高，且当射水抽汽器背压为0.12MPa时，其出水温度可以达到110℃，因而能够达到进入除氧器的给水温度要求。实验研究还发现，两级射水抽汽器具有很好的加热性能，可使出口水温升高87℃，并且平均温升比单级引射提高23%以上，因此，对于加热不足的情况下可以采用两级引射方式。
本文采用全局模型，通过采用一定的简化假设和经验公式，直接从整体上得到射水抽汽器的性能计算模型，进而在理论计算模型的基础上编程计算，得出了不同运行工况下射水抽汽器出口水压的变化情况。研究结果表明，计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。出口水压随着入口蒸汽压力的升高达到最大值，然后逐渐减小；进水温度的升高将降低射水抽汽器的升压性能；随着进水流量的增加，射水抽汽器的出口水压逐渐升高，当进水流量达到一定值后，继续增加进水流量时，出口水压变化较平缓。
通过建立射水抽汽器的分析模型，从可用能角度出发分析了运行参数对射水抽汽器运行经济性的影响。研究发现，射水抽汽器的效率随进水温度的升高而增大，随喷射系数的增大而升高，随蒸汽压力的变化存在最小值，与升压比呈近似线性关系。通过对比，两级射水抽汽器的效率较高，平均比单级射水抽汽器的效率高21%。射水抽汽器各部件的损失随着喷射系数的增加而减小，且射水抽汽器内最大的损失产生于一级混合室，水喷嘴的损失最小。
采用数值模拟方法计算并分析了结构参数对射水抽汽器性能的影响，数值计算结果表明，随着面积比的增加，射水抽汽器的喷射系数首先增大然后减小，且在面积比m=6.25时出现了最大值。对于一个给定的射水抽汽器，存在一最佳归一化喉嘴距L=6使得其获得最大的喷射系数，距离过小没有足够的时间和长度来引射蒸汽，距离太大引射蒸汽会产生回流现象，使其喷射性能下降。
本文创新地提出采用射水抽汽低压加热除氧器来代替目前电厂中所使用的表面式低压加热器，它利用凝结水压力来引射蒸汽，使之与凝结水混合，把水加热至近饱和温度，而获得的高温过饱和水(对大气式除氧而言)在加热器的扩压段升压后可顺利地流入除氧器中闪蒸除氧。与传统的大气式热力除氧相比，这种方法减少了蒸汽消耗量。通过表面式单级回热和射水抽汽单级回热加热系统的对比分析，采用射水抽汽低压加热除氧器替代原有的面式加热器，可使机组的热效率提高1.29%，这也被永荣矿务局发电厂6MW汽轮发电机组的工业运行试验所证实，因而具有很好的工业应用前景。
At present, energy demand is rising dramatically for human life and industrialproduction. But fossil resources are being exhausted. Facing this contradiction, savingenergy and reducing consumption is imminent in power plant. The surface heater ismainly used to heat feed water in low-pressure heating system of the power plant. It hassome weaknesses, such as high terminal temperature difference, scaling easily,containing copper in the condensed water, large system and so on. The condensed waterinto the deaerator needs to be heated at temperature of104℃again by the steam.Therefore, this paper focuses the core issues of national invention patent “ejectedthermal deaerator of the industrial boiler”(patent number: ZL2009101038522). Thetheoretical analysis and experimental research on the low-pressure heater and deaeratorwith water jet steam injector is carried out. The performance of water jet steam injectoris researched by experiment. The paper presents the method of the flash deoxidation.The water is heated above the temperature of110℃by two-stage steam. Then the highpressure saturated water into the atmospheric deaerator is directly flashed to remove theoxygen. The performance calculation model for water jet steam injector is establishedaccording to one-dimensional conservation equations. The parameters distribution isobtained by numerical simulation method. Based on the theoretical model andexperimental results, the main factors of the injector performance are analyzed.
The experimental research indicates that operating parameters have importantinfluence on the performance of water jet steam injector. The entrainment ratio of theinjector decreases with the increase of inlet water pressure and temperature, andincreases with the increase of inlet steam pressure. Similarly, the outlet watertemperature decreases with the increase of inlet water pressure, and increases with theincrease of inlet steam pressure. The resistance coefficient increases while inlet waterpressure and temperature increases. There exists an optimum back pressure valuecorresponding to the maximum of outlet water temperature. The outlet temperature canreach110℃when the back pressure of the injector is0.12MPa. Therefore, it is able tomeet the temperature requirements of feed water into the deaerator. The experimentalresults also show that the two-stage injector has good heating performance. The outletwater temperature can increase87℃, and the average temperature rise of two-stageinjector is23%more than that of single-stage one. So the two-stage injector can be used in conditions of insufficient heating.
Based on the certain simplifying assumptions and empirical formulas, theperformance calculation model for water jet steam injector is established by the globalmodel. Then the outlet water pressure under different operating conditions is obtainedaccording to the programming calculation on the basis of the theoretical model. Theresults show that the calculated results are consistent with the experimental results. Theoutlet water pressure of the injector increases firstly, and then decreases while inletsteam pressure increases. The boosting performance of the injector will be weakenedwhile inlet water temperature increases. The outlet water pressure increases with theincrease of inlet water flux at the initial stage. When inlet water flux reaches a certainvalue, the outlet water pressure little changes.
Exergy analysis model of injector is deduced in view of available energy point.The influence of the operating parameters on economical performance is analyzed onthe basis of exergy analysis model. The results indicate that exergy efficiency ofinjector increases with the increase of inlet water temperature and entrainment ratio. Aminimum of exergy efficiency occurs as inlet steam pressure changes. The relationshipbetween exergy efficiency and pressure ratio is approximatively linear. According to thecontrast, the average exergy efficiency of the two-stage injector is21%more than thatof the single-stage one. It is also found that the exergy losses of each componentdecrease with the increase of entrainment ratio. The amounts of exergy losses in thefirst-stage mixing chamber play a large and critical part in this process while the exergylosses of the water nozzle are the lowest.
The influence of the structural parameters on the injector performance is analyzedby numerical simulation method. The calculated results show that the entrainment ratioof injector increases at first and then decreases with the increase of area ratio. Thereexists a maximum value of entrainment ratio corresponding to the area ratio m=6.25.For a given water jet steam injector, there exists a maximum value of entrainment ratiowhile the dimensionless distance between throat and spout L=6. It has not enough timeand length to eject the steam due to short distance. The phenomenon of the reflowingwill appear if the distance between throat and spout is too long.
This paper presents a lower-pressure heater and deaerator with water jet steaminjector to instead of the surface heater in power plant. The steam is ejected by thecondensed water in injector and heat the water at nearly saturated temperature. The hightemperature and saturated water will flash to remove the oxygen in the deaerator after the water pressure is boosted in the diffuser. Compared to the traditional atmosphericthermal deaerator, the steam consumption will be reduced by this method. According tothe contrast, the thermal efficiency of singe-stage recuperative heating system withwater jet steam injector is more1.29%than that of heating system with surface type. Itis confirmed by the industrial test of6MW turbogenerator in Yongrong power plant.Therefore, the lower-pressure heater and deaerator with water jet steam injector hasgood foreground for industrial application.
引文
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