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现代作业车间设备运行状态信息的系统特性及采集方法研究
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摘要
现代作业车间是一种先进的作业车间制造系统,其优化运行需要实时掌握作业车间设备的各种运行状态信息。论文从现代作业车间制造系统的优化运行的角度,以其制造过程“快速、优质、高效、低成本、低能耗、绿色无害”的综合需求为目标,结合国家自然科学基金课题“现代作业车间制造系统运行状态信息的系统特性和采集新方法研究”,(项目编号:50775228)以及国家科技支撑计划课题“绿色制造技术体系与运行模式研究(项目编号:2006BAF02A01-01)”,对作业车间的设备运行状态多维度信息模型、设备运行状态信息构成及系统特性、设备运行状态信息的应用模型及相关运行状态信息采集方法进行较系统地研究,研究内容如下。
     ①针对现代作业车间的优化运行目标,研究建立了包括设备基础状态信息维、设备加工进度状态信息维、设备物流状态信息维、设备能流状态信息维、设备环境状态信息维和设备加工质量状态信息维等在内的六维度现代作业车间设备运行状态信息模型,并对设备运行状态各维度信息进行了详细分解和描述。在多维度信息模型的基础上,研究了作业车间设备运行状态信息的主要信息动静态特性及关联特性,最后给出了包含设备多维度信息及关联特性在内的作业车间设备运行状态信息应用集成模型。
     ②为了获取现代作业车间设备运行状态信息,研究了利用功率信息基于过程匹配和分类统计的两种设备运行状态信息采集方法,具体包括:1)研究了一种基于动态时间弯折(Dynamic Time Warping,DTW)技术和实时功率信息的在线加工工件自动识别和监控方法,用于采集设备在加工工件信息及加工状态,以解决工件加工进度信息的采集主要靠人工统计,且在混类加工时经常出错及工人为加快加工进度擅自改变加工参数造成浪费等现象。2)研究了一种结合工件加工能耗信息特征分析及支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)分类的工件在线识别和统计方法,该方法利用一组设备加工能耗统计参数及加工功率特征参数组成的加工特征信息来区分设备加工工件,设备加工完成时通过决策函数对加工任务特征信息进行分类并识别该工件的类型,可快速完成设备加工任务进度的在线统计;
     ③为了在数控机床加工中对刀具破损进行有效监测以避免对工件及机床造成损坏,研究了一种利用机床加工功率特征信息和互相关算法的刀具破损在线监测方法。该方法通过Mallat多分辨分析小波算法提取工件正常加工时的主轴功率变化特征序列作为监测刀具状态的特征参考模板,在工件批量加工时采用改进的实时小波算法提取在加工工件的特征向量序列并与特征参考模板序列进行局部实时广义互相关系数计算,当刀具发生破损失效时,与正常情况相比在采样点计算时窗内的两特征向量子序列的相关性显著降低,将表征序列相关性的广义互相关系数定义为刀具状态系数,对该系数设定合理的门限值即可监测刀具状态的异常。该方法可用于在设备加工时监测刀具状态并提供实时刀具破损状态信息。
     最后对本文信息模型理论及相关方法在作业车间通过企业使用案例进行了验证。
Modern job-shop is an advanced manufacturing system with many features, suchas various kinds of production, a high degree of personalization, rapid change, smallvolume and so on. For the optimized planning of the job-shop, a series of informationstatus must be ready to grasp, such as the dynamic situation of online manufacturingworkpiece, the condition and utilization of equipments, etc. With the comprehensiveneeds of "Fast, high quality, high efficiency, low cost, low power consumption" as thegoal, and in combination with the National Natural Science Fund Project, Research onSystem Characteristics and New Collecting Methods of the Operating StatusInformation of Modern Job Shop Manufacturing System(Project Number:50775228),extraction methods and application models of running-status information of job-shopmanufacturing equipments are studied in the paper from the view of optimal operationof the modern job-shop manufacturing system. Main research contents are listedbellow:
     ①According to the shotage of research in running-status information model ofjob-shop manufacturing equipmentsin at present, A multi-dimensional informationmodel of job-shop manufacturing equipmentsin is put forward. The model contains sixinformation dimensions, including basic information dimension, logistics informationdimension, power flow information dimension, environmental information dimension,quality information dimension, and each dimension is detailed decomposition anddescription. Based on the multi-dimensional information model, the Static and dynamiccharacteristics and associated characteristics of job-shop manufacturing equipmentsrunning-status information is analysised, then Several typical information associatedcharacteristics of job-shop manufacturing equipments is approved. Then a modelincluding target layer, information supporting layer, information sources and acquisitionlayer is established.
     ②In order to support the data acquisition of jobshop manufacturing equipmentsrunning-status information, several acquisition methods based on power information areproposed. Include the following:
     1)According to analysis of the properties of spindle-power of CNC machine tool, akind of automatic identification and machining progress monitoring method formachined workpiece, based on dynamic time warping technology and spindle-power information, is proposed. Its purpose is to solve some problems in job shop, such asmachining progress information mainly relied on manual statistics incurring frequenterror in case of mixed type machining, some workpieces are scrapped because ofunauthorized change of machining parameter, and so on.
     2)In order to solve the problem that the workpiece machining progress informationmainly relied on manual statistics incurring frequent error in case of mixed categorymachining, a kind of workpiece online identification method based on Support VectorMachine(SVM) algorithm and power information is proposed. According to the testresult that the identification method is good at robustness and generalization.
     ③In order to reliably monitor unexpected tool failure and to prevent workpiece ormachine tool from possible damages in batch machining, a tool breakage on-linemonitoring method based on power information and cross-correlation algorithm isproposed. In this method, wavelet coefficients of spindle-power signal are used as thecharacteristic vector of machining information, and then the vector sequence extractedfrom a normal machining process via Mallat wavelet is defined as the referencetemplate for monitoring cutting tool condition. In batch machining, real-timecharacteristic vector of the workpiece in machining process is extracted via an improvedreal-time wavelet algorithm. The correlation of two vector sub-sequences within asampling time window, which is described by generalized cross-correlation coefficient,decreases apparently when the tool is broken. The generalized cross-correlationcoefficient is defined as tool condition index (TCI), and tool breakage can be detectedby monitoring the TCI with a threshold value.
     In the end, the application of the methods is shown.
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