“听”“说”同步模式下的工作记忆与同声传译的关系
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摘要
同声传译是一项需要占用大量认知资源，耗费巨大脑力负荷的特殊语言处理活动。这一过程不仅仅是语言形式的转换，同时也涉及两种转换语言和两种文化之间的理解与认知。探索同声传译模式下的工作记忆不仅能够有助于进一步认识口译的认知加工过程，也能促进对于在同声传译状态下口译信息心理加工机制的了解。以往的文献也一再表明同声传译比其他的语言处理要花费更多的认知资源。但是同声传译的认知加工过程很难直接进行考察，前人的研究也主要以经验总结为主，尤其在国内鲜有相关方面的实证研究，因而本研究结合认知心理学中工作记忆的概念展开同声传译的实证研究。
在认知心理学中，工作记忆是心理学家引入用来考察人的在线动态认知负荷能力，它是一种资源有限的机制，它在完成某个认知任务的同时既能储存信息又能加工信息。学习、语言理解以及推理都是需要依赖工作记忆的认知任务。本研究即抓住工作记忆这一特点，在前人研究的基础上改进实验方法，以英汉语言组合的同声传译为研究背景，对口译员在“听”与“说”同步进行模式下的工作记忆进行考察，力求对同声传译与工作记忆之间的关系进行深入的分析。另外随着认知心理学研究地不断深入，工作记忆模型概念中又出现了一些最新的有关控制性注意的研究，本论文也尝试将这些最新的研究结合到同声传译的考察过程中来，同样采用实证研究的方法，初步探究控制性注意与同声传译之间的关系。
本论文由引论，主干三章和结论共五个部分组成。
第一章引论主要介绍了同声传译的发展趋势，研究工作记忆与同声传译关系的缘由，同时对同声传译和工作记忆的概念进行了定义，提出本论文的研究意义。
第二章文献综述主要就相关的理论或模型进行梳理描述，这些概念也正是本论文的理论基础，主要包括Baddeley&Hitch的工作记忆模型理论，Engle的控制性注意以及Gile的认知负荷模型，这些理论或模型都属于工作记忆的研究范畴，尤其是Gile的认知负荷模型，其中一部分内容即针对同声传译这项口译活动提出的。除此之外这一章还就国内外有关工作记忆与同声传译关系的实证研究进行了回顾与梳理，其中的小节主要以研究者人名进行分类总结，由此发现此类研究在实证研究方面国内的水平还远远低于国际水平，研究方法也较为局限。在此基础上本论文提出自己的研究问题，即在“听”与“说”同步进行模式下口译员的工作记忆又会是怎么样的呢？这样的工作记忆与同声传译表现之间到底存在什么样的关系？在工作记忆模型中较为重要的控制性注意是否也是影响同声传译表现的因素之一？
第三章主要介绍本研究的实验流程。本研究按照实证实验的要求，严格控制变量，首先对工作记忆实验材料进行可靠性测试，然后对同声传译的实验材料分别进行可阅读性、难易度和可译性测试，在确保这些实验材料满足各项测试之后并进行有效实验前测之后才开始正式的实验。实验对象无论在语言组合还是资质认可方面都保持高度的一致性。最终一共有15名专业口译员与5名学生口译员以及18名学生笔译员参与实验。在实验过程中还配合了问卷调查加以考察。
第四章主要借助计算机软件SPSS对实验结果进行统计学意义上的整理与分析。本论文分别将工作记忆广度的实验结果与控制性注意的实验结果与同声传译表现结果做相关性以及线性回归分析。同时对问卷调查结果也做了统计分析。
第五章对数据分析结果进行总结归纳，得出主要的结论为汉英语言组合的同声传译口译员的工作记忆对其同声传译的表现有影响，但是影响有限；同声传译员的控制性注意与其同声传译的表现不存在影响关系。同时对本研究的局限性以及本研究对未来的启示做了简要阐述。
Simultaneous interpreting is an unique form of language processing which involvesmassive cognitive resources and huge metal effort. This process features not only thetransformation between two languages but a complex of understanding and cognition oftwo cultures. Research on the working memory of simultaneous interpreting can furtherhelp us better understand the cognitive process of interpreting and its psychologicalprocess behind interpreting. Literature shows that simultaneous interpreting demands morecognitive resources than other language processes. On one hand, there is no direct access tothe “black box” of cognitive process. On the other hand, literature on this topic is confinedto personal experiences; little empirical research can be found especially in China. That iswhy this dissertation combines psychology to develop the research.
In cognitive psychology, working memory is introduced to explore people’s onlinecognitive capacity. It is a resource-restrained mechanism. In a cognitive task, workingmemory can both store and process information. Learning and language processing alldepend on working memory. Based on that, this dissertation improves the method andfurther investigates the working memory of English to Chinese simultaneous interpreting.Besides, latest research on working memory about attentional control remains anotherinterest of this dissertation.
This dissertation consists of five chapters, namely introduction, body part(threechapters) and conclusion.
Chapter one starts with the development of simultaneous interpreting, why thisdissertation focuses on the relationship of working memory and simultaneous interpreting.Definitions of simultaneous interpreting and working memory and the research values arealso contained in this chapter.
Chapter two reviews the relevant literature which is also the theoretical basis of thisdissertation. It includes Baddeley&Hitch’s model of working memory, Engle’s attentionalcontrol and Gile’s effort model. Apart from that, empirical research on this topic is alsoreviewed. The gap between domestic researchers and overseas researchers can be easily observed. Therefore the author raises the question of how the interpreters’ workingmemory works when doing concurrent listening and speaking. What is on earth therelationship between working memory and simultaneous interpreting? Is the attentionalcontrol one of the factors of the delivery of simultaneous interpreting?
Chapter three conducts the whole experiment which includes all the pre-tests of thematerials and pilot test. This experiment strictly follows the requirements of empiricalresearch and unfolds reliability test, readability test, difficulty test and interpretability test.The ultimate subjects include15professional interpreters,5student interpreters and18student translators. Survey and questionnaire are used as well.
Chapter four analyses all the data with the help of SPSS statistically. Correlation andlinear regression are the main elements of the whole analysis. And survey andquestionnaire are sorted.
Chapter five sums up the analysis and attempts at a conclusion for the dissertation.The performance of interpreters’ working memory of concurrent listening and speaking isone of the factors of the performance of interpreters’ simultaneous interpreting. But theinfluence of the working memory is limited. The present research shows that there is littlerelation between attentional control and the performance of simultaneous interpreting. Atthe end, this chapter also details the limitation of the research and proposes future studies.
在认知心理学中，工作记忆是心理学家引入用来考察人的在线动态认知负荷能力，它是一种资源有限的机制，它在完成某个认知任务的同时既能储存信息又能加工信息。学习、语言理解以及推理都是需要依赖工作记忆的认知任务。本研究即抓住工作记忆这一特点，在前人研究的基础上改进实验方法，以英汉语言组合的同声传译为研究背景，对口译员在“听”与“说”同步进行模式下的工作记忆进行考察，力求对同声传译与工作记忆之间的关系进行深入的分析。另外随着认知心理学研究地不断深入，工作记忆模型概念中又出现了一些最新的有关控制性注意的研究，本论文也尝试将这些最新的研究结合到同声传译的考察过程中来，同样采用实证研究的方法，初步探究控制性注意与同声传译之间的关系。
本论文由引论，主干三章和结论共五个部分组成。
第一章引论主要介绍了同声传译的发展趋势，研究工作记忆与同声传译关系的缘由，同时对同声传译和工作记忆的概念进行了定义，提出本论文的研究意义。
第二章文献综述主要就相关的理论或模型进行梳理描述，这些概念也正是本论文的理论基础，主要包括Baddeley&Hitch的工作记忆模型理论，Engle的控制性注意以及Gile的认知负荷模型，这些理论或模型都属于工作记忆的研究范畴，尤其是Gile的认知负荷模型，其中一部分内容即针对同声传译这项口译活动提出的。除此之外这一章还就国内外有关工作记忆与同声传译关系的实证研究进行了回顾与梳理，其中的小节主要以研究者人名进行分类总结，由此发现此类研究在实证研究方面国内的水平还远远低于国际水平，研究方法也较为局限。在此基础上本论文提出自己的研究问题，即在“听”与“说”同步进行模式下口译员的工作记忆又会是怎么样的呢？这样的工作记忆与同声传译表现之间到底存在什么样的关系？在工作记忆模型中较为重要的控制性注意是否也是影响同声传译表现的因素之一？
第三章主要介绍本研究的实验流程。本研究按照实证实验的要求，严格控制变量，首先对工作记忆实验材料进行可靠性测试，然后对同声传译的实验材料分别进行可阅读性、难易度和可译性测试，在确保这些实验材料满足各项测试之后并进行有效实验前测之后才开始正式的实验。实验对象无论在语言组合还是资质认可方面都保持高度的一致性。最终一共有15名专业口译员与5名学生口译员以及18名学生笔译员参与实验。在实验过程中还配合了问卷调查加以考察。
第四章主要借助计算机软件SPSS对实验结果进行统计学意义上的整理与分析。本论文分别将工作记忆广度的实验结果与控制性注意的实验结果与同声传译表现结果做相关性以及线性回归分析。同时对问卷调查结果也做了统计分析。
第五章对数据分析结果进行总结归纳，得出主要的结论为汉英语言组合的同声传译口译员的工作记忆对其同声传译的表现有影响，但是影响有限；同声传译员的控制性注意与其同声传译的表现不存在影响关系。同时对本研究的局限性以及本研究对未来的启示做了简要阐述。
Simultaneous interpreting is an unique form of language processing which involvesmassive cognitive resources and huge metal effort. This process features not only thetransformation between two languages but a complex of understanding and cognition oftwo cultures. Research on the working memory of simultaneous interpreting can furtherhelp us better understand the cognitive process of interpreting and its psychologicalprocess behind interpreting. Literature shows that simultaneous interpreting demands morecognitive resources than other language processes. On one hand, there is no direct access tothe “black box” of cognitive process. On the other hand, literature on this topic is confinedto personal experiences; little empirical research can be found especially in China. That iswhy this dissertation combines psychology to develop the research.
In cognitive psychology, working memory is introduced to explore people’s onlinecognitive capacity. It is a resource-restrained mechanism. In a cognitive task, workingmemory can both store and process information. Learning and language processing alldepend on working memory. Based on that, this dissertation improves the method andfurther investigates the working memory of English to Chinese simultaneous interpreting.Besides, latest research on working memory about attentional control remains anotherinterest of this dissertation.
This dissertation consists of five chapters, namely introduction, body part(threechapters) and conclusion.
Chapter one starts with the development of simultaneous interpreting, why thisdissertation focuses on the relationship of working memory and simultaneous interpreting.Definitions of simultaneous interpreting and working memory and the research values arealso contained in this chapter.
Chapter two reviews the relevant literature which is also the theoretical basis of thisdissertation. It includes Baddeley&Hitch’s model of working memory, Engle’s attentionalcontrol and Gile’s effort model. Apart from that, empirical research on this topic is alsoreviewed. The gap between domestic researchers and overseas researchers can be easily observed. Therefore the author raises the question of how the interpreters’ workingmemory works when doing concurrent listening and speaking. What is on earth therelationship between working memory and simultaneous interpreting? Is the attentionalcontrol one of the factors of the delivery of simultaneous interpreting?
Chapter three conducts the whole experiment which includes all the pre-tests of thematerials and pilot test. This experiment strictly follows the requirements of empiricalresearch and unfolds reliability test, readability test, difficulty test and interpretability test.The ultimate subjects include15professional interpreters,5student interpreters and18student translators. Survey and questionnaire are used as well.
Chapter four analyses all the data with the help of SPSS statistically. Correlation andlinear regression are the main elements of the whole analysis. And survey andquestionnaire are sorted.
Chapter five sums up the analysis and attempts at a conclusion for the dissertation.The performance of interpreters’ working memory of concurrent listening and speaking isone of the factors of the performance of interpreters’ simultaneous interpreting. But theinfluence of the working memory is limited. The present research shows that there is littlerelation between attentional control and the performance of simultaneous interpreting. Atthe end, this chapter also details the limitation of the research and proposes future studies.
引文
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