山葡萄高密度分子遗传图谱构建及抗寒性QTL定位研究
摘要
葡萄是我国重要的经济果树，近年来在常规杂交育种方面取得了可喜的进展，但在遗传图谱构建和分子标记辅助育种方面，明显落后于其他经济作物。本研究以欧亚种葡萄‘红地球’和山葡萄‘双优’杂交的94个F1代单株，以山欧杂种‘北冰红’自交的94个F2代单株为作图群体，采用SSR和SRAP两种分子标记技术分别构建了‘红地球’、‘双优’和‘北冰红’的分子遗传图谱，并对‘红地球’、‘双优’及其94个杂交后代，对‘北冰红’及其94个自交后代的抗寒性进行鉴定，最后用区间作图法对葡萄的抗寒性进行了QTL定位研究。葡萄高密度遗传图谱的构建和抗寒性的QTL定位，为今后抗寒基因的定位、克隆以及分子标记辅助育种提供了可靠的理论依据和方法材料，对提高葡萄抗寒育种水平具有重要意义。主要结果如下：
1、成功地建立并优化了适宜山葡萄及其杂交后代的SRAP-PCR反应体系。5因素4水平正交试验结果表明：适宜山葡萄的20μl SRAP-PCR反应体系中各组分最适含量为DNA10ng，Primer0.8μmol·L~(-1)，dNTPs0.2mmol·L~(-1)，Mg2+3.2mmol·L~(-1)，Taq DNA聚合酶2.0U，并含2μl10×buffer（Mg2+free）。利用此反应体系，对24个‘红地球’ב双优’杂交后代进行SRAP-PCR扩增，并电泳检测扩增效果，扩增谱带清晰且多态性较好，该体系可用于葡萄遗传图谱的构建及遗传多样性分析等相关研究。
2、筛选出了447对葡萄SSR引物的最佳退火温度范围。筛选的温度分别为69℃、68.2℃、66.7℃、63.9℃、60.5℃、57.8℃、55.9℃、55℃。电泳检测结果表明，各引物在其最佳退火温度下都能扩增出清晰稳定的条带。
3、利用优化了的SRAP-PCR反应体系成功地对‘红地球’ב双优’的杂交后代进行了杂种的真实性鉴定。用筛选出的5对能够扩增出父本特异条带的SRAP引物对94株杂交后代进行了分析，结果表明：92.6%的杂交后代中出现了清晰、稳定的父本特异条带，结合田间形态学观察，确认为真杂种。
4、利用筛选出的68对SRAP引物和186对SSR引物对‘红地球’ב双优’杂交群体进行扩增，共获得347个SRAP分离位点和186个SSR分离位点。其中母本特有SRAP位点132个，只在母本上表现杂合的SSR位点48个；父本特有SRAP位点155个，只在父本上表现杂合的SSR位点54个；双亲共有SRAP位点60个，在双亲上都表现为杂合的SSR位点84个。利用筛选出的57对SRAP引物和174对SSR引物对‘北冰红’自交群体进行扩增，共获得279个SRAP分离位点和174个SSR分离位点。
5、成功地构建了‘红地球’、‘双优’和‘北冰红’的分子遗传图谱。‘红地球’分子遗传图谱形成19个连锁群，包含266个位点，覆盖总图距1370cM，位点间平均距离为4.8cM；‘双优’分子遗传图谱形成20个连锁群，包含233个位点，覆盖总图距为1254cM，位点之间平均距离为5.0cM；‘北冰红’分子遗传图谱形成21个连锁群，包含228个位点，覆盖总图距为1123cM，位点之间平均距离为4.5cM。
6、鉴定了‘红地球’、‘双优’及其杂交群体的94个单株，‘北冰红’及其自交群体的94个单株的抗寒性。对所有试材的一年生成熟枝条进行低温梯度处理（-15℃、-20℃、-25℃、-30℃、-35℃、-40℃和-45℃），测定了各处理温度下枝条的相对电导率，并与Logistic方程拟合，计算出各亲本及后代单株的半致死温度（LT50），以半致死温度衡量试材的抗寒性。在此基础上，成功地对葡萄抗寒性进行了初步的QTL定位。在‘双优’遗传图谱中检测到1个控制抗寒性的QTL位点，在‘北冰红’遗传图谱中检测到1个控制抗寒性的QTL位点，在‘红地球’遗传图谱中共检测到4个控制抗寒性的QTL位点。
Grape is an important economic fruit crop. Great progress has been made in conventionalcross breeding, but grape lags behind other economic crops in molecular genetic mapconstruction and marker assisted breeding in Chian. In this study,94F1progenies derivedfrom the cross ‘Red Globe’(Vitis vinifera L.)בShuangyou’(Vitis amurensis Rupr.) and94F2progenies derived from ‘Beibinghong’(Vitis vinifera L.×Vitis amurensis Rupr.) selfingwere used as two mapping populations, and molecular genetic linkage maps based on SSRand SRAP markers were constructed for ‘Red Globe’,‘Shuangyou’ and ‘Beibinghong’respectively. Grape cold hardiness was measured, and QTL mapping for cold hardiness wasstudied by interval mapping. High density molecular genetic maps of grape and QTL mappingfor grape cold hardiness provide reliable theoretical basis, methodology and materials forgrape cold hardiness gene isolation, gene clone and molecular assisted breeding. This study isof great importance in grape cold hardiness breeding. The main results are as follows:
1. SRAP-PCR reaction system was optimized for Vitis amurensis Rupr. and its progenies.L16(45) orthogonal design results showed that the optimized20μl SRAP-PCR reaction systemcontains10ng template DNA,0.8μmol·L~(-1)Primer,0.2mmol·L~(-1)dNTPs,3.2mmol·L~(-1)Mg2+,Taq DNA polymerase2.0U as well as2μl10×buffer (Mg2+free).24progenies derived fromthe cross ‘Red Globe’בShuangyou’ was amplified by this optimized system, resulting inclear bands with good polymorphism, which implies that the system can be used in geneticlinkage map construction and genetic diversity analysis.
2. Optimal annealing temperatures of447grape SSR primer pairs were selected. Testedannealing temperatures were69℃,68.2℃,66.7℃,63.9℃,60.5℃,57.8℃,55.9℃and55℃.Clear and stable bands can be amplified by the primer pairs under their optimal annealingtemperatures.
3. Seedlings derived from the cross ‘Red Globe’בShuangyou’ was successfullyidentified for their authenticity using the optimized SRAP-PCR reaction system. Along withmorphological characters in the field,92.6%of94seedlings were identified true hybrid withonly5SRAP primer pairs carrying male parent specific band.
4. Population derived from the cross ‘Red Globe’בShuangyou’ was amplified using68SRAP primer pairs and186SSR primer pairs, creating totally347SRAP segregation loci and186SSR segregation loci, among which132SRAP loci were female parent specific,48SSRloci only segregated in female parent,155SRAP loci were male parent specific,54SSR loci only segregated in male parent,60SRAP loci were in common for both parents and84SSRloci segregated in both parents. Population derived form ‘Beibinghong’ selfing was amplifiedusing57SRAP primer pairs and174SSR primer pairs, producing totally279SRAPsegregating loci and174SSR segregation loci.
5. Molecular genetic map for ‘Red Globe’,‘Shuangyou’ and ‘Beibinghong’ wassuccessfully constructed.‘Red Globe’ molecular genetic map contains266loci and19linkagegroups, and covers a total length of1370cM with an average distance between markers of4.8cM.‘Shuangyou’ molecular genetic map contains233loci and20linkage groups, andcovers a total length of1254cM with an average distance between markers of5.0cM.‘Beibinghong’ molecular genetic map contains228loci and21linkage groups, and covers atotal length of1123cM with an average distance between markers of4.5cM.
6. Cold hardiness for ‘Red Globe’,‘Shuangyou’ and their82F1progenies as well as‘Beibinghong’ and its92F2progenies was phynotyped. Annual canes of all materials weretreated under gradient low temperatures as follows:-15℃,-20℃,-25℃,-30℃,-35℃,-40℃and-45℃. Relative conductivity was measured. Fitting Logistic equation, half lethaltemperature for all materials was calculated to evaluate cold hardiness. Based on this, QTLsfor grape cold hardiness were detected with software MapQTL5.0following IntervalMapping model.4QTLs were detected on ‘Red Globe’ genetic map, and1on ‘Shuangyou’and ‘Beibinghong’ genetic map each.
1、成功地建立并优化了适宜山葡萄及其杂交后代的SRAP-PCR反应体系。5因素4水平正交试验结果表明：适宜山葡萄的20μl SRAP-PCR反应体系中各组分最适含量为DNA10ng，Primer0.8μmol·L~(-1)，dNTPs0.2mmol·L~(-1)，Mg2+3.2mmol·L~(-1)，Taq DNA聚合酶2.0U，并含2μl10×buffer（Mg2+free）。利用此反应体系，对24个‘红地球’ב双优’杂交后代进行SRAP-PCR扩增，并电泳检测扩增效果，扩增谱带清晰且多态性较好，该体系可用于葡萄遗传图谱的构建及遗传多样性分析等相关研究。
2、筛选出了447对葡萄SSR引物的最佳退火温度范围。筛选的温度分别为69℃、68.2℃、66.7℃、63.9℃、60.5℃、57.8℃、55.9℃、55℃。电泳检测结果表明，各引物在其最佳退火温度下都能扩增出清晰稳定的条带。
3、利用优化了的SRAP-PCR反应体系成功地对‘红地球’ב双优’的杂交后代进行了杂种的真实性鉴定。用筛选出的5对能够扩增出父本特异条带的SRAP引物对94株杂交后代进行了分析，结果表明：92.6%的杂交后代中出现了清晰、稳定的父本特异条带，结合田间形态学观察，确认为真杂种。
4、利用筛选出的68对SRAP引物和186对SSR引物对‘红地球’ב双优’杂交群体进行扩增，共获得347个SRAP分离位点和186个SSR分离位点。其中母本特有SRAP位点132个，只在母本上表现杂合的SSR位点48个；父本特有SRAP位点155个，只在父本上表现杂合的SSR位点54个；双亲共有SRAP位点60个，在双亲上都表现为杂合的SSR位点84个。利用筛选出的57对SRAP引物和174对SSR引物对‘北冰红’自交群体进行扩增，共获得279个SRAP分离位点和174个SSR分离位点。
5、成功地构建了‘红地球’、‘双优’和‘北冰红’的分子遗传图谱。‘红地球’分子遗传图谱形成19个连锁群，包含266个位点，覆盖总图距1370cM，位点间平均距离为4.8cM；‘双优’分子遗传图谱形成20个连锁群，包含233个位点，覆盖总图距为1254cM，位点之间平均距离为5.0cM；‘北冰红’分子遗传图谱形成21个连锁群，包含228个位点，覆盖总图距为1123cM，位点之间平均距离为4.5cM。
6、鉴定了‘红地球’、‘双优’及其杂交群体的94个单株，‘北冰红’及其自交群体的94个单株的抗寒性。对所有试材的一年生成熟枝条进行低温梯度处理（-15℃、-20℃、-25℃、-30℃、-35℃、-40℃和-45℃），测定了各处理温度下枝条的相对电导率，并与Logistic方程拟合，计算出各亲本及后代单株的半致死温度（LT50），以半致死温度衡量试材的抗寒性。在此基础上，成功地对葡萄抗寒性进行了初步的QTL定位。在‘双优’遗传图谱中检测到1个控制抗寒性的QTL位点，在‘北冰红’遗传图谱中检测到1个控制抗寒性的QTL位点，在‘红地球’遗传图谱中共检测到4个控制抗寒性的QTL位点。
Grape is an important economic fruit crop. Great progress has been made in conventionalcross breeding, but grape lags behind other economic crops in molecular genetic mapconstruction and marker assisted breeding in Chian. In this study,94F1progenies derivedfrom the cross ‘Red Globe’(Vitis vinifera L.)בShuangyou’(Vitis amurensis Rupr.) and94F2progenies derived from ‘Beibinghong’(Vitis vinifera L.×Vitis amurensis Rupr.) selfingwere used as two mapping populations, and molecular genetic linkage maps based on SSRand SRAP markers were constructed for ‘Red Globe’,‘Shuangyou’ and ‘Beibinghong’respectively. Grape cold hardiness was measured, and QTL mapping for cold hardiness wasstudied by interval mapping. High density molecular genetic maps of grape and QTL mappingfor grape cold hardiness provide reliable theoretical basis, methodology and materials forgrape cold hardiness gene isolation, gene clone and molecular assisted breeding. This study isof great importance in grape cold hardiness breeding. The main results are as follows:
1. SRAP-PCR reaction system was optimized for Vitis amurensis Rupr. and its progenies.L16(45) orthogonal design results showed that the optimized20μl SRAP-PCR reaction systemcontains10ng template DNA,0.8μmol·L~(-1)Primer,0.2mmol·L~(-1)dNTPs,3.2mmol·L~(-1)Mg2+,Taq DNA polymerase2.0U as well as2μl10×buffer (Mg2+free).24progenies derived fromthe cross ‘Red Globe’בShuangyou’ was amplified by this optimized system, resulting inclear bands with good polymorphism, which implies that the system can be used in geneticlinkage map construction and genetic diversity analysis.
2. Optimal annealing temperatures of447grape SSR primer pairs were selected. Testedannealing temperatures were69℃,68.2℃,66.7℃,63.9℃,60.5℃,57.8℃,55.9℃and55℃.Clear and stable bands can be amplified by the primer pairs under their optimal annealingtemperatures.
3. Seedlings derived from the cross ‘Red Globe’בShuangyou’ was successfullyidentified for their authenticity using the optimized SRAP-PCR reaction system. Along withmorphological characters in the field,92.6%of94seedlings were identified true hybrid withonly5SRAP primer pairs carrying male parent specific band.
4. Population derived from the cross ‘Red Globe’בShuangyou’ was amplified using68SRAP primer pairs and186SSR primer pairs, creating totally347SRAP segregation loci and186SSR segregation loci, among which132SRAP loci were female parent specific,48SSRloci only segregated in female parent,155SRAP loci were male parent specific,54SSR loci only segregated in male parent,60SRAP loci were in common for both parents and84SSRloci segregated in both parents. Population derived form ‘Beibinghong’ selfing was amplifiedusing57SRAP primer pairs and174SSR primer pairs, producing totally279SRAPsegregating loci and174SSR segregation loci.
5. Molecular genetic map for ‘Red Globe’,‘Shuangyou’ and ‘Beibinghong’ wassuccessfully constructed.‘Red Globe’ molecular genetic map contains266loci and19linkagegroups, and covers a total length of1370cM with an average distance between markers of4.8cM.‘Shuangyou’ molecular genetic map contains233loci and20linkage groups, andcovers a total length of1254cM with an average distance between markers of5.0cM.‘Beibinghong’ molecular genetic map contains228loci and21linkage groups, and covers atotal length of1123cM with an average distance between markers of4.5cM.
6. Cold hardiness for ‘Red Globe’,‘Shuangyou’ and their82F1progenies as well as‘Beibinghong’ and its92F2progenies was phynotyped. Annual canes of all materials weretreated under gradient low temperatures as follows:-15℃,-20℃,-25℃,-30℃,-35℃,-40℃and-45℃. Relative conductivity was measured. Fitting Logistic equation, half lethaltemperature for all materials was calculated to evaluate cold hardiness. Based on this, QTLsfor grape cold hardiness were detected with software MapQTL5.0following IntervalMapping model.4QTLs were detected on ‘Red Globe’ genetic map, and1on ‘Shuangyou’and ‘Beibinghong’ genetic map each.
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