雷电脉冲对移动通信基站影响的研究
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摘要
雷电脉冲对移动通信基站的影响是当前雷电防护技术领域的研究热点问题。由于需要收发无线通信信号,移动通信基站往往建于空旷或地势较高的地区。这就使得基站铁塔容易遭受雷击。雷击基站铁塔时,塔体上的雷电流分布,基站接地网上的雷电流分布、入地电流分布和地电位升等问题是移动通信基站防雷能力和防雷设计的关键。此外,受雷击影响,天线电缆屏蔽层上产生的感应电流可造成误码。因电位分布而形成的屏蔽层与塔体之间的电压甚至可以击穿天线电缆,导致通信中断。然而,雷电是一种强电磁冲击现象,是时域电磁学问题；雷电防护又是工程实现性很强的技术。这就对防雷研究者提出了许多挑战性的课题和目标。
纯粹的理论研究方法很难直接指导实际防雷工程设计。本文是在服务于广东移动防雷设计研究中撰写的,更加偏重于实际防雷工程的需要。因此,本文从雷电放电电荷移动的角度出发,建立雷击基站铁塔的物理模型,并综合考虑了具体的地质条件、实际可能的雷击位置以及塔体与天线电缆之间不同的连接方式等情况研究上述问题,给出指导移动通信基站防雷设计的仿真数据。
本文的主要创新性在于,根据放电电荷的移动提出了由雷暴云、基站铁塔塔体、基站接地网、天线电缆以及无限远的大地构成的放电回路总体模型。分析了在防雷工程设计中采用等效电路模型的合理性,并建立了由基站铁塔塔体及接地网构成的“塔体—接地网”整体网络系统模型。在分析了雷击移动通信基站铁塔时的雷电流通道的基础上,逐一建立了基站铁塔塔体网络模型、基站接地网模型和天线电缆模型：
(1)建立了移动通信基站铁塔塔体钢材的时域电磁模型和基于实际建筑结构的塔体网络等效电路模型。仿真分析比较了雷击基站铁塔时各种条件对塔体上的雷电流分布的影响,研究了由塔体上的电流分布而产生的干扰特性,给出了基站铁塔塔体上的归一化雷电流分布；
(2)建立了基于实际建筑结构的基站接地网等效电路模型。仿真分析比较了雷击基站铁塔时各种条件对接地网上的入地电流分布的影响和由入地电流产生的地电位升特性,给出了接地网上的归一化雷电流分布；
(3)在分析并建立了雷电流影响移动通信基站的进入渠道以及雷电流对天线电缆产生的干扰作用模型的基础上,建立了基于天线电缆与塔体建筑结构关系的天线电缆等效电路模型。将该模型与“塔体—接地网”整体网络系统模型相结合,仿真分析比较了雷击基站铁塔时各种条件对天线电缆屏蔽层上的感应电流以及塔体与屏蔽层之间的电压产生的影响。并且,给出了各种条件下的基站铁塔冲击阻抗特性,通过综合量化分析提出了防雷设计建议。
A hot issue in the area of lightning protection technology is the very influence of a lightning pulse on a mobile communications base station. Construction on weald or highland has advantage for requirement to transmit-receive wireless communications signal. Thus, for the base station tower, suffering a lightning stroke is common. When it happens, a serial of problems becomes the key of lightning protection ability and design of the mobile communications base station:lightning current distribution of the tower body and of the grounding network, leakage current distribution and ground potential rise of the grounding network. Affected by a lightning stroke, moreover, induced current on antenna cable shielding layer could result in error codes. Voltage between the shielding layer and the tower body, generated by potential distribution, might break down the antenna cable, and interrupt communications. In addition, as a powerful electromagnetic pulse phenomenon, lightning is of time-domain electromagnetics; and technology against it is much of project application. Inevitably, lightning protection researchers are facing many challenges.
It is very difficult to instruct practical lightning project design by the means of pure theoretical research. This paper is achieved during the study of lighting protection design for China Mobile Group Guangdong Co.,Ltd. Therefore, it emphasizes the requirement of practical lightning protection project. Focusing on the movement of lightning discharge, this paper establishes a physical model which describes a lightning striking the base station tower. The above issues are discovered in account of concrete geological condition, possible lighting position and different connecting manners between the tower body and the antenna cable, as well as those simulation data to instruct lighting protection design for the mobile communications base station.
Innovation of this paper lies in that a discharging loop model consisting of thundercloud, tower body, grounding network, antenna cable and the infinite far is proposed. In lightning protection project design, employing an equivalent circuit model is justified by analysis. A "Tower Body-Grounding Network" entire network system, composed by the base station tower body and grounding network, is established. Based on analyzing the current channel, when a lightning strikes the mobile communications base station tower, several models are revealed one by one-base station tower body network model, grounding network model and antenna cable model:
(1) Establishing time-domain electromagnetic model of tower body steel and equivalent circuit model of tower body network, based on its real structure; Simulating and comparing influence of every factor on lighting current distribution of the tower body; Researching on interference character caused by current distribution of the tower body; Showing normalized lightning current distribution of the tower body;
(2) Based on grounding network real structure, establishing its equivalent circuit model; Simulating and comparing influence of every factor on leakage current distribution and ground potential rise character caused by these leakage current; Showing normalized lightning current distribution of the grounding network;
(3) Analyzing and prosing interference channel model of the lightning current influence on the mobile communications base station, and the model of interference from lightning current, suffered by the antenna cable; Based on these two models and on structure relationship between the antenna cable and tower body, establishing an equivalent circuit model of the antenna cable; Combining the antenna cable model with the "Tower Body-Grounding Network" entire network system model; Simulating and comparing influence of every factor on induced current of shielding layer and voltage between the shielding layer and the tower body; Showing pulse impedance of the base station tower, under every condition; Advising lightning protection by quantitive analysis.
纯粹的理论研究方法很难直接指导实际防雷工程设计。本文是在服务于广东移动防雷设计研究中撰写的,更加偏重于实际防雷工程的需要。因此,本文从雷电放电电荷移动的角度出发,建立雷击基站铁塔的物理模型,并综合考虑了具体的地质条件、实际可能的雷击位置以及塔体与天线电缆之间不同的连接方式等情况研究上述问题,给出指导移动通信基站防雷设计的仿真数据。
本文的主要创新性在于,根据放电电荷的移动提出了由雷暴云、基站铁塔塔体、基站接地网、天线电缆以及无限远的大地构成的放电回路总体模型。分析了在防雷工程设计中采用等效电路模型的合理性,并建立了由基站铁塔塔体及接地网构成的“塔体—接地网”整体网络系统模型。在分析了雷击移动通信基站铁塔时的雷电流通道的基础上,逐一建立了基站铁塔塔体网络模型、基站接地网模型和天线电缆模型：
(1)建立了移动通信基站铁塔塔体钢材的时域电磁模型和基于实际建筑结构的塔体网络等效电路模型。仿真分析比较了雷击基站铁塔时各种条件对塔体上的雷电流分布的影响,研究了由塔体上的电流分布而产生的干扰特性,给出了基站铁塔塔体上的归一化雷电流分布；
(2)建立了基于实际建筑结构的基站接地网等效电路模型。仿真分析比较了雷击基站铁塔时各种条件对接地网上的入地电流分布的影响和由入地电流产生的地电位升特性,给出了接地网上的归一化雷电流分布；
(3)在分析并建立了雷电流影响移动通信基站的进入渠道以及雷电流对天线电缆产生的干扰作用模型的基础上,建立了基于天线电缆与塔体建筑结构关系的天线电缆等效电路模型。将该模型与“塔体—接地网”整体网络系统模型相结合,仿真分析比较了雷击基站铁塔时各种条件对天线电缆屏蔽层上的感应电流以及塔体与屏蔽层之间的电压产生的影响。并且,给出了各种条件下的基站铁塔冲击阻抗特性,通过综合量化分析提出了防雷设计建议。
A hot issue in the area of lightning protection technology is the very influence of a lightning pulse on a mobile communications base station. Construction on weald or highland has advantage for requirement to transmit-receive wireless communications signal. Thus, for the base station tower, suffering a lightning stroke is common. When it happens, a serial of problems becomes the key of lightning protection ability and design of the mobile communications base station:lightning current distribution of the tower body and of the grounding network, leakage current distribution and ground potential rise of the grounding network. Affected by a lightning stroke, moreover, induced current on antenna cable shielding layer could result in error codes. Voltage between the shielding layer and the tower body, generated by potential distribution, might break down the antenna cable, and interrupt communications. In addition, as a powerful electromagnetic pulse phenomenon, lightning is of time-domain electromagnetics; and technology against it is much of project application. Inevitably, lightning protection researchers are facing many challenges.
It is very difficult to instruct practical lightning project design by the means of pure theoretical research. This paper is achieved during the study of lighting protection design for China Mobile Group Guangdong Co.,Ltd. Therefore, it emphasizes the requirement of practical lightning protection project. Focusing on the movement of lightning discharge, this paper establishes a physical model which describes a lightning striking the base station tower. The above issues are discovered in account of concrete geological condition, possible lighting position and different connecting manners between the tower body and the antenna cable, as well as those simulation data to instruct lighting protection design for the mobile communications base station.
Innovation of this paper lies in that a discharging loop model consisting of thundercloud, tower body, grounding network, antenna cable and the infinite far is proposed. In lightning protection project design, employing an equivalent circuit model is justified by analysis. A "Tower Body-Grounding Network" entire network system, composed by the base station tower body and grounding network, is established. Based on analyzing the current channel, when a lightning strikes the mobile communications base station tower, several models are revealed one by one-base station tower body network model, grounding network model and antenna cable model:
(1) Establishing time-domain electromagnetic model of tower body steel and equivalent circuit model of tower body network, based on its real structure; Simulating and comparing influence of every factor on lighting current distribution of the tower body; Researching on interference character caused by current distribution of the tower body; Showing normalized lightning current distribution of the tower body;
(2) Based on grounding network real structure, establishing its equivalent circuit model; Simulating and comparing influence of every factor on leakage current distribution and ground potential rise character caused by these leakage current; Showing normalized lightning current distribution of the grounding network;
(3) Analyzing and prosing interference channel model of the lightning current influence on the mobile communications base station, and the model of interference from lightning current, suffered by the antenna cable; Based on these two models and on structure relationship between the antenna cable and tower body, establishing an equivalent circuit model of the antenna cable; Combining the antenna cable model with the "Tower Body-Grounding Network" entire network system model; Simulating and comparing influence of every factor on induced current of shielding layer and voltage between the shielding layer and the tower body; Showing pulse impedance of the base station tower, under every condition; Advising lightning protection by quantitive analysis.
引文
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