船舶结构噪声截断模型数值预报方法研究
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摘要
为保障船舶具有良好的水下安静性，在船舶设计及建造阶段开展船舶结构水下噪声特性预报评估，及时发现船舶结构噪声设计存在的问题就变得十分重要；为此，国外海军强国投入大量人力物力开展船舶结构水下噪声预报、评估的相关研究，形成了船舶结构水下噪声预报评估的系列方法，如解析法、工程估算法、数值计算方法等。解析法适用于简单结构（如圆柱壳等）的水下噪声预报，当结构稍复杂时解析法将很难胜任；工程估算法可用于相似船型的水下噪声预报，但当预报船舶与母型船存在较大差异时，工程估算法将导致较大误差；数值计算方法，特别是有限元法、边界元法、FEM/BEM法、统计能量法数值计算方法的出现，为船舶结构水下噪声预报提供了丰富的研究手段，但由于船舶结构水下声辐射的复杂性，船舶结构噪声数值预报，特别是船舶结构水下中低频噪声预报仍存在诸多基础性、机理性问题需要解决。
为此，本文首先对船舶结构水下噪声预报研究现状进行综述，系统阐述了船舶结构噪声预报技术发展概况，分析了船舶结构水下噪声预报存在的基础性问题及船舶结构噪声预报的难点。分析表明：由于船舶结构水下声辐射涉及流固声耦合、固液声气耦合等多种作用，其噪声预报异常困难，现有船舶结构噪声数值预报在船舶结构噪声数值分析方法、设备对船体的激励载荷计算方法、船舶结构噪声数值预报模型的简化方法等研究方面仍存在一定不足。针对上述问题，本文以船舶结构噪声数值预报工程需求为牵引，对船舶结构水下中低频噪声数值预报方法进行研究，重点讨论了船舶结构噪声数值预报的截断模型预报原理、设备对船体的激励载荷、船舶结构声学舱段截断模型的简化、船舶结构噪声分析的时频综合预报法及无限元法等基础性问题；在此基础上，初步形成了船舶结构噪声截断模型预报的系统化方法，并结合水面船舶及水下航行器噪声预报实际，探索了船舶结构噪声截断模型预报方法的可行性，初步分析了水面船舶及水下航行器结构的水下声辐射特性，旨在为船舶结构噪声定量预报及相关研究提供方法依据。
针对船舶结构噪声预报存在计算规模大、求解效率低、预报频段窄等弊端，从链式结构动力学原理出发，提出船舶结构动力分析的截断模型方法，简化船舶结构的建模工作；结合结构噪声预报原理，给出船舶结构噪声预报的流场截断方法；在此基础上，提出船舶结构噪声截断模型的数值计算方法，以减小船舶结构噪声预报的计算规模，提高其求解效率及预报频率；舱段结构水下辐射噪射预报算例表明：模型截断预报方法可有效降低船舶结构噪声预报的计算规模，避免因设备建模等因素导致的数值计算误差，提高船舶结构噪声数值预报的频率，特别是在含有大量设备的船舶结构水下中低频噪声预报方面具有较大应用潜力，截断模型计算方法可有效降低船舶结构噪声预报的计算规模、提高其预报频率及求解效率。
针对船舶结构噪声预报的输入—设备激励载荷—进行研究，重点分析了设备对船体激励载荷的计算方法。基于设备内源特性不变及参数识别理论，提出设备内源特性台架试验识别方法，由此建立设备台架试验到实船设备激励载荷的转换方法；基于设备与船体结构耦合振动机理，提出设备对船体结构激励力的简便计算方法；基于力边界与运动边界的统一性原理，提出运动边界相似法，解决设备激励载荷为振动加速度级形式不易在数值计算中施加的困难，并经算例验证，证明了运动边界相似法的有效性，解决船舶结构噪声截断模型预报的载荷输入问题。
在船舶结构噪声预报模型简化方面，基于结构动力分析及声辐射理论，提出以局部舱段模型代替整船模型进行船舶结构噪声预报的船舶结构噪声舱段截断模型方法—行波法，并对其适用条件进行分析，实现了船舶结构噪声截断模型预报的进一步简化；通过圆板结构水下声辐射截断模型，验证了船舶结构噪声舱段截断模型方法的有效性，解决了以局部舱段代替整船模型进行船舶结构噪声预报的困难。
针对现有船舶结构噪声预报存在求解效率低、无法考虑非线性因素、不能计及船舶结构低频振动与高频波动耦合影响因素的困难，提出船舶结构噪声预报的时频综合预报法，并进行相应的数值验证；研究表明：时频综合预报法不仅可解决现有船舶结构噪声预报存在的上述困难，还可针对关心频点噪声进行详细分析，以确定关心频点船舶结构噪声主导传递分量及主导传递途径，可为船舶结构噪声预报、评估及噪声治理提供快速支持。针对船舶结构噪声预报模型外流场域截断及域外远场声辐射存在的问题，提出声学无限元法应用于船舶结构噪声预报模型，以降低模型计算规模、提高其计算精度，实现域外远场声辐射的快速预报。
最后，在前述研究基础上，归纳总结，初步形成船舶结构噪声截断模型预报的系统化方法，规范船舶结构噪声截断模型预报流程；并结合水面船舶及水下航行器结构噪声预报实际，给出船舶结构噪声截断模型预报方法实际应用的具体方法、流程，对水面船舶及水下航行器结构水下声辐射特性进行初步分析，旨在为船舶结构噪声截断模型预报方法工程应用提供分析依据。
To ensure that a ship has good underwater quiet performance, it is utterly important tocarry out prediction evaluations of ship’s underwater noise characteristics in the stages ofdesigning and constructing to discover problems in the acoustic design of the ship. Therefore,foreign powerful navy countries have invested massive human and material resources in theunderwater noise prediction and evaluation of ship structures, forming a series of methods ofassessment of ship’s underwater noise prediction, such as analytical method, engineeringestimation method and numerical methods. Analytical method is suitable for the underwaternoise prediction of simple structure (such as cylindrical shell), while it is not competent whenthe structure is slightly complex. Engineering estimation method can be used for theunderwater noise prediction of ships with similar forms; however, significant error will occurif gaps between the predicted ship and motherboard are huge. Numerical methods, especiallythe presence of Finite Element Method (FEM), Boundary Element Method (BEM),FEM/BEM, and Statistic Energy Analysis method, have provided abundant approaches forunderwater noise prediction of ships. However, due to the complexity of underwater acousticradiation of ship structure, there are still many basic and fundamental problems requires to besolved in the numerical noise prediction, especially the underwater noise prediction with lowand middle frequencies.
The present situation of studies on the underwater prediction of ship structural bornenoise are overviewed firstly in this paper, and then the general situation of the development ofship structural borne noise prediction are represented systematically. Fundamental problemsand difficulties in the underwater acoustic prediction of ship structural borne noise areanalyzed. Analysis shows that underwater noise prediction of ship structural borne noise isvery difficult due to the involving of the coupling of fluid-structure-sound andstructure-fluid-sound-air. For the numerical prediction of ship structure available, there arestill various shortages in the research of numerical method of ship structural borne noiseprediction, determination of equipment exciting loads to ship hulls, model simplification ofnumerical prediction model of ship structural borne noise. With problems above, based onengineering requirements on numerical prediction of ship structural borne noise, this paperexamines the underwater noise prediction method with low and middle frequencies of shipstructure. Study lays special emphasis on the discussions of predicting principles of truncatedmodel of ship structural borne noise prediction, exciting loads from equipment to ship hulls,model simplification of ship structural borne noise, time-frequency integrated predictionmethod and infinite element method. Based on discussion above, a systematical truncatedmodel method of ship structural borne noise prediction is proposed. Combining with the reality of noise prediction of a ship and an underwater vehicle, the paper explores feasibilitiesof t truncated model prediction method of ship structural borne noise. Characteristics ofunderwater sound radiation of the ship and the underwater vehicle is preliminarily analyzed inthe hope of providing references for ship’s acoustic quantative prediction and relatedresearches.
Aiming at overcome shortages of ship structural borne noise prediction, such as largescales of calculation, low solving efficiency, narrow bands of forecasting, this paper proposesa truncated model method to analyze ship structural dynamics based on the analyzing chainstructural dynamics. Combining underwater noise radiation theory, this paper gives outtruncated method of fluid domain of ship structural noise prediction model. On that basis, thepaper proposes truncated model method of ship structural borne noise prediction, which canreduce the scale of calculation, and increase the solving efficiency and forecast frequencybands. Examples of underwater acoustic radiation prediction of cabin structure shows that thetruncated model method can effectively reduce the scale of calculations, avoid numericalcalculation error caused by factors such as modeling of equipment, and increase predictionfrequency bands of ship structural borne noise. This method has large potential applications inlow and middle frequency prediction of ship structural noise especially when there arenumbers of equipment, which can reduce the scale of calculations effectively, increaseforecast frequency bands and solving efficiency.
This paper also carries out research on the input of ship structural borne prediction-exciting loads from equipment to ship. The determination of excitation load from equipmentto ship hulls is analyzed. Based on the equipment endogenous characteristics and parameteridentification theory, the paper proposes the identification method for equipment endogenouscharacteristics with the bench test, and thereby establishes the excitation load transformingmethod from bench tests to ship hulls. Based on the coupled vibration mechanism ofequipment and hull structures, the paper proposes a simplified calculating method for theexcitation from equipment to hull structures. Based on the unitary theory of force boundaryand motion boundary, the analogical method of motion boundary is proposed to solvedifficulties that equipment excitation loads of vibration acceleration is not easy to exert innumerical computing. Examples have proved the effectiveness of moving boundaryanalogical method, which solves problems of providing input loads for noise prediction ofships.
In the aspects of model simplifying of ship structural noise predicting, based on structurepower analysis and acoustic radiation theory, this paper proposes the traveling-wave methodthat can use local cabin model instead of the entire ship model for ship structural borne noiseprediction. The applicable conditions, further simplifications of the prediction model of shipstructural noise are discussed. Through underwater acoustic radiation truncated model ofcircular structure, the paper verifies the validity of cabin truncated model of ship structuralborne noise, and solves the difficulties of using local cabin instead of the entire whole shipmodel in the prediction of ship structural borne noise.
For the problems in the prediction available of ship structural noise, such as lowefficiency, the disability to consider non-linear factors and take into account of low-frequencyvibration and high-frequency wave coupling factors of ship structure, the paper proposes thetime-frequency integrated prediction method of ship structural noise, and carries out thecorresponding numerical verification. The research shows that time-frequency combinedmethod can not only smooth difficulties in the prediction of ship structural noise, but alsoanalyze the interested noise frequency in detail to determine the dominant pass componentand dominant pathway of ship structural noise of the concerning frequency, which providesrapid support for the prediction, assessment and noise control of ship structural noise. For theproblems existing in external fluid field truncation and extraterritorial far-field acousticradiation of ship structural noise, the paper proposes the application of acoustic infiniteelement method in ship structural noise prediction model, in the hope of reducing the modelsize and improving the calculation accuracy, and further realizing the fast prediction ofextraterritorial far-field acoustic radiation
Finally, a systematic truncated model method of ship structural borne noise prediction isproposed to standardize the flow of ship structural borne noise prediction based on thesummarization of studies above in this paper. Combining with the demands of ship structuralborne noise prediction of ships and underwater vehicles, this paper gives out specific stepsand flows of the application of truncated model method of ship structural borne noiseprediction. The underwater acoustic radiation characteristics of a ship and underwater vehicleis analyzed, with respects to provide method supports for engineering applications oftruncated model method of ship structural borne noise prediction
为此，本文首先对船舶结构水下噪声预报研究现状进行综述，系统阐述了船舶结构噪声预报技术发展概况，分析了船舶结构水下噪声预报存在的基础性问题及船舶结构噪声预报的难点。分析表明：由于船舶结构水下声辐射涉及流固声耦合、固液声气耦合等多种作用，其噪声预报异常困难，现有船舶结构噪声数值预报在船舶结构噪声数值分析方法、设备对船体的激励载荷计算方法、船舶结构噪声数值预报模型的简化方法等研究方面仍存在一定不足。针对上述问题，本文以船舶结构噪声数值预报工程需求为牵引，对船舶结构水下中低频噪声数值预报方法进行研究，重点讨论了船舶结构噪声数值预报的截断模型预报原理、设备对船体的激励载荷、船舶结构声学舱段截断模型的简化、船舶结构噪声分析的时频综合预报法及无限元法等基础性问题；在此基础上，初步形成了船舶结构噪声截断模型预报的系统化方法，并结合水面船舶及水下航行器噪声预报实际，探索了船舶结构噪声截断模型预报方法的可行性，初步分析了水面船舶及水下航行器结构的水下声辐射特性，旨在为船舶结构噪声定量预报及相关研究提供方法依据。
针对船舶结构噪声预报存在计算规模大、求解效率低、预报频段窄等弊端，从链式结构动力学原理出发，提出船舶结构动力分析的截断模型方法，简化船舶结构的建模工作；结合结构噪声预报原理，给出船舶结构噪声预报的流场截断方法；在此基础上，提出船舶结构噪声截断模型的数值计算方法，以减小船舶结构噪声预报的计算规模，提高其求解效率及预报频率；舱段结构水下辐射噪射预报算例表明：模型截断预报方法可有效降低船舶结构噪声预报的计算规模，避免因设备建模等因素导致的数值计算误差，提高船舶结构噪声数值预报的频率，特别是在含有大量设备的船舶结构水下中低频噪声预报方面具有较大应用潜力，截断模型计算方法可有效降低船舶结构噪声预报的计算规模、提高其预报频率及求解效率。
针对船舶结构噪声预报的输入—设备激励载荷—进行研究，重点分析了设备对船体激励载荷的计算方法。基于设备内源特性不变及参数识别理论，提出设备内源特性台架试验识别方法，由此建立设备台架试验到实船设备激励载荷的转换方法；基于设备与船体结构耦合振动机理，提出设备对船体结构激励力的简便计算方法；基于力边界与运动边界的统一性原理，提出运动边界相似法，解决设备激励载荷为振动加速度级形式不易在数值计算中施加的困难，并经算例验证，证明了运动边界相似法的有效性，解决船舶结构噪声截断模型预报的载荷输入问题。
在船舶结构噪声预报模型简化方面，基于结构动力分析及声辐射理论，提出以局部舱段模型代替整船模型进行船舶结构噪声预报的船舶结构噪声舱段截断模型方法—行波法，并对其适用条件进行分析，实现了船舶结构噪声截断模型预报的进一步简化；通过圆板结构水下声辐射截断模型，验证了船舶结构噪声舱段截断模型方法的有效性，解决了以局部舱段代替整船模型进行船舶结构噪声预报的困难。
针对现有船舶结构噪声预报存在求解效率低、无法考虑非线性因素、不能计及船舶结构低频振动与高频波动耦合影响因素的困难，提出船舶结构噪声预报的时频综合预报法，并进行相应的数值验证；研究表明：时频综合预报法不仅可解决现有船舶结构噪声预报存在的上述困难，还可针对关心频点噪声进行详细分析，以确定关心频点船舶结构噪声主导传递分量及主导传递途径，可为船舶结构噪声预报、评估及噪声治理提供快速支持。针对船舶结构噪声预报模型外流场域截断及域外远场声辐射存在的问题，提出声学无限元法应用于船舶结构噪声预报模型，以降低模型计算规模、提高其计算精度，实现域外远场声辐射的快速预报。
最后，在前述研究基础上，归纳总结，初步形成船舶结构噪声截断模型预报的系统化方法，规范船舶结构噪声截断模型预报流程；并结合水面船舶及水下航行器结构噪声预报实际，给出船舶结构噪声截断模型预报方法实际应用的具体方法、流程，对水面船舶及水下航行器结构水下声辐射特性进行初步分析，旨在为船舶结构噪声截断模型预报方法工程应用提供分析依据。
To ensure that a ship has good underwater quiet performance, it is utterly important tocarry out prediction evaluations of ship’s underwater noise characteristics in the stages ofdesigning and constructing to discover problems in the acoustic design of the ship. Therefore,foreign powerful navy countries have invested massive human and material resources in theunderwater noise prediction and evaluation of ship structures, forming a series of methods ofassessment of ship’s underwater noise prediction, such as analytical method, engineeringestimation method and numerical methods. Analytical method is suitable for the underwaternoise prediction of simple structure (such as cylindrical shell), while it is not competent whenthe structure is slightly complex. Engineering estimation method can be used for theunderwater noise prediction of ships with similar forms; however, significant error will occurif gaps between the predicted ship and motherboard are huge. Numerical methods, especiallythe presence of Finite Element Method (FEM), Boundary Element Method (BEM),FEM/BEM, and Statistic Energy Analysis method, have provided abundant approaches forunderwater noise prediction of ships. However, due to the complexity of underwater acousticradiation of ship structure, there are still many basic and fundamental problems requires to besolved in the numerical noise prediction, especially the underwater noise prediction with lowand middle frequencies.
The present situation of studies on the underwater prediction of ship structural bornenoise are overviewed firstly in this paper, and then the general situation of the development ofship structural borne noise prediction are represented systematically. Fundamental problemsand difficulties in the underwater acoustic prediction of ship structural borne noise areanalyzed. Analysis shows that underwater noise prediction of ship structural borne noise isvery difficult due to the involving of the coupling of fluid-structure-sound andstructure-fluid-sound-air. For the numerical prediction of ship structure available, there arestill various shortages in the research of numerical method of ship structural borne noiseprediction, determination of equipment exciting loads to ship hulls, model simplification ofnumerical prediction model of ship structural borne noise. With problems above, based onengineering requirements on numerical prediction of ship structural borne noise, this paperexamines the underwater noise prediction method with low and middle frequencies of shipstructure. Study lays special emphasis on the discussions of predicting principles of truncatedmodel of ship structural borne noise prediction, exciting loads from equipment to ship hulls,model simplification of ship structural borne noise, time-frequency integrated predictionmethod and infinite element method. Based on discussion above, a systematical truncatedmodel method of ship structural borne noise prediction is proposed. Combining with the reality of noise prediction of a ship and an underwater vehicle, the paper explores feasibilitiesof t truncated model prediction method of ship structural borne noise. Characteristics ofunderwater sound radiation of the ship and the underwater vehicle is preliminarily analyzed inthe hope of providing references for ship’s acoustic quantative prediction and relatedresearches.
Aiming at overcome shortages of ship structural borne noise prediction, such as largescales of calculation, low solving efficiency, narrow bands of forecasting, this paper proposesa truncated model method to analyze ship structural dynamics based on the analyzing chainstructural dynamics. Combining underwater noise radiation theory, this paper gives outtruncated method of fluid domain of ship structural noise prediction model. On that basis, thepaper proposes truncated model method of ship structural borne noise prediction, which canreduce the scale of calculation, and increase the solving efficiency and forecast frequencybands. Examples of underwater acoustic radiation prediction of cabin structure shows that thetruncated model method can effectively reduce the scale of calculations, avoid numericalcalculation error caused by factors such as modeling of equipment, and increase predictionfrequency bands of ship structural borne noise. This method has large potential applications inlow and middle frequency prediction of ship structural noise especially when there arenumbers of equipment, which can reduce the scale of calculations effectively, increaseforecast frequency bands and solving efficiency.
This paper also carries out research on the input of ship structural borne prediction-exciting loads from equipment to ship. The determination of excitation load from equipmentto ship hulls is analyzed. Based on the equipment endogenous characteristics and parameteridentification theory, the paper proposes the identification method for equipment endogenouscharacteristics with the bench test, and thereby establishes the excitation load transformingmethod from bench tests to ship hulls. Based on the coupled vibration mechanism ofequipment and hull structures, the paper proposes a simplified calculating method for theexcitation from equipment to hull structures. Based on the unitary theory of force boundaryand motion boundary, the analogical method of motion boundary is proposed to solvedifficulties that equipment excitation loads of vibration acceleration is not easy to exert innumerical computing. Examples have proved the effectiveness of moving boundaryanalogical method, which solves problems of providing input loads for noise prediction ofships.
In the aspects of model simplifying of ship structural noise predicting, based on structurepower analysis and acoustic radiation theory, this paper proposes the traveling-wave methodthat can use local cabin model instead of the entire ship model for ship structural borne noiseprediction. The applicable conditions, further simplifications of the prediction model of shipstructural noise are discussed. Through underwater acoustic radiation truncated model ofcircular structure, the paper verifies the validity of cabin truncated model of ship structuralborne noise, and solves the difficulties of using local cabin instead of the entire whole shipmodel in the prediction of ship structural borne noise.
For the problems in the prediction available of ship structural noise, such as lowefficiency, the disability to consider non-linear factors and take into account of low-frequencyvibration and high-frequency wave coupling factors of ship structure, the paper proposes thetime-frequency integrated prediction method of ship structural noise, and carries out thecorresponding numerical verification. The research shows that time-frequency combinedmethod can not only smooth difficulties in the prediction of ship structural noise, but alsoanalyze the interested noise frequency in detail to determine the dominant pass componentand dominant pathway of ship structural noise of the concerning frequency, which providesrapid support for the prediction, assessment and noise control of ship structural noise. For theproblems existing in external fluid field truncation and extraterritorial far-field acousticradiation of ship structural noise, the paper proposes the application of acoustic infiniteelement method in ship structural noise prediction model, in the hope of reducing the modelsize and improving the calculation accuracy, and further realizing the fast prediction ofextraterritorial far-field acoustic radiation
Finally, a systematic truncated model method of ship structural borne noise prediction isproposed to standardize the flow of ship structural borne noise prediction based on thesummarization of studies above in this paper. Combining with the demands of ship structuralborne noise prediction of ships and underwater vehicles, this paper gives out specific stepsand flows of the application of truncated model method of ship structural borne noiseprediction. The underwater acoustic radiation characteristics of a ship and underwater vehicleis analyzed, with respects to provide method supports for engineering applications oftruncated model method of ship structural borne noise prediction
引文
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