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分布式视频编码关键技术研究
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摘要
随着网络技术、无线技术和计算机技术的飞速发展,近年来涌现出许多具有崭新特点的多媒体应用设备,如无线视频传感器监控网络、移动摄像手机和便携式摄像机等。它们在存储容量、计算能力和功率资源等方面都受到很大的限制,需要简单的编码器以节省资源。传统的视频编码方案如H.264由于编码复杂度高的特性已不能满足其应用需求。分布式视频编码系统是一种不同于传统混合视频编码的视频编码体系,它将耗时耗功率的运动估计/补偿从编码端移到解码端,具有编码简单、解码相对复杂以及容错性能较好的特点,为以上应用场合提供了很好的解决方案。本文研究分布式视频编码的相关理论和关键技术,主要内容和创新点如下:
     1.边信息生成技术是分布式视频编码系统中的关键技术之一,它的质量的好坏影响着系统的率失真性能。本文提出了一种基于卡尔曼滤波的边信息生成方法。用卡尔曼滤波对运动估计过程中产生的运动矢量进行精化,提高运动矢量的准确度,然后将卡尔曼滤波和前向运动估计、双向运动估计以及空间平滑相结合生成边信息。仿真结果表明,与末采用卡尔曼滤波之前相比,边信息性能提高了。同时,将自适应卡尔曼滤波运用到运动估计中,进一步提高了边信息的性能。
     2.小波变换具有时-频局部分析以及多分辨率分解特性,且能克服离散余弦变换变换带来的块效应。本文对小波域分布式视频编码系统进行了研究,并提出了一种小波域分布式视频编码系统的改进方案,对小波变换系数进行格雷码编码,能够减小Wyner-Ziv (WZ)帧和边信息之间的相关噪声误差。同时采用了更有效的虚拟信道模型和边信息生成技术。已解码的WZ帧含有当前帧的信息,利用已解码WZ帧信息对初始边信息进行精化,采用融合技术生成新的边信息辅助LDPC解码器重新解码重建WZ帧。改进的边信息能明显提高重建视频的质量。仿真结果表明,与传统的分布式视频编码系统相比,新的改进方案系统性能获得了较好的率失真性能。
     3.目前研究提高分布式视频编码系统性能的主要工作是如何提高WZ帧的编码效率。研究表明,WZ帧采用多种编码模式进行编码,能够提高系统的率失真性能。首先从理论上分析了将WZ帧分类独立编码的可行性,接着提出了一种基于棋盘结构分类的分布式视频编码方案。在编码端,按照棋盘格式将WZ帧分成两部分进行独立编码。在解码端,采用三维递归搜索运动估计算法产生初始边信息,进而重建WZ帧的第一部分,接着用时空边界匹配算法对WZ帧的第二部分对应的边信息进行运动补偿精化,辅助解码WZ帧。仿真结果表明,与传统的分布式视频编码系统相比,提出的方案虽然增加了一些解码延迟,但是有效地提高了系统的率失真性能。
     4.视频监控作为加强公共安全和保护隐私方面的重要工具,被广泛使用。本文针对视频监控这一应用场景,结合分布式信源编码的思想,提出了一种有效的低延迟分布式视频编码方案。鉴于在监控系统中运动剧烈的视频图像不会频繁出现,在编码端采用一种基于时空相关性的WZ帧编码模式判决方法,利用SKIP模式减小码率;在解码端采用基于Lucas-Kanade算法的边信息外推方法,实现了系统的顺序解码。这种边信息外推方法运算复杂度较高,但是运动矢量估计非常精确。仿真结果表明,与传统的基于外推的分布式视频编码系统相比,提出的方案系统率失真性能明显提升。
As the rapid development of the network technology, the wireless technology and the computer technology, many multimedia applications have emerged in recent years, such as the wireless video sensor network monitoring, mobile camera-phones and portable video camera and so on. As they are severely constrained in the computing capacity, memory and power, a simpler encoder is needed to conserve resources in the aforementioned multimedia scenarios. The traditional video coding schemes can not meet the requirements because of their high coding comlexity. Distributed Video Coding (DVC) is different from the traditional video coding. The time-consuming motion estimation/motion compensation procedure is shifted from the encoder to the decoder in the DVC. DVC has the characteristic of simple encoder, complex decoder and error resilience performance, which can provide excellent solutions for the applications above. This dissertation concerns with the theory and the key technology of DVC. The specific work and innovations of this dissertation can be summarized as follows:
     1. The generation technology of side information, whose quality affects the rate-distortion performance of the system, is one of key techniques of DVC system. A generation method of side information based on Kalman filter is discussed in this dissertation. The Kalman filter is used to refine motion vector in the motion estimation process, and improve the accuracy of the motion vector. Then Kalman filter is combined with forward motion estimation, bi-directional motion estimation and spatial smoothing to generate the side information. The simulation results show that the performance of side information becomes better than that without using the Kalman filter. At the same time, when the adaptive Kalman filter is applied to the motion estimation, the performance of side information can be further improved.
     2. Wavelet transform has the properties of local time-frequency analysis and multiresolution decomposition, and can overcome the blocking effect caused by discrete cosine transform. Therefore, the DVC scheme wavelet-domain is studied in this dissertation, and an improved DVC scheme is proposed. The Gray code is used to encode coefficient after wavelet transform, and it can reduce the correlation noise errors between the WZ frame and side information. Meanwhile, more effective virtual channel model and generation technology of side information are adopted. A decoded WZ frame contains the information of current frame, so it is used to refine initial side information. The fusion technology is adopted to generate a new side information which can assist LDPC decoder to decode re-reconstruction WZ frame. The new side information can significantly improve the quality of the video reconstruction. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed scheme is better than that of the traditional DVC.
     3. Now, the main work of the study on improving the performance of DVC system is how to improve the coding efficiency of WZ frame. It can improve the performance of the system that WZ frame is encoded to use the many kinds of coding models. Firstly the feasibility of classifying WZ frame to encode independently is theoretically analyzed, and then a DVC scheme based on the chessboard pattern is proposed.
     At the encoder, each WZ frame is split into two sets according to chessboard pattern and then encoded separately. At the decoder side, the3D recursive search motion estimation algorithm is adopted to generate the initial side information, and then first part of WZ frame is reconstructed. Secondly, spatio-temporal boundary matching algorithm is used in motion compensation refinement for the side information corresponding to the second part of WZ frame. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme has better rate-distortion performance than that of the traditional DVC system.
     4. As an important tool for strengthening the public security and privacy protection, video monitoring is widely used. For the scenarios of video monitoring, combined with the ideas of distributed source coding, an effective DVC scheme with low delay for the scenarios of video monitoring is proposed in the dissertation. In fact, the video image with violent movement will not appear frequently in the video monitoring system. At the encoder, a coding mode decision method of WZ frame based on temporal correlation and spatial correlation is adopted, and SKIP mode is used for reducing the bit rate. At the decoder, Side information extrapolation technique based on Lucas-Kanade algorithm is adopted to achieve sequential encoding of system. While its computing complexity is higher, motion vector estimation is more accurate. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the rate-distortion performance of the system compared with the traditional scheme based on extrapolation.
引文
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