城市应急避难场所区位选择与空间布局
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摘要
公共设施科学配置、合理布局、实现服务效率与公平的最大化,是保障城市健康发展的基础。公共设施区位理论的研究深受地理学、经济学、管理学等领域学者的广泛关注,目前已有公共设施区位理论的研究中,以定性研究为主,定量研究偏少,且在定量研究的成果中,大部分局限于理论上的模型构建与算法探讨,与实证案例相结合的研究不多；同时,对公共设施空间布局合理性的评价尚处在探索阶段,并未形成统一或公认的评价标准。因此,虽然公共设施区位理论的相关研究成果比较丰富,但在与实证研究相结合,指导具体公共设施空间布局方面仍有所欠缺。值得指出的是,在公共设施区位研究领域,尚未形成从公共设施区位理论、区位选择到公共设施空间布局调整与优化、空间布局合理性评价的系统研究框架,基于此,本文以城市应急避难场所为研究对象,结合实证研究,尝试在上述系统研究框架下,研究城市应急避难场所区位选择与空间布局的相关间题。
本文首先对城市应急避难场所的内涵进行了界定,总结了城市应急避难场所的类型及相关规划建设标准。在梳理公共设施区位理论相关研究的基础上,发现经济学中的福利理论和公共品理论以及地理学、管理学领域的公共设施区位决策分析可用来指导城市应急避难场所的区位选择与空间布局,并由此总结了城市应急避难场所的相关理论基础：福利经济学理论、公共品理论、公平正义理论、区位论及公共设施区位理论等。
公共设施区位研究的定量化过程中,区位模型的选择与构建是最为关键的环节。在对设施区位模型适用性进行分析的基础上,概括出公共设施区位选择的四类模型,以此为基础构建城市不同等级应急避难场所的区位选择模型。其中,固定避难场所区位选择模型的构建以P-中值模型(P-median Problem)为基础,中心避难场所区位选择模型的构建以最大覆盖模型(Maximal Covering Location Problem)为基础,并分别附加相应的限制条件使模型得以实现。将构建的模型运用至南京市避震疏散场所的实际区位选择中,结合避震疏散场所区位优化原则,获得南京市不同等级避震疏散场所区位优化方案。
在城市应急避难场所区位选择与优化的基础上,通过应急避难场所服务范围的划分与规模配置,实现应急避难场所的空间布局,并以南京市为例展开实证研究。以保障灾时居民能够快速、有效地疏散到最近的避难场所为目标,构建应急避难场所服务范围划分模型,提出应急避难场所服务范围内人口规模的配置方法。结合南京市的实际情况,分别对其组团避震疏散场所和中心避震疏散场所的服务范围进行划分,人口规模进行配置,最终获得南京市不同等级避震疏散场所空间布局方案,通过现有布局方案与原有规划方案的对比分析,验证上述模型构建的有效性。
公共设施空间布局的合理与否直接影响其为居民提供服务的效果。在总结可达性与公共设施公平性的定义及其度量方法的基础上,首先阐明公共设施公平的定义及公共设施空间布局合理性的内涵,而后,从可达性视角出发,构建服务面积比、服务人口比、人均可达避难场所面积、人口配置缺口、服务容量比、服务重叠率6个指标,利用基于GIS的网络分析法,分析城市应急避难场所的可达性、公平性与效率性,进而评价其空间布局的合理性。结果表明：南京市组团避震疏散场所空间布局的合理性程度较高,中心避震疏散场所的空间布局相对合理。
应急避难场所是城市防范各种灾害的重要屏障,其规划布局合理与否将对城市安全产生重要影响。首先总结国内应急避难场所规划建设存在的主要问题,并提出相应的建议和对策,然后根据应急避难场所的功能,分析不同类型应急避难场所的规划布局原则,从宏观角度引导城市应急避难场所的合理配置,最后对城市应急避难场所规划布局相关问题做了初步探讨。
本文基于公共设施区位理论,将数学、运筹学领域的设施区位模型及其算法引入城市应急避难场所区位选择过程中,构建了城市应急避难场所区位选择模型,建立了城市应急避难场所空间布局优化方法,形成了城市应急避难场所空间布局方案,提出了城市应急避难场所空间布局合理性评价指标与方法,并通过实证研究验证了已构建模型与方法的科学性与有效性。相关研究成果丰富了公共设施区位论的内容,完善了公共设施区位研究的方法论体系,为公共设施区位决策分析提供了新的研究思路,并可为其他城市应急避难场所的区位选择与空间布局提供理论指导和方法借鉴。
It is the basis for urban harmonious development that public facilities are allocated scientifically and rationally with the aim to maximize efficiency and fairness, so public facility location theory has been concerned deeply by the scholars from various fields such as geography, economics and management. Existed literatures are mainly in qualitative research and little in quantitative research, and in those quantitative studies, mostly limit to figure theoretical models and discuss algorithm but seldom combine theory with empirical case.At the same time, the evaluation of spatial distribution reasonability about public facility is still in the exploratory stage without forming a unified or universally standard. Thus, researches of public facility location theory are abundant but still deficient in the combination of empirical research to guide the spatial distribution of specific public facility. Being worth pointing out that systemic research framework has not been formed from the public facility location theory, location choice to adjustment and optimization, rationality evaluation of spatial distribution in the field of public facility location research. Based on this, this paper takes urban emergency shelter as the object of study and under the above systemic research framework tries to research its location choice and spatial distribution combining with empirical case.
This paper firstly defines the connotation of urban emergency shelter, and summarizes the types and related standards of planning and construction of urban emergency shelter. On the basis of summing up related studies of public facility location theory, this paper then indicates that the welfare theory and public goods theory in economics as well as location decision-making analysis of public facility in geography and management science can be used to direct the location choice and spatial distribution of urban emergency shelter. Lastly, this paper concludes some related theories, such as the theory of welfare economics, public goods theory, fairness and justice theory, location theory and public facility location theory.
During the quantitative process of public facility location research, the selection and construction of the location model are the most critical links. Based on analyzing the applicability of facility location models, four type models of public facility location choice are generalized, which are the basis to build location models of urban emergency shelter in different levels.Taking P-median problem as the basis of the location model for fixed refuge and maximal covering location problem as the basis of the location model for center refuge, the models can be achieved by means of adding corresponding restrictions, respectively. Putting the constructed models into the location choice of seismic shelter for evacuation in Nanjing and combining location optimization rules of seismic shelter for evacuation, the location optimization schemes of Nanjing seismic shelter for evacuation on different levels can be gained.
Through dividing the service range and configuring the people scale, the spatial distribution scheme of emergency shelter comes true on the basis of location choice and optimization of urban emergency shelter, and the empirical study takes Nanjing as an example. First of all, with the goal that the residents can quickly and efficiently reach the nearest refuge at the moment of disaster, the model of service range division and the configuring method of people scale within the service scope of emergency shelter are raised. Secondly, applying the above methods to Nanjing, the spatial distribution schemes are realized after dividing the service range and allocating the people scale of groups'and center seismic shelters for evacuation, separately. Finally, by the contrast of existing scheme and original planning, the effectiveness of the above models can be verified.
Spatial distribution of public facility has direct impact on the service results for citizens. Firstly, this paper clarifies the definitions of the fairness and reasonability of spatial distribution for public facility. Then, from the perspective of accessibility, this paper constructs six indices which are service area ratio, service population ratio, average accessible emergency shelter area, population gap of emergency shelter, service capacity ratio and service overlap ratio. Lastly, using the six indices and network analysis based on GIS, this paper analyzes the accessibility, equity and efficiency of urban emergency shelters and further estimates its rationality of spatial distribution. The results show that the rationality of spatial distribution of groups' seismic shelters for evacuation is higher than that of center seismic shelters for evacuation in Nanjing.
Emergency shelter is an important barrier for the city against all kinds of disasters. Whether it's layout is reasonable or not, it will have an important impact on urban safety. First of all, the main problems of emergency shelter in the course of planning and construction are summarized at home and some recommendations and countermeasures are made. Then the layout principles of emergency shelters with different types are analyzed according to its function, so as to guide the reasonable configuration of urban emergency shelter from a macro perspective. And finally, some issues in connection with the layout of urban emergency shelter planning have also been discussed.
Drawing the facility location models and algorithm in mathematics and operational research into the process of location choice of urban emergency shelter, location models and optimization methods of spatial distribution for urban emergency shelter are constructed based on the location theory of public facility, and then spatial distribution schemes of urban emergency shelter are formed. Meanwhile, evaluation indices and method of spatial distribution rationality for urban emergency shelter are put forward in this paper. Moreover, empirical research verifies that the models and methods are scientific and effective. In briefly, the related results enrich the content of public facility location theory, perfect the methodology system of public facility location research, provide a new approach for location decision-making analysis of public facility, and offer the theoretical guidance and methodological reference for location choice and spatial distribution of emergency shelter in other cities.
本文首先对城市应急避难场所的内涵进行了界定,总结了城市应急避难场所的类型及相关规划建设标准。在梳理公共设施区位理论相关研究的基础上,发现经济学中的福利理论和公共品理论以及地理学、管理学领域的公共设施区位决策分析可用来指导城市应急避难场所的区位选择与空间布局,并由此总结了城市应急避难场所的相关理论基础：福利经济学理论、公共品理论、公平正义理论、区位论及公共设施区位理论等。
公共设施区位研究的定量化过程中,区位模型的选择与构建是最为关键的环节。在对设施区位模型适用性进行分析的基础上,概括出公共设施区位选择的四类模型,以此为基础构建城市不同等级应急避难场所的区位选择模型。其中,固定避难场所区位选择模型的构建以P-中值模型(P-median Problem)为基础,中心避难场所区位选择模型的构建以最大覆盖模型(Maximal Covering Location Problem)为基础,并分别附加相应的限制条件使模型得以实现。将构建的模型运用至南京市避震疏散场所的实际区位选择中,结合避震疏散场所区位优化原则,获得南京市不同等级避震疏散场所区位优化方案。
在城市应急避难场所区位选择与优化的基础上,通过应急避难场所服务范围的划分与规模配置,实现应急避难场所的空间布局,并以南京市为例展开实证研究。以保障灾时居民能够快速、有效地疏散到最近的避难场所为目标,构建应急避难场所服务范围划分模型,提出应急避难场所服务范围内人口规模的配置方法。结合南京市的实际情况,分别对其组团避震疏散场所和中心避震疏散场所的服务范围进行划分,人口规模进行配置,最终获得南京市不同等级避震疏散场所空间布局方案,通过现有布局方案与原有规划方案的对比分析,验证上述模型构建的有效性。
公共设施空间布局的合理与否直接影响其为居民提供服务的效果。在总结可达性与公共设施公平性的定义及其度量方法的基础上,首先阐明公共设施公平的定义及公共设施空间布局合理性的内涵,而后,从可达性视角出发,构建服务面积比、服务人口比、人均可达避难场所面积、人口配置缺口、服务容量比、服务重叠率6个指标,利用基于GIS的网络分析法,分析城市应急避难场所的可达性、公平性与效率性,进而评价其空间布局的合理性。结果表明：南京市组团避震疏散场所空间布局的合理性程度较高,中心避震疏散场所的空间布局相对合理。
应急避难场所是城市防范各种灾害的重要屏障,其规划布局合理与否将对城市安全产生重要影响。首先总结国内应急避难场所规划建设存在的主要问题,并提出相应的建议和对策,然后根据应急避难场所的功能,分析不同类型应急避难场所的规划布局原则,从宏观角度引导城市应急避难场所的合理配置,最后对城市应急避难场所规划布局相关问题做了初步探讨。
本文基于公共设施区位理论,将数学、运筹学领域的设施区位模型及其算法引入城市应急避难场所区位选择过程中,构建了城市应急避难场所区位选择模型,建立了城市应急避难场所空间布局优化方法,形成了城市应急避难场所空间布局方案,提出了城市应急避难场所空间布局合理性评价指标与方法,并通过实证研究验证了已构建模型与方法的科学性与有效性。相关研究成果丰富了公共设施区位论的内容,完善了公共设施区位研究的方法论体系,为公共设施区位决策分析提供了新的研究思路,并可为其他城市应急避难场所的区位选择与空间布局提供理论指导和方法借鉴。
It is the basis for urban harmonious development that public facilities are allocated scientifically and rationally with the aim to maximize efficiency and fairness, so public facility location theory has been concerned deeply by the scholars from various fields such as geography, economics and management. Existed literatures are mainly in qualitative research and little in quantitative research, and in those quantitative studies, mostly limit to figure theoretical models and discuss algorithm but seldom combine theory with empirical case.At the same time, the evaluation of spatial distribution reasonability about public facility is still in the exploratory stage without forming a unified or universally standard. Thus, researches of public facility location theory are abundant but still deficient in the combination of empirical research to guide the spatial distribution of specific public facility. Being worth pointing out that systemic research framework has not been formed from the public facility location theory, location choice to adjustment and optimization, rationality evaluation of spatial distribution in the field of public facility location research. Based on this, this paper takes urban emergency shelter as the object of study and under the above systemic research framework tries to research its location choice and spatial distribution combining with empirical case.
This paper firstly defines the connotation of urban emergency shelter, and summarizes the types and related standards of planning and construction of urban emergency shelter. On the basis of summing up related studies of public facility location theory, this paper then indicates that the welfare theory and public goods theory in economics as well as location decision-making analysis of public facility in geography and management science can be used to direct the location choice and spatial distribution of urban emergency shelter. Lastly, this paper concludes some related theories, such as the theory of welfare economics, public goods theory, fairness and justice theory, location theory and public facility location theory.
During the quantitative process of public facility location research, the selection and construction of the location model are the most critical links. Based on analyzing the applicability of facility location models, four type models of public facility location choice are generalized, which are the basis to build location models of urban emergency shelter in different levels.Taking P-median problem as the basis of the location model for fixed refuge and maximal covering location problem as the basis of the location model for center refuge, the models can be achieved by means of adding corresponding restrictions, respectively. Putting the constructed models into the location choice of seismic shelter for evacuation in Nanjing and combining location optimization rules of seismic shelter for evacuation, the location optimization schemes of Nanjing seismic shelter for evacuation on different levels can be gained.
Through dividing the service range and configuring the people scale, the spatial distribution scheme of emergency shelter comes true on the basis of location choice and optimization of urban emergency shelter, and the empirical study takes Nanjing as an example. First of all, with the goal that the residents can quickly and efficiently reach the nearest refuge at the moment of disaster, the model of service range division and the configuring method of people scale within the service scope of emergency shelter are raised. Secondly, applying the above methods to Nanjing, the spatial distribution schemes are realized after dividing the service range and allocating the people scale of groups'and center seismic shelters for evacuation, separately. Finally, by the contrast of existing scheme and original planning, the effectiveness of the above models can be verified.
Spatial distribution of public facility has direct impact on the service results for citizens. Firstly, this paper clarifies the definitions of the fairness and reasonability of spatial distribution for public facility. Then, from the perspective of accessibility, this paper constructs six indices which are service area ratio, service population ratio, average accessible emergency shelter area, population gap of emergency shelter, service capacity ratio and service overlap ratio. Lastly, using the six indices and network analysis based on GIS, this paper analyzes the accessibility, equity and efficiency of urban emergency shelters and further estimates its rationality of spatial distribution. The results show that the rationality of spatial distribution of groups' seismic shelters for evacuation is higher than that of center seismic shelters for evacuation in Nanjing.
Emergency shelter is an important barrier for the city against all kinds of disasters. Whether it's layout is reasonable or not, it will have an important impact on urban safety. First of all, the main problems of emergency shelter in the course of planning and construction are summarized at home and some recommendations and countermeasures are made. Then the layout principles of emergency shelters with different types are analyzed according to its function, so as to guide the reasonable configuration of urban emergency shelter from a macro perspective. And finally, some issues in connection with the layout of urban emergency shelter planning have also been discussed.
Drawing the facility location models and algorithm in mathematics and operational research into the process of location choice of urban emergency shelter, location models and optimization methods of spatial distribution for urban emergency shelter are constructed based on the location theory of public facility, and then spatial distribution schemes of urban emergency shelter are formed. Meanwhile, evaluation indices and method of spatial distribution rationality for urban emergency shelter are put forward in this paper. Moreover, empirical research verifies that the models and methods are scientific and effective. In briefly, the related results enrich the content of public facility location theory, perfect the methodology system of public facility location research, provide a new approach for location decision-making analysis of public facility, and offer the theoretical guidance and methodological reference for location choice and spatial distribution of emergency shelter in other cities.
引文
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