梯级渗滤人工湿地处理城市污水试验研究
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摘要
本研究充分利用山地城市地形特点构建了一种新型梯级渗滤人工湿地，系统具有多次强化自然复氧能力。主要研究了该梯级渗滤人工湿地系统不同组合方式及不同运行工况下的污染物去除效果及迁移转化规律，获得了梯级渗滤人工湿地系统的推荐组合方式和运行条件，建立了推荐组合工艺系统的一级动力学方程。通过考察不同组合湿地、不同季节的细菌种群多样性及分布特征，研究了细菌种群多样性对梯级渗滤人工湿地净化能力的影响，明确了湿地宏观运行效能与微观细菌种群的相关性。研究结果对梯级渗滤人工湿地在山地丘陵地区的应用和推广具有重要的意义。本研究主要得到以下结论：
1）通过进行几种基质吸附磷及氨氮的试验，比较了不同基质的氮磷吸附能力。其吸附量大小依次为：钢渣>石灰石>陶粒、粗砂>砾石及钢渣>陶粒、石灰石、粗砂>砾石。选用砾石和粗砂为湿地结构承托基质，主体填料采用吸附性能较好的钢渣、石灰石及陶粒。
2）针对传统人工湿地内部供氧不足的缺点，充分利用山地城市地形特点，构建了一种可多次强化自然复氧的梯级渗滤人工湿地。该湿地系统通过湿地构造和配水方式形成了多次强化自然复氧模式，整个湿地由串联的三级湿地床组成，各级湿地依次处于好氧、缺氧、好氧状态。系统兼有垂直流潜流湿地和水平流潜流湿地的水力特征，在不增加湿地深度的前提下，延长了水流在湿地中的行程，增大了基质层的有效工作厚度。同时通过多种基质配置方式营造出适宜硝化反应顺利进行的湿地环境，从而提高了梯级渗滤人工湿地系统对有机物去除和硝化作用的能力。梯级渗滤人工湿地特别适合用于处理山地丘陵地区的小规模城市污水和生态景观用水。
3）考察了八种不同湿地床组合方式下的梯级渗滤人工湿地系统运行效能。B组合湿地对各种污染物的综合净化效果优势更突出，建议作为梯级渗滤人工湿地的推荐组合工艺，即：穿孔管配水；第一级湿地基质钢渣、植物风车草、侧壁下部设通气孔；第二级湿地基质陶粒、植物美人蕉；第三级湿地基质陶粒+石灰石、植物菖蒲。推荐组合工艺净化能力较优，主要是由于湿地基质类型及配置方式为硝化菌和反硝化菌生长提供了适宜的pH环境，而湿地构造的特殊复氧途径大幅提高了湿地床内溶解氧浓度，形成了有利于硝化反应和有机物降解的氧环境。
4）通过正交试验方法，发现影响梯级渗滤人工湿地推荐组合工艺处理能力的主要因素是水力负荷和进水COD浓度。由此得到建议运行条件为：工况I——水力负荷0.5m/d、进水COD浓度150mg/L、间歇运行（间隔时间3d）、出水高度0m，其进水COD负荷75g/m2.d、TN负荷15.77g/m2.d、TP负荷1.26g/m2.d；工况II——水力负荷1.0m/d、进水COD浓度100mg/L、间歇运行（间隔时间3d）、出水高度0.6m，其进水COD负荷100g/m2.d、TN负荷21.72g/m2.d、TP负荷1.72g/m2.d。
5）通过统计学数据拟合方法研究了推荐组合工艺进水污染物负荷对湿地污染物去除能力的影响，建立了推荐组合工艺的动力学方程。COD去除量负荷随进水负荷率增大而提高，建议运行工况下COD负荷未达上限；TN负荷超过22.4g/m2.d，TP负荷超过1.81g/m2.d，会引起系统TN、TP去除效果的下降。一级动力学模型可以较好地模拟梯级渗滤人工湿地推荐组合工艺的COD、TN、TP去除规律，模拟方程分别为：1/ln(C o/Ce)=-0.5157q-0.0668(R2=0.9417)、1/ln(C2o/Ce)=-0.668q-1.9168(R=0.833)、1/ln(C o/Ce)=-0.4326q-0.5617(R2=0.8148)
6）考察了推荐组合工艺在两种建议运行工况下的处理效果，COD和氨氮出水平均浓度分别为10mg/L、9.67mg/L和1.62mg/L、1.53mg/L，可稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级A标；TN平均出水浓度在运行工况I时为16.32mg/L，接近一级A标，在运行工况II时为11.12mg/L，可达到一级A标；TP平均出水浓度运行工况I时为0.48mg/L，可达到一级A标，运行工况II时为0.74mg/L，可达到一级B标。通过与国内其他一些水平潜流湿地和垂直流湿地的比较，认为梯级渗滤人工湿地推荐组合工艺的污染物去除能力优于水平潜流人工湿地、并与垂直流人工湿地相当。
7）采用PCR-TGGE技术考察了不同湿地、不同季节的基质微生物多样性特征及其对湿地净化能力的影响。冬季各湿地床基质微生物Shannon指数小于夏季，相似聚类效果较夏季更好，夏季随温度升高湿地床内微生物活跃，不同微生物种群大量繁殖，细菌多样性程度提高。冬夏两季B湿地各级湿地床基质样品相似系数总体都小于A湿地，夏季相似系数差值更大，表明冬夏两季B湿地细菌种群差异性均大于A湿地，夏季植物和微生物的迅速生长使B湿地各级湿地床内微生物种群差异性加大，系统处理效果优于A湿地。A湿地冬季COD去除效果与Shannon指数相关性较差，说明冬季温度低微生物数量少、活性低，微生物对有机物的降解不占主导地位。B湿地各种污染物去除率均与总细菌Shannon指数高度相关，夏季氨氮、TP去除率与指数显著相关，冬季COD去除率与指数显著相关，表明B湿地内微生物对各种污染物的同化降解作用在不同季节都是实现湿地系统净化能力的重要作用，使B湿地具有稳定的、优于A湿地的净化能力。
A terrace-filter constructed wetland system adapted to terrain features ofmountainous city was built, which possesses the capacity for strengthing naturalreoxygenation multiplicating. The terrace-filter constructed wetland research focused onthe removal effort and migration and transformation discipline of contamination indifferent operation condition, obtaining the optimal factor combination mode and thebest operation condition, establishing a first-order kinetic equation, studying thediversity of the population and distribution characteristics of bacteria in different seasonand by different factor combination, obtaining the relativity of macro runningperformance and microcosmic bacterial population, meanwhile, Investigating the reasonof the optimum purification capability of the recommended operation process. Thesearching achievement is of great significance to the application of the terrace-filterconstructed wetland system in mountainous areas.
The main conclusions are listed as follow:
1) Through the test of several substrate absorpting nitrogen and phosphorus,compare ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus adsorption capacity of different substrates.Phosphorus adsorption volume is: steel slag> limestone> ceramic, rough sand> gravel,and ammonia nitrogen adsorption volume is: steel slag> ceramic, limestone, sand>gravel. Steel slag has higher adsorption volume and stronger stability. Select gravel andrough sand for wetland structures torquay mass, and steel slag, limestone and ceramicwhich have good adsorption performance as body filler.
2) To settle the shortcoming of lacking oxygen of the traditional wetland system, aterrace-filter constructed wetland system adapted to mountainous city terrain featureswas built, which possessing the capacity for strengthing natural reoxygenation. Thecharacteristic of this new system is that by changing the wetland structure and waterdistribution mode, the new system possesses the capacity for strengthing naturalreoxygenation many times, and divides the wetland into three region in seriesconnection: aerobic-anoxic-aerobic, establishing an environment that favors nitration bytesting different substrate combination, thus increases the organic matter removal abilityand nitration ability. The terrace-filter constructed wetland is the ideal process fortreating small-scale urban wastewater and ecological landscape water in mountainousand hilly areas.
3) Investigating the running performance of eight different combination mode ofthe terrace-filter constructed wetland system. The result shows that the B wetlandcombination mode is dominant in the integrated purification effect of pollutant, thusrecommends the B wetland combination mode as the optimum mode, that is: thewaterfall and distribution perforated pipe; the first wetland step substrate-steel slag;clinopodiumpolycephalum; airway; the second wetland step substrate-porcelain granule;canna; the third wetland step substrate-porcelain granule, limestone and calamus. Thereason why the recommended combination process has a better purification includefactors as follow: substrate type and how it is configured provides suitable pHenvironment for nitrobacteria and denitrifying bacteria; special reoxygenation waymeans a substantial increase in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in wetland bed,and builds a suitable oxygen environment for nitrification and organic matter removing.
4) Concluding from the orthogonal test, hydraulic load and inlet CODconcentration are the two most important influence factor to the terrace-filterconstructed wetland system (mode B). The recommended optimum operation parameteris: I--0.5m/d's hydraulic load,150mg/L's inlet COD concentration,3days' operationspacing interval,0m's outlet height; II--1m/d's hydraulic load,100mg/L's inlet CODconcentration,3days' operation spacing interval,0.6m's outlet height. The inlet CODload is75g/m2.d and100g/m2.d separately, TN load is15.77g/m2.d and21.72g/m2.dseparately, TP load is1.26g/m2.d and1.72g/m2.d separately.
5) By statistical data fitting method, study the effect of inlet contamination load topollutant removal load in the recommended combination technology. The COD removalload has the best positive linear relationship with the inlet contamination load; itrecommends that the operation COD load should better lower than the highest capacity.When TN load surpasses22.4g/m2.d, TP load surpasses1.81g/m2.d, it will lead to lowerremoval rate, thus recommends the TN and TP load should accord with the highestpermissible value. The first-order kinetic model are suitable for simulating the COD,TN, TP removal discipline of the recommended mode B process, the simulationequation is separately:1/ln(C o/Ce)=-0.5157q-0.0668(R2=0.9417)，1/ln(C o/Ce)=-0.668q-1.9168(R2=0.833)，1/ln(C o/Ce)=-0.4326q-0.5617(R2=0.8148).
6) Investigating the treatment effect of recommended process under the tworecommended conditions, the outlet COD and ammonia concentration is separately10mg/L,9.67mg/L and1.62mg/L,1.53mg/L, meeting the discharge limits of primary Astandard of GB18918-2002steadily; the average outlet TN concentration is separately 16.32mg/L and11.12mg/L, separately closing to the discharge limits of primary Astandard and meeting the standard. The average outlet TP concentration is separately0.48mg/L and0.74mg/L, separately meeting the discharge limits of primary A standardand closing to the standard. Comparing with other comestic wetland, it concludes thatthe recommended mode of terrace-filter constructed wetland is better than thesubsurface-horizontal flow wetland in contaminant removal, and bears a comparisonwith the vertical wetland.
7) The Shannon indexs of microorganism TGGE map of each step substrates arelower in winter than summer, the similarity clustering results of different samples arebetter in winter than summer,it shows that with the temperature increasing in summer,the microorganism population breed rapidly, and the diversity increases. The similarityclustering coefficent of mode B are less than mode A both in winter and summer, thegap is larger in summer, it indicates that microorganism population diversity of mode Bis larger than mode A, the rapid growth of microorganism and plant contributes to thediversity of these two wetland in summer. Each step of mode B has different amount,different kind, and different function of particular microorganism to participate indegradation, which makes it better than mode A. The COD concentration of mode A haslower correlation with the Shannon index in winter; it indicates that the microorganismis small in quantity and low in activity. When the temperature stays low in winter, andthat the assimilation of microorganism to organic matter is not in the lead place in modeA. The contamination removal rate of mode B has positive relationship with the totalbacteria shannon index, and the ammonia and TP removal rate have significantcorrelation with shannon index in summer, while the COD removal rate has significantcorrelation with shannon index in winter, these all shows that the assimilation ofmicroorganism to each kind of contamination in mode B plays an important role in thewetland purifacation system in different season, thus make it more stable and better thanmode A in purification.
1）通过进行几种基质吸附磷及氨氮的试验，比较了不同基质的氮磷吸附能力。其吸附量大小依次为：钢渣>石灰石>陶粒、粗砂>砾石及钢渣>陶粒、石灰石、粗砂>砾石。选用砾石和粗砂为湿地结构承托基质，主体填料采用吸附性能较好的钢渣、石灰石及陶粒。
2）针对传统人工湿地内部供氧不足的缺点，充分利用山地城市地形特点，构建了一种可多次强化自然复氧的梯级渗滤人工湿地。该湿地系统通过湿地构造和配水方式形成了多次强化自然复氧模式，整个湿地由串联的三级湿地床组成，各级湿地依次处于好氧、缺氧、好氧状态。系统兼有垂直流潜流湿地和水平流潜流湿地的水力特征，在不增加湿地深度的前提下，延长了水流在湿地中的行程，增大了基质层的有效工作厚度。同时通过多种基质配置方式营造出适宜硝化反应顺利进行的湿地环境，从而提高了梯级渗滤人工湿地系统对有机物去除和硝化作用的能力。梯级渗滤人工湿地特别适合用于处理山地丘陵地区的小规模城市污水和生态景观用水。
3）考察了八种不同湿地床组合方式下的梯级渗滤人工湿地系统运行效能。B组合湿地对各种污染物的综合净化效果优势更突出，建议作为梯级渗滤人工湿地的推荐组合工艺，即：穿孔管配水；第一级湿地基质钢渣、植物风车草、侧壁下部设通气孔；第二级湿地基质陶粒、植物美人蕉；第三级湿地基质陶粒+石灰石、植物菖蒲。推荐组合工艺净化能力较优，主要是由于湿地基质类型及配置方式为硝化菌和反硝化菌生长提供了适宜的pH环境，而湿地构造的特殊复氧途径大幅提高了湿地床内溶解氧浓度，形成了有利于硝化反应和有机物降解的氧环境。
4）通过正交试验方法，发现影响梯级渗滤人工湿地推荐组合工艺处理能力的主要因素是水力负荷和进水COD浓度。由此得到建议运行条件为：工况I——水力负荷0.5m/d、进水COD浓度150mg/L、间歇运行（间隔时间3d）、出水高度0m，其进水COD负荷75g/m2.d、TN负荷15.77g/m2.d、TP负荷1.26g/m2.d；工况II——水力负荷1.0m/d、进水COD浓度100mg/L、间歇运行（间隔时间3d）、出水高度0.6m，其进水COD负荷100g/m2.d、TN负荷21.72g/m2.d、TP负荷1.72g/m2.d。
5）通过统计学数据拟合方法研究了推荐组合工艺进水污染物负荷对湿地污染物去除能力的影响，建立了推荐组合工艺的动力学方程。COD去除量负荷随进水负荷率增大而提高，建议运行工况下COD负荷未达上限；TN负荷超过22.4g/m2.d，TP负荷超过1.81g/m2.d，会引起系统TN、TP去除效果的下降。一级动力学模型可以较好地模拟梯级渗滤人工湿地推荐组合工艺的COD、TN、TP去除规律，模拟方程分别为：1/ln(C o/Ce)=-0.5157q-0.0668(R2=0.9417)、1/ln(C2o/Ce)=-0.668q-1.9168(R=0.833)、1/ln(C o/Ce)=-0.4326q-0.5617(R2=0.8148)
6）考察了推荐组合工艺在两种建议运行工况下的处理效果，COD和氨氮出水平均浓度分别为10mg/L、9.67mg/L和1.62mg/L、1.53mg/L，可稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级A标；TN平均出水浓度在运行工况I时为16.32mg/L，接近一级A标，在运行工况II时为11.12mg/L，可达到一级A标；TP平均出水浓度运行工况I时为0.48mg/L，可达到一级A标，运行工况II时为0.74mg/L，可达到一级B标。通过与国内其他一些水平潜流湿地和垂直流湿地的比较，认为梯级渗滤人工湿地推荐组合工艺的污染物去除能力优于水平潜流人工湿地、并与垂直流人工湿地相当。
7）采用PCR-TGGE技术考察了不同湿地、不同季节的基质微生物多样性特征及其对湿地净化能力的影响。冬季各湿地床基质微生物Shannon指数小于夏季，相似聚类效果较夏季更好，夏季随温度升高湿地床内微生物活跃，不同微生物种群大量繁殖，细菌多样性程度提高。冬夏两季B湿地各级湿地床基质样品相似系数总体都小于A湿地，夏季相似系数差值更大，表明冬夏两季B湿地细菌种群差异性均大于A湿地，夏季植物和微生物的迅速生长使B湿地各级湿地床内微生物种群差异性加大，系统处理效果优于A湿地。A湿地冬季COD去除效果与Shannon指数相关性较差，说明冬季温度低微生物数量少、活性低，微生物对有机物的降解不占主导地位。B湿地各种污染物去除率均与总细菌Shannon指数高度相关，夏季氨氮、TP去除率与指数显著相关，冬季COD去除率与指数显著相关，表明B湿地内微生物对各种污染物的同化降解作用在不同季节都是实现湿地系统净化能力的重要作用，使B湿地具有稳定的、优于A湿地的净化能力。
A terrace-filter constructed wetland system adapted to terrain features ofmountainous city was built, which possesses the capacity for strengthing naturalreoxygenation multiplicating. The terrace-filter constructed wetland research focused onthe removal effort and migration and transformation discipline of contamination indifferent operation condition, obtaining the optimal factor combination mode and thebest operation condition, establishing a first-order kinetic equation, studying thediversity of the population and distribution characteristics of bacteria in different seasonand by different factor combination, obtaining the relativity of macro runningperformance and microcosmic bacterial population, meanwhile, Investigating the reasonof the optimum purification capability of the recommended operation process. Thesearching achievement is of great significance to the application of the terrace-filterconstructed wetland system in mountainous areas.
The main conclusions are listed as follow:
1) Through the test of several substrate absorpting nitrogen and phosphorus,compare ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus adsorption capacity of different substrates.Phosphorus adsorption volume is: steel slag> limestone> ceramic, rough sand> gravel,and ammonia nitrogen adsorption volume is: steel slag> ceramic, limestone, sand>gravel. Steel slag has higher adsorption volume and stronger stability. Select gravel andrough sand for wetland structures torquay mass, and steel slag, limestone and ceramicwhich have good adsorption performance as body filler.
2) To settle the shortcoming of lacking oxygen of the traditional wetland system, aterrace-filter constructed wetland system adapted to mountainous city terrain featureswas built, which possessing the capacity for strengthing natural reoxygenation. Thecharacteristic of this new system is that by changing the wetland structure and waterdistribution mode, the new system possesses the capacity for strengthing naturalreoxygenation many times, and divides the wetland into three region in seriesconnection: aerobic-anoxic-aerobic, establishing an environment that favors nitration bytesting different substrate combination, thus increases the organic matter removal abilityand nitration ability. The terrace-filter constructed wetland is the ideal process fortreating small-scale urban wastewater and ecological landscape water in mountainousand hilly areas.
3) Investigating the running performance of eight different combination mode ofthe terrace-filter constructed wetland system. The result shows that the B wetlandcombination mode is dominant in the integrated purification effect of pollutant, thusrecommends the B wetland combination mode as the optimum mode, that is: thewaterfall and distribution perforated pipe; the first wetland step substrate-steel slag;clinopodiumpolycephalum; airway; the second wetland step substrate-porcelain granule;canna; the third wetland step substrate-porcelain granule, limestone and calamus. Thereason why the recommended combination process has a better purification includefactors as follow: substrate type and how it is configured provides suitable pHenvironment for nitrobacteria and denitrifying bacteria; special reoxygenation waymeans a substantial increase in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in wetland bed,and builds a suitable oxygen environment for nitrification and organic matter removing.
4) Concluding from the orthogonal test, hydraulic load and inlet CODconcentration are the two most important influence factor to the terrace-filterconstructed wetland system (mode B). The recommended optimum operation parameteris: I--0.5m/d's hydraulic load,150mg/L's inlet COD concentration,3days' operationspacing interval,0m's outlet height; II--1m/d's hydraulic load,100mg/L's inlet CODconcentration,3days' operation spacing interval,0.6m's outlet height. The inlet CODload is75g/m2.d and100g/m2.d separately, TN load is15.77g/m2.d and21.72g/m2.dseparately, TP load is1.26g/m2.d and1.72g/m2.d separately.
5) By statistical data fitting method, study the effect of inlet contamination load topollutant removal load in the recommended combination technology. The COD removalload has the best positive linear relationship with the inlet contamination load; itrecommends that the operation COD load should better lower than the highest capacity.When TN load surpasses22.4g/m2.d, TP load surpasses1.81g/m2.d, it will lead to lowerremoval rate, thus recommends the TN and TP load should accord with the highestpermissible value. The first-order kinetic model are suitable for simulating the COD,TN, TP removal discipline of the recommended mode B process, the simulationequation is separately:1/ln(C o/Ce)=-0.5157q-0.0668(R2=0.9417)，1/ln(C o/Ce)=-0.668q-1.9168(R2=0.833)，1/ln(C o/Ce)=-0.4326q-0.5617(R2=0.8148).
6) Investigating the treatment effect of recommended process under the tworecommended conditions, the outlet COD and ammonia concentration is separately10mg/L,9.67mg/L and1.62mg/L,1.53mg/L, meeting the discharge limits of primary Astandard of GB18918-2002steadily; the average outlet TN concentration is separately 16.32mg/L and11.12mg/L, separately closing to the discharge limits of primary Astandard and meeting the standard. The average outlet TP concentration is separately0.48mg/L and0.74mg/L, separately meeting the discharge limits of primary A standardand closing to the standard. Comparing with other comestic wetland, it concludes thatthe recommended mode of terrace-filter constructed wetland is better than thesubsurface-horizontal flow wetland in contaminant removal, and bears a comparisonwith the vertical wetland.
7) The Shannon indexs of microorganism TGGE map of each step substrates arelower in winter than summer, the similarity clustering results of different samples arebetter in winter than summer,it shows that with the temperature increasing in summer,the microorganism population breed rapidly, and the diversity increases. The similarityclustering coefficent of mode B are less than mode A both in winter and summer, thegap is larger in summer, it indicates that microorganism population diversity of mode Bis larger than mode A, the rapid growth of microorganism and plant contributes to thediversity of these two wetland in summer. Each step of mode B has different amount,different kind, and different function of particular microorganism to participate indegradation, which makes it better than mode A. The COD concentration of mode A haslower correlation with the Shannon index in winter; it indicates that the microorganismis small in quantity and low in activity. When the temperature stays low in winter, andthat the assimilation of microorganism to organic matter is not in the lead place in modeA. The contamination removal rate of mode B has positive relationship with the totalbacteria shannon index, and the ammonia and TP removal rate have significantcorrelation with shannon index in summer, while the COD removal rate has significantcorrelation with shannon index in winter, these all shows that the assimilation ofmicroorganism to each kind of contamination in mode B plays an important role in thewetland purifacation system in different season, thus make it more stable and better thanmode A in purification.
引文
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