大规模计算系统的光互联技术研究
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摘要
21世纪第一个十年,人类社会进入了一个崭新的时代——“计算时代”。在这个时代里,各种形式的信息处理设备、个性化的信息服务触手可及。这些无处不在的信息服务从根本上都依赖于强大的信息支持平台——大规模计算系统。随着微处理器技术的进一步发展以及多核芯片的出现,传统计算系统的处理瓶颈逐渐得到克服,取而代之的是互联瓶颈：首先,芯片之间、服务器之间以及机架之间互联带宽成为互联网络的稀缺资源；其次,大规模的数据通信和处理造成巨大的能量消耗；再次,电子技术从根本上无法支持高速传输。与此同时,光通信技术经历了电信网阶段、数据通信阶段,现在到计算通信阶段。与传统的光通信网络相比,计算通信阶段的光通信设计目标不仅仅是高带宽,更重要的是要考虑低功耗、低时延、小物理尺寸以及高的芯片集成密度。
为了解决下一代计算系统通信瓶颈,围绕光互联技术在未来大规模计算系统中的应用,本论文从光互联构架以及网络实验平台；硅基光电子器件的互联技术；以及支持流媒体业务的光突发交换网络等三个方面,通过实验和仿真验证光互联网络相关技术与机制。
论文主要工作可以归纳如下：
第一,提出用于数据中心的光互联构架,包括开放式光交换平台和虚拟光互联接口适配卡,并且实现了一种具有跨层信息交互能力的光网络节点。随着云服务业务继续普及并且形成规模化,下一代数据中心互联网络的设计必须考虑到全带宽需求、带宽灵活性需求和低功耗需求。针对全带宽需求和低功耗需求,设计实现了一个支持多种交换速度和交换功能的开放式光交换原型机。利用这个平台,实现了无阻塞的4×4交换机：交换总时延为50.7-ns,交换速度为ns级；成功演示了T比特每秒每端口的无误码光分组交换：功率代价1-dB之内的波长输入功率的动态范围超过4-dB,多数波长的功率代价小于1-dB。针对带宽灵活性需求,成功演示了一种可重构波长的混合光分组交换和电路交换机制：不仅提供波长数目可重构的WDM分组交换,而且可以选择波长作为电路交换。其次,通过设计基于10-GE光互联接口适配卡,成功演示了端到端高清视频的传输与交换,同时演示了这种光接口对Wimax用户流媒体业务的支持。最后,设计实现了一种具有跨层信息交互能力的光网络节点,通过统一的控制平而将光性能检测设备提取的OSNR(?)PMD信息告知控制平面决定重新路由或者信号再生。
第二,首次实现了40-Gb/s DPSK分组数据在硅基光电子器件中的交换；提出一种基于硅基光电子器件的新型分组交换节点结构和可集成的波长选择和空间混合交换平台。首先,通过实验验证这款微环谐振交换器件的高带宽特性(3-dB带宽为70-GHz)、波长选择特性、快速交换特性(贯通端口：上升速度和下降速度分别为1.46-ns和1.3-ns；分叉端口：上升速度和下降速度分别为1.71-ns和0.87-ns)以及多波长交换特性。其次,研究40-Gb/s DPSK信号交换性能,实验结果表明：两个端口均可以达到无误码状态,其中,贯通端口的功率代价为0.6-dB,分叉端口的功率代价为2.4-dB；并且通过实验研究了此款器件的相位响应。接着,提出一种新型的分组交换节点结构：利用微环作为交换单元、逻辑器件作为路由判决和可调谐的驱动电路来缓解热效应,并且实验验证了10-Gb/s1536-ns分组数据包的无误码交换和热效应的缓解技术。最后,提出一种可集成的波长选择和空间混合交换平台。并且,实验验证了以微环器件为波长选择开关和以SOA为空间交换器的混合交换网络对于数据码型和交换速率的透明性。
第三,提出一种支持流媒体业务的OBS时间组帧和提前预约机制：研究突发重传机制对于UDP和TCP等传输层协议的性能影响；为了进一步保证突发交换网络的可靠性,提出一种简单有效的全局竞争管理机制和偏置时间选择算法。首先,结合高清视频业务的高带宽、短连接特性和突发光交换网络的高突发适配特性,提出一种支持流媒体业务的OBS时间组帧和提前预约机制,并且在OBS实验床上成功演示了高清视频的传输和交换。实验表明,采用这种机制之后,100%的视频质量评价均为极好(Excellent)。其次,研究突发重传机制对于UDP和TCP等传输层协议的性能影响,其中,突发重传机制对UDP有利,但是必须考虑重传带来的延迟,需要根据应用需求给重传数据包设定定时器,如果超过门限则重传失去意义,应该及时丢包,保证后续突发包的正常发送；重传机制同样造成时延敏感的高速TCP协议(FAST-TCP)的拥塞窗口变化,从而降低平均的吞吐量。最后,为了进一步保证突发交换网络的可靠性,提出一种简单有效的全局竞争管理机制和偏置时间选择算法,仿真结果表明,与传统的JET-OBS相比,新的控制机制不但可以极大的改善突发网络的丢包率,而且可以通过优化偏置时间的设定,减小端到端的突发时延。
The first decade of the twenty-first century has witnessed the debut of the new technical era—Computing Era. This new era features with increasing embedded intelligence in everyday objects and ubiquitous cloud services, which are all supported by the large-scale computing systems. With the continued advancements in performance of the microprocessors and the emergence of multiprocessors (CMP), the future computing systems are eventually challenged by the communication bound systems, where networking bandwidths become scarce resource, energy consumption of networking infrastructure has become the key issue and the performance of interconnection networks is fundamentally constrained by the underlying electronic technologies. At the same time, the commercial deployments of optical technologies have gone through telecom, datacom and currently entered the computercom, which features with increasing integration of optics with decreasing cost, decreasing power and increasing density.
In order to overcome the interconnect bottleneck in large-scale computing systems, the thesis primarily emphasizes on three issues, which include the optical interconnects architectures and testbed, optical interconnects technologies based on silicon photonic device as well as the optical burst switch networking technologies supporting streaming media applications. Through testbed experiment and simulation, we have verified the feasibility of optical interconnection technologies and related mechanisms.
The main works of this thesis are summarized as follows:
1. We propose a ubiquitous end-to-end optical interconnection architecture featuring a configurable optical switching platform and a network agnostic optical network interface card (O-NIC). With the prevailing and scaling of cloud-based applications, the design of next-generation datacenter networks should take considerations into three main requirements, which are full bisection bandwidth capability, network bandwidth flexibility and low power consumption. Firstly, a modular optical switch fabric prototyping platform is designed and implemented to support technologies enabling diversified switching speeds and switching functionalities. A4×4switching architecture is designed with this platform, showing the ns-scale switching speed and50.7-ns total switching delay.1-Tb/s/port optical packet switching by this configured4×4optical platform is also demonstrated and bit-error-rate measurements indicate error-free transmission for all wavelengths with over4-dB input power dynamic range. A wavelength reconfigurable optical packet-and circuit-switching testbed is also constructed and experimentally verified by utilizing this optical switching platform. Secondly, an optical network interface card capable of bridging the gap between the computing systems and optical networks is developed and high-definition video streaming through this end-to-end optical system is also demonstrated. We also demonstrated a network interface to adapt the streaming services from Wimax clients. Lastly, a cross-layer-enabled optical network node for monitoring and addressing multiple impairments is proposed. Real-time monitoring and reactivity to two impairments (e.g. OSNR, PMD) via dynamically switched wavelengths and lightpath restoration are successfully shown.
2. We investigate the optical interconnects technologies based on silicon photonic microring resonators. Firstly, we experimentally characterize the device which shows very high passband bandwidth (70-GHz of3-dB passband bandwidth), wavelength selection, very fast (1.46-ns and1.3-ns of rise and fall time for through port,1.71-ns and0.87-ns for drop port) and multiwavelength switching capability. Secondly, we experimentally demonstrate switching of a40-Gb/s differential-phase-shift-keyed (DPSK) signal through a coupled silicon photonic microring switch. Packetized transmission of the40-Gb/s DPSK signal is achieved with power penalties of0.6-dB and2.4-dB for through port and drop port signals respectively. Furthermore, we experimentally investigate the phase response of the coupled microrings. Thirdly, we present a broadband packet-switching node that utilizes silicon photonic technology. The node design uses a silicon microring for switching functionality, leverages in-flight header processing for arbitration, and has a tunable driving circuit for thermal-effect mitigation. We experimentally demonstrated an error-free routing of10-Gb/s wavelength-striped packets with lengths of up to1536-ns. Lastly, we proposed and demonstrate a hybrid optical packet and wavelength selective switching platform for high-performance data center networks. This architecture based on cascaded silicon microrings and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) supports wavelength reconfigurable packet and circuit switching, and is highly scalable, energy efficient and potentially integratable.
3. We investigate optical burst switch networking technologies supporting streaming media applications. Firstly, in order to efficiently support high definition video clip (HDVC) services over optical networks, we propose the HDVC over optical burst switching (OBS) network and time-based assembly with advance reservation to guarantee smooth transmission of video services over this network. We experimentally demonstrate100%"excellent" of performance of HDVC transmission assisted with this novel scheme. Secondly, performances of transport layer protocols (UDP and several favors of TCPs) are experimentally investigated over OBS testbed with Burst Retransmission (BR). Experimental results show that BR is suitable for UDP when the delay caused by retransmission is still acceptable for applications, but is not suitable for FAST-TCP. Lastly, a novel contention-aware offset-time allocation mechanism (CA-OAM) is proposed to avoid burst contention in the intermediate nodes of LOBS architecture. Simulation results show that CA-OAM help to keep burst loss probability lower than10-3in LOBS network and the corresponding delay is still lower than simple JET-OBS.
为了解决下一代计算系统通信瓶颈,围绕光互联技术在未来大规模计算系统中的应用,本论文从光互联构架以及网络实验平台；硅基光电子器件的互联技术；以及支持流媒体业务的光突发交换网络等三个方面,通过实验和仿真验证光互联网络相关技术与机制。
论文主要工作可以归纳如下：
第一,提出用于数据中心的光互联构架,包括开放式光交换平台和虚拟光互联接口适配卡,并且实现了一种具有跨层信息交互能力的光网络节点。随着云服务业务继续普及并且形成规模化,下一代数据中心互联网络的设计必须考虑到全带宽需求、带宽灵活性需求和低功耗需求。针对全带宽需求和低功耗需求,设计实现了一个支持多种交换速度和交换功能的开放式光交换原型机。利用这个平台,实现了无阻塞的4×4交换机：交换总时延为50.7-ns,交换速度为ns级；成功演示了T比特每秒每端口的无误码光分组交换：功率代价1-dB之内的波长输入功率的动态范围超过4-dB,多数波长的功率代价小于1-dB。针对带宽灵活性需求,成功演示了一种可重构波长的混合光分组交换和电路交换机制：不仅提供波长数目可重构的WDM分组交换,而且可以选择波长作为电路交换。其次,通过设计基于10-GE光互联接口适配卡,成功演示了端到端高清视频的传输与交换,同时演示了这种光接口对Wimax用户流媒体业务的支持。最后,设计实现了一种具有跨层信息交互能力的光网络节点,通过统一的控制平而将光性能检测设备提取的OSNR(?)PMD信息告知控制平面决定重新路由或者信号再生。
第二,首次实现了40-Gb/s DPSK分组数据在硅基光电子器件中的交换；提出一种基于硅基光电子器件的新型分组交换节点结构和可集成的波长选择和空间混合交换平台。首先,通过实验验证这款微环谐振交换器件的高带宽特性(3-dB带宽为70-GHz)、波长选择特性、快速交换特性(贯通端口：上升速度和下降速度分别为1.46-ns和1.3-ns；分叉端口：上升速度和下降速度分别为1.71-ns和0.87-ns)以及多波长交换特性。其次,研究40-Gb/s DPSK信号交换性能,实验结果表明：两个端口均可以达到无误码状态,其中,贯通端口的功率代价为0.6-dB,分叉端口的功率代价为2.4-dB；并且通过实验研究了此款器件的相位响应。接着,提出一种新型的分组交换节点结构：利用微环作为交换单元、逻辑器件作为路由判决和可调谐的驱动电路来缓解热效应,并且实验验证了10-Gb/s1536-ns分组数据包的无误码交换和热效应的缓解技术。最后,提出一种可集成的波长选择和空间混合交换平台。并且,实验验证了以微环器件为波长选择开关和以SOA为空间交换器的混合交换网络对于数据码型和交换速率的透明性。
第三,提出一种支持流媒体业务的OBS时间组帧和提前预约机制：研究突发重传机制对于UDP和TCP等传输层协议的性能影响；为了进一步保证突发交换网络的可靠性,提出一种简单有效的全局竞争管理机制和偏置时间选择算法。首先,结合高清视频业务的高带宽、短连接特性和突发光交换网络的高突发适配特性,提出一种支持流媒体业务的OBS时间组帧和提前预约机制,并且在OBS实验床上成功演示了高清视频的传输和交换。实验表明,采用这种机制之后,100%的视频质量评价均为极好(Excellent)。其次,研究突发重传机制对于UDP和TCP等传输层协议的性能影响,其中,突发重传机制对UDP有利,但是必须考虑重传带来的延迟,需要根据应用需求给重传数据包设定定时器,如果超过门限则重传失去意义,应该及时丢包,保证后续突发包的正常发送；重传机制同样造成时延敏感的高速TCP协议(FAST-TCP)的拥塞窗口变化,从而降低平均的吞吐量。最后,为了进一步保证突发交换网络的可靠性,提出一种简单有效的全局竞争管理机制和偏置时间选择算法,仿真结果表明,与传统的JET-OBS相比,新的控制机制不但可以极大的改善突发网络的丢包率,而且可以通过优化偏置时间的设定,减小端到端的突发时延。
The first decade of the twenty-first century has witnessed the debut of the new technical era—Computing Era. This new era features with increasing embedded intelligence in everyday objects and ubiquitous cloud services, which are all supported by the large-scale computing systems. With the continued advancements in performance of the microprocessors and the emergence of multiprocessors (CMP), the future computing systems are eventually challenged by the communication bound systems, where networking bandwidths become scarce resource, energy consumption of networking infrastructure has become the key issue and the performance of interconnection networks is fundamentally constrained by the underlying electronic technologies. At the same time, the commercial deployments of optical technologies have gone through telecom, datacom and currently entered the computercom, which features with increasing integration of optics with decreasing cost, decreasing power and increasing density.
In order to overcome the interconnect bottleneck in large-scale computing systems, the thesis primarily emphasizes on three issues, which include the optical interconnects architectures and testbed, optical interconnects technologies based on silicon photonic device as well as the optical burst switch networking technologies supporting streaming media applications. Through testbed experiment and simulation, we have verified the feasibility of optical interconnection technologies and related mechanisms.
The main works of this thesis are summarized as follows:
1. We propose a ubiquitous end-to-end optical interconnection architecture featuring a configurable optical switching platform and a network agnostic optical network interface card (O-NIC). With the prevailing and scaling of cloud-based applications, the design of next-generation datacenter networks should take considerations into three main requirements, which are full bisection bandwidth capability, network bandwidth flexibility and low power consumption. Firstly, a modular optical switch fabric prototyping platform is designed and implemented to support technologies enabling diversified switching speeds and switching functionalities. A4×4switching architecture is designed with this platform, showing the ns-scale switching speed and50.7-ns total switching delay.1-Tb/s/port optical packet switching by this configured4×4optical platform is also demonstrated and bit-error-rate measurements indicate error-free transmission for all wavelengths with over4-dB input power dynamic range. A wavelength reconfigurable optical packet-and circuit-switching testbed is also constructed and experimentally verified by utilizing this optical switching platform. Secondly, an optical network interface card capable of bridging the gap between the computing systems and optical networks is developed and high-definition video streaming through this end-to-end optical system is also demonstrated. We also demonstrated a network interface to adapt the streaming services from Wimax clients. Lastly, a cross-layer-enabled optical network node for monitoring and addressing multiple impairments is proposed. Real-time monitoring and reactivity to two impairments (e.g. OSNR, PMD) via dynamically switched wavelengths and lightpath restoration are successfully shown.
2. We investigate the optical interconnects technologies based on silicon photonic microring resonators. Firstly, we experimentally characterize the device which shows very high passband bandwidth (70-GHz of3-dB passband bandwidth), wavelength selection, very fast (1.46-ns and1.3-ns of rise and fall time for through port,1.71-ns and0.87-ns for drop port) and multiwavelength switching capability. Secondly, we experimentally demonstrate switching of a40-Gb/s differential-phase-shift-keyed (DPSK) signal through a coupled silicon photonic microring switch. Packetized transmission of the40-Gb/s DPSK signal is achieved with power penalties of0.6-dB and2.4-dB for through port and drop port signals respectively. Furthermore, we experimentally investigate the phase response of the coupled microrings. Thirdly, we present a broadband packet-switching node that utilizes silicon photonic technology. The node design uses a silicon microring for switching functionality, leverages in-flight header processing for arbitration, and has a tunable driving circuit for thermal-effect mitigation. We experimentally demonstrated an error-free routing of10-Gb/s wavelength-striped packets with lengths of up to1536-ns. Lastly, we proposed and demonstrate a hybrid optical packet and wavelength selective switching platform for high-performance data center networks. This architecture based on cascaded silicon microrings and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) supports wavelength reconfigurable packet and circuit switching, and is highly scalable, energy efficient and potentially integratable.
3. We investigate optical burst switch networking technologies supporting streaming media applications. Firstly, in order to efficiently support high definition video clip (HDVC) services over optical networks, we propose the HDVC over optical burst switching (OBS) network and time-based assembly with advance reservation to guarantee smooth transmission of video services over this network. We experimentally demonstrate100%"excellent" of performance of HDVC transmission assisted with this novel scheme. Secondly, performances of transport layer protocols (UDP and several favors of TCPs) are experimentally investigated over OBS testbed with Burst Retransmission (BR). Experimental results show that BR is suitable for UDP when the delay caused by retransmission is still acceptable for applications, but is not suitable for FAST-TCP. Lastly, a novel contention-aware offset-time allocation mechanism (CA-OAM) is proposed to avoid burst contention in the intermediate nodes of LOBS architecture. Simulation results show that CA-OAM help to keep burst loss probability lower than10-3in LOBS network and the corresponding delay is still lower than simple JET-OBS.
引文
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