金属离子对铝硅矿物选择性分散影响的理论研究与实践
摘要
我国的铝土矿资源类型主要为一水硬铝石型铝土矿,铝硅比低,硅含量高。选矿脱硅是有效利用这类铝土矿资源的关键技术途径。正浮选脱硅工艺已得到了推广应用,但其精矿脱水困难,残余药剂对后续拜耳法工艺有不利影响。反浮选脱硅因微细粒浮选效率低,浮选流程长等问题,至今仍未实现工业应用。选择性分散絮凝脱硅已被证明是铝土矿选矿脱硅的一种有前景的工艺。无论怎样,在铝土矿选矿脱硅过程中,由于矿物破碎、溶解和水质条件等原因,矿浆中不可避免存在各种金属离子。这些金属离子或吸附于矿物表面改变矿物表面性质,或与选矿药剂发生作用,并影响矿物颗粒的分散与凝聚行为。系统研究金属离子对铝、硅矿物分散凝聚行为的影响规律及其作用机理,对铝土矿选矿脱硅工艺的发展和工业应用具有重要理论指导意义。
本文以河南低铝硅比铝土矿矿石,以及一水硬铝石和高岭石为研究对象,系统考察了不同价态的金属离子对铝土矿矿石,以及一水硬铝石和高岭石单矿物分散凝聚行为的影响及其作用机理。考察了不同分散剂对金属离子存在时,铝土矿矿石及一水硬铝石和高岭石分散凝聚行为的影响和机理,得到以下基本结论：
1.一价钠、钾金属离子对一水硬铝石的分散性几乎没有影响；价金属离子在酸性条件下对一水硬铝石的分散凝聚行为影响较小,但在碱性条件下促使一水硬铝石强烈聚沉；三价铁离子使一水硬铝石在酸性和中性条件下能够充分分散,在碱性条件下明显聚沉；铝离子使一水硬铝石的分散性增强。各种金属离子对高岭石的分散都几乎没有影响。由此可见,金属离子价态是影响一水硬铝石和高岭石分散性的重要因素,金属离子价态越高对一水硬铝石和高岭石分散性影响越大。
2.碳酸钠和六偏磷酸钠对一水硬铝石和高岭石有良好的分散作用；钙离子存在时,碳酸钠和焦磷酸钠对一水硬铝石的分散效果很差,六偏磷酸钠、三聚磷酸钠和软水剂则可实现一水硬铝石和高岭石的有效分散；镁离子水体系中,碳酸钠对一水硬铝石的分散效果很差,六偏磷酸钠也不能实现一水硬铝石的有效分散；相同钙、镁离子浓度条件下,软水剂和三聚磷酸钠均可实现铝硅矿物的有效分散,但软水剂的用量远低于三聚磷酸钠的用量。
3.通过动电位测试、溶液化学计算、红外光谱分析和DLVO理论计算,探讨了三种不同价态金属离子和常用分散剂对一水硬铝石和高岭石分散凝聚行为影响的机理。金属离子的羟基络合物在矿物表面的吸附是金属离子与一水硬铝石和高岭石的主要作用形式。分散剂通过调节矿浆pH值或在矿物表面产生化学吸附而改变矿物表面电性,从而改变矿物颗粒间的相互作用能,进而对矿物产生分散作用。钙、镁离子存在时,分散剂的存在形式及组分浓度是影响其对铝硅矿物分散作用的主要原因。
4.水的硬度是水质对铝土矿选择性分散与絮凝过程影响的主要因素。实际矿石试验表明：低浓度钙、镁离子水体系中,单用碳酸钠作分散剂时,铝土矿的选择性分散与絮凝脱硅效果好。当碳酸钠用量为2500g/t时,矿浆即得到强化分散。添加聚丙烯酸钠有利于提高精矿中A1203的回收率,其用量为10g/t时,精矿Al2O3的回收率为91.96%,精矿铝硅比为7.16。实际矿石采用强擦洗,并经过两次分散与絮凝脱硅后,精矿A1203的回收率达到85.45%,精矿铝硅比达到8.59,精矿质量可满足拜耳法生产氧化铝的要求。高浓度钙离子水体系下,碳酸钠、六偏磷酸钠和水玻璃对铝土矿的选择性分散效果明显变差。以碳酸钠3000g/t,水玻璃1000g/t组合作为分散剂,以聚丙烯酸钠为絮凝剂时,精矿A1203的回收率为84.74%,精矿铝硅比仅为7.5。同样在高浓度镁离子水体系下,以碳酸钠2500g/t和水玻璃3000g/t组合作为分散剂时,精矿A1203的回收率为90%,精矿铝硅比只达到7.0。添加聚丙烯酸钠或磷酸酯淀粉只略微提高了精矿中A1203的回收率,其絮凝的选择性明显地降低了。由此可见,钙、镁离子的浓度越高,对铝土矿的选择性分散与絮凝脱硅过程就越不利。扩大连续试验结果表明：铝土矿选择性分散与絮凝脱硅工艺有可能实现工业应用,但河南地区的水质硬度大,对该工艺的工业应用非常不利。软水剂的使用可显著改善水质,大幅度地减少钙、镁离子对铝土矿选择性分散与絮凝脱硅工艺过程的不利影响。
Most of bauxite resources in China are diasporic bauxite with low ratio of Al2O3/SiO2. Desilication by the use of mineral processing is a necessary and effective way to use this kind of bauxite resources. Direct flotation process has been widely studied and used in industrial process, but its concentrate is difficult to be dewatered and the residual reagent in concentrate also has negative impact on Bayer dissolution process. Reverse flotation process is not used in induxtrial process due to the low flotation efficiency of fine silicates and long flotation procrdure. Selective dispersing-flocculating process has been proved as an effective way to remove silicates from bauxite. Anyway, there is inevitably a wide variety of metal ions generated from mineral crushing, mineral dissolving and water conditions in the beneficiation process. Metal ions adsorb on the mineral surface to change the nature or interact with the beneficiation agents, and then affect the dispersion and agglomeration of minerals. A systematic research on the influence of metal ions on the dispersion and flocculation of aluminum and silicate minerals has great significance to the development and application of bauxite beneficiation process.
For diasporic bauxite from Henan province, diaspore and kaolinite, the influences of metal ions valences and dispersants on the dispersion and flocculation of diaspore and kaolinite, and its mechanisms have been systematically studied in this dissertation:
1. Na and K ions with monovalence have little effect on the dispersion of diaspore and kaolinite. Divalent metal ions have some effect on the dispersion of diaspore in the acidic condition, but make an obvious coagulation of diaspore in alkaline condition. Trivalent ferric ion makes diaspore fully dispersed in the acid and neutral conditions, but makes an obvious coagulation of diaspore in alkaline condition. Aluminium ion can improve the dispersion of diaspore to a certain extent. Metal ions with different valences have shown not great impact on the dispersion of kaolinite. Valancy of metal ions is the key factor to influence dispersion of diaspore and kaolinite, and divalent metal ions have greater effect than monovalent metal ions on the dispersion of minerals.
2. Sodium carbonate and sodium hexametaphosphate can make diaspore and kaolinite well dispersed. In the presence of calcium ions, sodium carbonate and sodium pyrophosphate make diaspore dispersed poorly, but sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate and water softener can achieve an effective dispersion on diaspore and kaolinite. In the presence of magnesium ions, sodium carbonate makes a poor dispersion of diaspore, but sodium hexametaphosphate can not achieve an effective dispersion of diaspore. At the same concentration of calcium and magnesium ions, the dosage of water softener is far less than sodium tripolyphosphate to achieve the effective dispersion of aluminium-silicate minerals.
3. In this disseration, zeta potential measurement, infrared spectroscopy, solution chemistry calculation and DLVO theoretical calculation were carried out to disclose the interaction mechanism of metal ions on the dispersion of diaspore and kaolinite. It can be concluded that hydroxy complexes of metal ions are paly an important role on the dispersion of diaspore and kaolinite.
4. The hardness of water is the key factor to influence the selective dispersion and flocculation of bauxite. Test results show that, in the presence calcium and magnesium ions at low concentration, sodium carbonate can achieve well selective dispersing and flocculating for the desilicication of bauxite. When the dosage of sodium carbonate is2500g/t, the dispersion of slurry is improved, and the addition of sodium polyacry late can improve the Al2O3recovery of concentrate. When the dosage of sodium polyacrylate is10g/t, the Al2O3recovery of concentrate is91.96%with the Al2O3/SiO2ratio of7.16. After strong scrubbing and twice dispersing-flocculating desilicication, the Al2O3recovery of concentrate decreases to85.45%, but the Al2O3/SiO2ratio increases to8.59, this concentrate meets the requirment of Bayer process.
In the presence of calcium ion at high concentration, it is obviously that the desilicication by selective dispersing-flocculating process for bauxite becomes wores when sodium carbonate, sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium silicate are used as dispersant. Using3000g/t sodium carbonate and1000g/t sodium silicate as combined dispersant, sodium polyacrylate as flocculant, the Al2O3recovery of concentrate is84.74%with the Al2O3/SiO2ratio of7.5. In the presence of magnesium ions at high concentration,2500g/t sodium carbonate and3000g/t sodium silicate were used as combined dispersants, the Al2O3recovery of concentrate is90%with the Al2O3/SiO2ratio of7.0. The addition of sodium polyacrylate or phosphate eater starch will only improve the Al2O3recovery a little, but they significantly reduce the selectivity of dispersing-flocculating process. The higher concentration of calcium or magnesium ions is, the more harmful to the removal of silicates by selective dispersing-flocculating process for bauxite. The pilot test results show that selective dispersing-flocculating process for bauxite is possible to be used in industry, but the high hardness water has huge negative impacts on this process. However, the use of a new water softener can improve the water quality, and reduce the negative effects of calcium and magnesium ions on the selective dispersing-flocculating desilication process of bauxite.
本文以河南低铝硅比铝土矿矿石,以及一水硬铝石和高岭石为研究对象,系统考察了不同价态的金属离子对铝土矿矿石,以及一水硬铝石和高岭石单矿物分散凝聚行为的影响及其作用机理。考察了不同分散剂对金属离子存在时,铝土矿矿石及一水硬铝石和高岭石分散凝聚行为的影响和机理,得到以下基本结论：
1.一价钠、钾金属离子对一水硬铝石的分散性几乎没有影响；价金属离子在酸性条件下对一水硬铝石的分散凝聚行为影响较小,但在碱性条件下促使一水硬铝石强烈聚沉；三价铁离子使一水硬铝石在酸性和中性条件下能够充分分散,在碱性条件下明显聚沉；铝离子使一水硬铝石的分散性增强。各种金属离子对高岭石的分散都几乎没有影响。由此可见,金属离子价态是影响一水硬铝石和高岭石分散性的重要因素,金属离子价态越高对一水硬铝石和高岭石分散性影响越大。
2.碳酸钠和六偏磷酸钠对一水硬铝石和高岭石有良好的分散作用；钙离子存在时,碳酸钠和焦磷酸钠对一水硬铝石的分散效果很差,六偏磷酸钠、三聚磷酸钠和软水剂则可实现一水硬铝石和高岭石的有效分散；镁离子水体系中,碳酸钠对一水硬铝石的分散效果很差,六偏磷酸钠也不能实现一水硬铝石的有效分散；相同钙、镁离子浓度条件下,软水剂和三聚磷酸钠均可实现铝硅矿物的有效分散,但软水剂的用量远低于三聚磷酸钠的用量。
3.通过动电位测试、溶液化学计算、红外光谱分析和DLVO理论计算,探讨了三种不同价态金属离子和常用分散剂对一水硬铝石和高岭石分散凝聚行为影响的机理。金属离子的羟基络合物在矿物表面的吸附是金属离子与一水硬铝石和高岭石的主要作用形式。分散剂通过调节矿浆pH值或在矿物表面产生化学吸附而改变矿物表面电性,从而改变矿物颗粒间的相互作用能,进而对矿物产生分散作用。钙、镁离子存在时,分散剂的存在形式及组分浓度是影响其对铝硅矿物分散作用的主要原因。
4.水的硬度是水质对铝土矿选择性分散与絮凝过程影响的主要因素。实际矿石试验表明：低浓度钙、镁离子水体系中,单用碳酸钠作分散剂时,铝土矿的选择性分散与絮凝脱硅效果好。当碳酸钠用量为2500g/t时,矿浆即得到强化分散。添加聚丙烯酸钠有利于提高精矿中A1203的回收率,其用量为10g/t时,精矿Al2O3的回收率为91.96%,精矿铝硅比为7.16。实际矿石采用强擦洗,并经过两次分散与絮凝脱硅后,精矿A1203的回收率达到85.45%,精矿铝硅比达到8.59,精矿质量可满足拜耳法生产氧化铝的要求。高浓度钙离子水体系下,碳酸钠、六偏磷酸钠和水玻璃对铝土矿的选择性分散效果明显变差。以碳酸钠3000g/t,水玻璃1000g/t组合作为分散剂,以聚丙烯酸钠为絮凝剂时,精矿A1203的回收率为84.74%,精矿铝硅比仅为7.5。同样在高浓度镁离子水体系下,以碳酸钠2500g/t和水玻璃3000g/t组合作为分散剂时,精矿A1203的回收率为90%,精矿铝硅比只达到7.0。添加聚丙烯酸钠或磷酸酯淀粉只略微提高了精矿中A1203的回收率,其絮凝的选择性明显地降低了。由此可见,钙、镁离子的浓度越高,对铝土矿的选择性分散与絮凝脱硅过程就越不利。扩大连续试验结果表明：铝土矿选择性分散与絮凝脱硅工艺有可能实现工业应用,但河南地区的水质硬度大,对该工艺的工业应用非常不利。软水剂的使用可显著改善水质,大幅度地减少钙、镁离子对铝土矿选择性分散与絮凝脱硅工艺过程的不利影响。
Most of bauxite resources in China are diasporic bauxite with low ratio of Al2O3/SiO2. Desilication by the use of mineral processing is a necessary and effective way to use this kind of bauxite resources. Direct flotation process has been widely studied and used in industrial process, but its concentrate is difficult to be dewatered and the residual reagent in concentrate also has negative impact on Bayer dissolution process. Reverse flotation process is not used in induxtrial process due to the low flotation efficiency of fine silicates and long flotation procrdure. Selective dispersing-flocculating process has been proved as an effective way to remove silicates from bauxite. Anyway, there is inevitably a wide variety of metal ions generated from mineral crushing, mineral dissolving and water conditions in the beneficiation process. Metal ions adsorb on the mineral surface to change the nature or interact with the beneficiation agents, and then affect the dispersion and agglomeration of minerals. A systematic research on the influence of metal ions on the dispersion and flocculation of aluminum and silicate minerals has great significance to the development and application of bauxite beneficiation process.
For diasporic bauxite from Henan province, diaspore and kaolinite, the influences of metal ions valences and dispersants on the dispersion and flocculation of diaspore and kaolinite, and its mechanisms have been systematically studied in this dissertation:
1. Na and K ions with monovalence have little effect on the dispersion of diaspore and kaolinite. Divalent metal ions have some effect on the dispersion of diaspore in the acidic condition, but make an obvious coagulation of diaspore in alkaline condition. Trivalent ferric ion makes diaspore fully dispersed in the acid and neutral conditions, but makes an obvious coagulation of diaspore in alkaline condition. Aluminium ion can improve the dispersion of diaspore to a certain extent. Metal ions with different valences have shown not great impact on the dispersion of kaolinite. Valancy of metal ions is the key factor to influence dispersion of diaspore and kaolinite, and divalent metal ions have greater effect than monovalent metal ions on the dispersion of minerals.
2. Sodium carbonate and sodium hexametaphosphate can make diaspore and kaolinite well dispersed. In the presence of calcium ions, sodium carbonate and sodium pyrophosphate make diaspore dispersed poorly, but sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate and water softener can achieve an effective dispersion on diaspore and kaolinite. In the presence of magnesium ions, sodium carbonate makes a poor dispersion of diaspore, but sodium hexametaphosphate can not achieve an effective dispersion of diaspore. At the same concentration of calcium and magnesium ions, the dosage of water softener is far less than sodium tripolyphosphate to achieve the effective dispersion of aluminium-silicate minerals.
3. In this disseration, zeta potential measurement, infrared spectroscopy, solution chemistry calculation and DLVO theoretical calculation were carried out to disclose the interaction mechanism of metal ions on the dispersion of diaspore and kaolinite. It can be concluded that hydroxy complexes of metal ions are paly an important role on the dispersion of diaspore and kaolinite.
4. The hardness of water is the key factor to influence the selective dispersion and flocculation of bauxite. Test results show that, in the presence calcium and magnesium ions at low concentration, sodium carbonate can achieve well selective dispersing and flocculating for the desilicication of bauxite. When the dosage of sodium carbonate is2500g/t, the dispersion of slurry is improved, and the addition of sodium polyacry late can improve the Al2O3recovery of concentrate. When the dosage of sodium polyacrylate is10g/t, the Al2O3recovery of concentrate is91.96%with the Al2O3/SiO2ratio of7.16. After strong scrubbing and twice dispersing-flocculating desilicication, the Al2O3recovery of concentrate decreases to85.45%, but the Al2O3/SiO2ratio increases to8.59, this concentrate meets the requirment of Bayer process.
In the presence of calcium ion at high concentration, it is obviously that the desilicication by selective dispersing-flocculating process for bauxite becomes wores when sodium carbonate, sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium silicate are used as dispersant. Using3000g/t sodium carbonate and1000g/t sodium silicate as combined dispersant, sodium polyacrylate as flocculant, the Al2O3recovery of concentrate is84.74%with the Al2O3/SiO2ratio of7.5. In the presence of magnesium ions at high concentration,2500g/t sodium carbonate and3000g/t sodium silicate were used as combined dispersants, the Al2O3recovery of concentrate is90%with the Al2O3/SiO2ratio of7.0. The addition of sodium polyacrylate or phosphate eater starch will only improve the Al2O3recovery a little, but they significantly reduce the selectivity of dispersing-flocculating process. The higher concentration of calcium or magnesium ions is, the more harmful to the removal of silicates by selective dispersing-flocculating process for bauxite. The pilot test results show that selective dispersing-flocculating process for bauxite is possible to be used in industry, but the high hardness water has huge negative impacts on this process. However, the use of a new water softener can improve the water quality, and reduce the negative effects of calcium and magnesium ions on the selective dispersing-flocculating desilication process of bauxite.
引文
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