裂缝性地层钻井液漏失动力学研究
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摘要
井漏是一种钻井中较为常见的井下复杂情况,井漏不仅会延长钻井周期,损失大量人力物力,造成储层损害,而且井漏一旦控制不力,还可能会诱发井塌、井喷等重大事故。随着油气资源勘探、开发的深入,常规油气资源越来越少,钻井工程已逐步走向深层、超深层和深水、压力衰竭地层及复杂地层,井漏问题更加突出,制约了安全、快速、高效钻井,成为油气勘探与开发的瓶颈。
井漏问题亦是当前研究的热点和难点,已引起众多国内外学者的关注,开展了大量实验及模拟研究,形成了针对孔隙性及微裂缝地层的防漏堵漏技术。然而,裂缝性地层漏失方面还存在许多挑战,钻井液漏失理论研究比较薄弱,远未达到模型化、定量化和科学化的程度。因此,认清裂缝性地层漏失特征及规律,开展裂缝性地层钻井液漏失动力学研究,是解决钻井液漏失问题的关键。
选择川东北及塔河地区碳酸盐岩地层为主要研究对象,统计分析了150余口井、483次井漏资料,明确了碳酸盐岩地层钻井液漏失特征及分布规律。在漏失机理综合研究基础上,将井漏划分为：压裂性漏失、扩展性漏失和压差性漏失三大类,给出了漏失类型的工程识别方法,并建立了缝洞性地层漏失压力模型,为预防钻井液漏失和漏失压力调控提供了理论依据。
建立了非牛顿(赫巴)流体在一维线性及二维平面裂缝中的运动方程,明确了流量与压力梯度的非线性函数关系。为节约数值求解时间,对运动方程进行了简化,定量分析了模型线性化的误差。研究表明,误差随着裂缝宽度、压力梯度和流型指数增加而降低,随着动切力增加而增加。钻井液漏失时,压力梯度及裂缝宽度一般较大,模型简化所带来的误差对漏失早期行为几乎没有影响,能够满足研究的需要。
研制了高温高压钻井液漏失动态评价仪。仪器主要由钻井液供给系统、钻井液循环系统、裂缝模块系统、控制系统和数据采集系统等五部分组成。模拟缝长1m、缝宽1-10mm、缝高50mm,且考虑了裂缝壁面滤失功能,能够满足大裂缝漏失动态评价。应用高温高压钻井液漏失动态评价仪,初步开展了钻井液漏失实验。研究表明,所建的一维钻井液漏失模型误差低于12%,证实了模型的有效性。
建立了综合考虑非牛顿赫巴流体、裂缝指数(或线性)变形规律、裂缝壁面滤失、钻井液微可压缩性等因素的一维线性及二维平面裂缝钻井液漏失模型,使用有限差分法对模型进行了求解。模拟了无限长及有限长裂缝的钻井液漏失行为,研究了钻井液漏失曲线特征,明确了裂缝应力敏感程度、压差、裂缝产状及尺寸、钻井液流变性和裂缝壁面滤失特性等参数对漏失的影响。
基于分形理论,探讨了粗糙裂缝的合成方法,编制了二维粗糙裂缝的计算机生成程序,建立了粗糙裂缝非牛顿(赫巴)流体钻井液漏失模型,研究了分形维数、标准差、网格尺寸等参数对漏失动态的影响规律,揭示了非牛顿流体在粗糙裂缝中的漏失规律。研究表明,裂缝粗糙度对非牛顿流体漏失的影响大于牛顿流体,且当裂缝表面接触率大于零时,会显著地抑制钻井液漏失。
以蒙特卡罗随机建模理论为基础,建立了二维及三维离散裂缝网络几何模型,并编制了离散裂缝网络生成程序SFNM2D和SFNM3D。结合单裂缝钻井液漏失模型,建立了裂缝网络地层钻井液漏失动力学模型,并通过有限差分法和有限元法实现了模型的求解,重点研究了二维离散裂缝网络钻井液漏失特征及规律,并初步开展了三维离散裂缝网络钻井液漏失模拟。研究揭示,裂缝网络地层钻井液漏失曲线出现波动现象,波动的频率及幅度与裂缝网络空间结构密切相关。
采用岩石断裂力学和天然裂缝非牛顿流体漏失动力学理论,建立了考虑了裂缝扩展的拟三维压裂性漏失模型,研究了裂缝动态扩展过程和漏失速率的变化特征及规律,发现裂缝扩展时漏失速率曲线及缝内压力均出现周期性波动现象,该现象与现场水力压裂测试曲线类似,验证了模型的有效性。
Lost circulation is severe while drilling fractured formations, which will not only cost drilling time, lose expensive drilling fluid, cause the reservoir damage, but also can cause the terrible accidents such as well collapsed, blowout and so on. Nowadays, with the oil and gas resources exploration and development improving and conventional oil and gas resources becoming fewer and fewer, the drilling engineering has been gradually moving towards deep and extra-deep formation, deep-water, pressure depletion formation and the complex formation. Mud losses has restricted the safe, rapid, efficient drilling and become the bottleneck of gas exploration and development. Lost circulation has become the biggest barrier for drilling safely, quickly, and efficiently.
After years of research, the leak resistant and sealing technology for pores and micro fractures has already formed. However, there are still many challenges on controlling the mud losses in fractured formations, the theory of the drilling fluid losses is relatively weak and far from the level of modeling, quantitative and scientific. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the characteristics and regularity of drilling fluids losses and modeling drilling fluid losses in the fractured formations.
This thesis chooses carbonate formations in northeastern of Sichuan and Tahe oilfield as the main research objects, statistically analyzed the data of more than150wells and loss information of483times and confirmed the characteristics and distribution of drilling fluid losses in the carbonate formations. Based on the comprehensive studies on the loss mechanism, mud losses are classified into three types:fracturing loss, fracture propagation loss and Pressure difference loss. Then a lost circulation pressure model of carbonate formations were established, which provides a basic theory for preventing the drilling fluid losses and changing the loss pressure.
This paper presented the flow equations of non-Newtonian (Herschel-Bulkley) fluids in the1D-linear and2D-plane fracture, confirmed the non-linear function relationship between flow and pressure gradient. In order to save the numerical time, this paper simplified the motion equation and analyzed the error quantitatively. Results show that the error decreases with the increase of fracture aperture, the pressure gradient and flow behavior index and increased with the increase of the yield stress. The pressure gradient and fracture aperture are usually large when lost circulation occurs. Therefore, the error of simplified model is very small, which can satisfy the simulation requirement.
This paper designed the high temperature and pressure mud losses dynamic evaluation apparatus, which concludes five sections, such as drilling fluids supply system, drilling fluids circulation system, fracture module, control system and data acquisition system. This apparatus can model lm length,1-10mm aperture and50mm height fractures, which satisfies the requirement of big-fracture losses evaluation. The results show that the error of1D loss model didn't exceed12%, which demonstrated the effective of this model.
This paper proposed the drilling losses models in the1D-linear and2D-plane fracture which considered the non-Newtonian fluids, the exponential (and linear) fracture deformation law, the fluid leak-off, the slightly compressibility of drilling fluids, and this model was solved by the finite-difference method. Then, the drilling fluids losses behavior in the infinite and finite fractures was simulated. The characteristics of drilling fluids losses curve and the factors, such as pressure sensitivity, overbalance pressure, fracture orientation and size, rheological properties of drilling fluids and fluid leak-off through the fracture wall which influence mud loss were analyzed.
Based on the fractal theory, this paper probed the method of generating the rough fracture, compiled the computer procedure of generating2D rough fracture, established the model of non-Newtonian fluids (Herschel-Bulkley) losses in the rough fracture, investigated the effect of fractal dimension, standard deviation and grid size on mud losses, and demonstrated how the roughness can influence non-Newtonian fluids losses. The results show that the roughness has more influence on the non-Newtonian fluids than the Newtonian fluids. What's more, the roughness can prevent the drilling fluids losses when the fracture surface touch rate is greater than zero.
Based on the Monte-Carlo stochastic simulation theory, this paper constructed the2D and3D discrete fracture network (DFN) models and compiled the procedure of generating2D and3D discrete fracture network, SFNM and SFNM3D. Integrated with the drilling fluids losses in the single fracture, this paper established the model of drilling fluids losses in the fracture network, and the methods of finite difference and finite element are used to solve this model, laid emphasis on studying the characteristics and laws of drilling fluids losses in the2D discrete fracture networks, and carried out the preliminary.(?)imulation of drilling fluids losses in the3D discrete fracture networks. The results show that the curve of drilling fluids losses in the fracture networks had the fluctuation phenomenon and the fluctuation frequency and range was largely related to the construction of fracture networks.
According to the theory of rock fracture mechanics and non-Newtonian fluids losses dynamics in the nature fracture, this paper constructed the pseudo3D model of drilling fluids losses in the induced fracture mud loss, and the process of fracture propagation and the characteristics and laws of mud loss rate was investigated. Results show that both the mud loss rate curve and the pressure in the fracture had the periodical fluctuation phenomenon when the fracture was spreading, which was similar to the curve of hydraulic fracture and proved the effective of the model.
井漏问题亦是当前研究的热点和难点,已引起众多国内外学者的关注,开展了大量实验及模拟研究,形成了针对孔隙性及微裂缝地层的防漏堵漏技术。然而,裂缝性地层漏失方面还存在许多挑战,钻井液漏失理论研究比较薄弱,远未达到模型化、定量化和科学化的程度。因此,认清裂缝性地层漏失特征及规律,开展裂缝性地层钻井液漏失动力学研究,是解决钻井液漏失问题的关键。
选择川东北及塔河地区碳酸盐岩地层为主要研究对象,统计分析了150余口井、483次井漏资料,明确了碳酸盐岩地层钻井液漏失特征及分布规律。在漏失机理综合研究基础上,将井漏划分为：压裂性漏失、扩展性漏失和压差性漏失三大类,给出了漏失类型的工程识别方法,并建立了缝洞性地层漏失压力模型,为预防钻井液漏失和漏失压力调控提供了理论依据。
建立了非牛顿(赫巴)流体在一维线性及二维平面裂缝中的运动方程,明确了流量与压力梯度的非线性函数关系。为节约数值求解时间,对运动方程进行了简化,定量分析了模型线性化的误差。研究表明,误差随着裂缝宽度、压力梯度和流型指数增加而降低,随着动切力增加而增加。钻井液漏失时,压力梯度及裂缝宽度一般较大,模型简化所带来的误差对漏失早期行为几乎没有影响,能够满足研究的需要。
研制了高温高压钻井液漏失动态评价仪。仪器主要由钻井液供给系统、钻井液循环系统、裂缝模块系统、控制系统和数据采集系统等五部分组成。模拟缝长1m、缝宽1-10mm、缝高50mm,且考虑了裂缝壁面滤失功能,能够满足大裂缝漏失动态评价。应用高温高压钻井液漏失动态评价仪,初步开展了钻井液漏失实验。研究表明,所建的一维钻井液漏失模型误差低于12%,证实了模型的有效性。
建立了综合考虑非牛顿赫巴流体、裂缝指数(或线性)变形规律、裂缝壁面滤失、钻井液微可压缩性等因素的一维线性及二维平面裂缝钻井液漏失模型,使用有限差分法对模型进行了求解。模拟了无限长及有限长裂缝的钻井液漏失行为,研究了钻井液漏失曲线特征,明确了裂缝应力敏感程度、压差、裂缝产状及尺寸、钻井液流变性和裂缝壁面滤失特性等参数对漏失的影响。
基于分形理论,探讨了粗糙裂缝的合成方法,编制了二维粗糙裂缝的计算机生成程序,建立了粗糙裂缝非牛顿(赫巴)流体钻井液漏失模型,研究了分形维数、标准差、网格尺寸等参数对漏失动态的影响规律,揭示了非牛顿流体在粗糙裂缝中的漏失规律。研究表明,裂缝粗糙度对非牛顿流体漏失的影响大于牛顿流体,且当裂缝表面接触率大于零时,会显著地抑制钻井液漏失。
以蒙特卡罗随机建模理论为基础,建立了二维及三维离散裂缝网络几何模型,并编制了离散裂缝网络生成程序SFNM2D和SFNM3D。结合单裂缝钻井液漏失模型,建立了裂缝网络地层钻井液漏失动力学模型,并通过有限差分法和有限元法实现了模型的求解,重点研究了二维离散裂缝网络钻井液漏失特征及规律,并初步开展了三维离散裂缝网络钻井液漏失模拟。研究揭示,裂缝网络地层钻井液漏失曲线出现波动现象,波动的频率及幅度与裂缝网络空间结构密切相关。
采用岩石断裂力学和天然裂缝非牛顿流体漏失动力学理论,建立了考虑了裂缝扩展的拟三维压裂性漏失模型,研究了裂缝动态扩展过程和漏失速率的变化特征及规律,发现裂缝扩展时漏失速率曲线及缝内压力均出现周期性波动现象,该现象与现场水力压裂测试曲线类似,验证了模型的有效性。
Lost circulation is severe while drilling fractured formations, which will not only cost drilling time, lose expensive drilling fluid, cause the reservoir damage, but also can cause the terrible accidents such as well collapsed, blowout and so on. Nowadays, with the oil and gas resources exploration and development improving and conventional oil and gas resources becoming fewer and fewer, the drilling engineering has been gradually moving towards deep and extra-deep formation, deep-water, pressure depletion formation and the complex formation. Mud losses has restricted the safe, rapid, efficient drilling and become the bottleneck of gas exploration and development. Lost circulation has become the biggest barrier for drilling safely, quickly, and efficiently.
After years of research, the leak resistant and sealing technology for pores and micro fractures has already formed. However, there are still many challenges on controlling the mud losses in fractured formations, the theory of the drilling fluid losses is relatively weak and far from the level of modeling, quantitative and scientific. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the characteristics and regularity of drilling fluids losses and modeling drilling fluid losses in the fractured formations.
This thesis chooses carbonate formations in northeastern of Sichuan and Tahe oilfield as the main research objects, statistically analyzed the data of more than150wells and loss information of483times and confirmed the characteristics and distribution of drilling fluid losses in the carbonate formations. Based on the comprehensive studies on the loss mechanism, mud losses are classified into three types:fracturing loss, fracture propagation loss and Pressure difference loss. Then a lost circulation pressure model of carbonate formations were established, which provides a basic theory for preventing the drilling fluid losses and changing the loss pressure.
This paper presented the flow equations of non-Newtonian (Herschel-Bulkley) fluids in the1D-linear and2D-plane fracture, confirmed the non-linear function relationship between flow and pressure gradient. In order to save the numerical time, this paper simplified the motion equation and analyzed the error quantitatively. Results show that the error decreases with the increase of fracture aperture, the pressure gradient and flow behavior index and increased with the increase of the yield stress. The pressure gradient and fracture aperture are usually large when lost circulation occurs. Therefore, the error of simplified model is very small, which can satisfy the simulation requirement.
This paper designed the high temperature and pressure mud losses dynamic evaluation apparatus, which concludes five sections, such as drilling fluids supply system, drilling fluids circulation system, fracture module, control system and data acquisition system. This apparatus can model lm length,1-10mm aperture and50mm height fractures, which satisfies the requirement of big-fracture losses evaluation. The results show that the error of1D loss model didn't exceed12%, which demonstrated the effective of this model.
This paper proposed the drilling losses models in the1D-linear and2D-plane fracture which considered the non-Newtonian fluids, the exponential (and linear) fracture deformation law, the fluid leak-off, the slightly compressibility of drilling fluids, and this model was solved by the finite-difference method. Then, the drilling fluids losses behavior in the infinite and finite fractures was simulated. The characteristics of drilling fluids losses curve and the factors, such as pressure sensitivity, overbalance pressure, fracture orientation and size, rheological properties of drilling fluids and fluid leak-off through the fracture wall which influence mud loss were analyzed.
Based on the fractal theory, this paper probed the method of generating the rough fracture, compiled the computer procedure of generating2D rough fracture, established the model of non-Newtonian fluids (Herschel-Bulkley) losses in the rough fracture, investigated the effect of fractal dimension, standard deviation and grid size on mud losses, and demonstrated how the roughness can influence non-Newtonian fluids losses. The results show that the roughness has more influence on the non-Newtonian fluids than the Newtonian fluids. What's more, the roughness can prevent the drilling fluids losses when the fracture surface touch rate is greater than zero.
Based on the Monte-Carlo stochastic simulation theory, this paper constructed the2D and3D discrete fracture network (DFN) models and compiled the procedure of generating2D and3D discrete fracture network, SFNM and SFNM3D. Integrated with the drilling fluids losses in the single fracture, this paper established the model of drilling fluids losses in the fracture network, and the methods of finite difference and finite element are used to solve this model, laid emphasis on studying the characteristics and laws of drilling fluids losses in the2D discrete fracture networks, and carried out the preliminary.(?)imulation of drilling fluids losses in the3D discrete fracture networks. The results show that the curve of drilling fluids losses in the fracture networks had the fluctuation phenomenon and the fluctuation frequency and range was largely related to the construction of fracture networks.
According to the theory of rock fracture mechanics and non-Newtonian fluids losses dynamics in the nature fracture, this paper constructed the pseudo3D model of drilling fluids losses in the induced fracture mud loss, and the process of fracture propagation and the characteristics and laws of mud loss rate was investigated. Results show that both the mud loss rate curve and the pressure in the fracture had the periodical fluctuation phenomenon when the fracture was spreading, which was similar to the curve of hydraulic fracture and proved the effective of the model.
引文
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