使用多层光学介质薄膜滤光的聚光太阳能发电技术的理论与实验研究
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摘要
地球表面接受的太阳能辐射具有能流密度低、光谱分布范围宽的特点。使用聚光器汇集太阳能；针对不同波长段的太阳辐射能量,分别利用相应的匹配性好、性能突出的多种太阳能发电元件转化能量,可以获得比传统的单一利用方法更好的效果。
本文以发展较成熟的晶体硅太阳光伏电池做为主要发电部件,探索其与温差发电元件以及斯特林发电系统构建聚光分频联合发电系统,更全面地利用太阳辐射全波段能量的方法。根据典型的硅电池特性及与其联合使用的不同发电元件性能,展开了对应的介质多层薄膜滤光器研究。
首先,介绍了地球接受的太阳辐射的特点,以及中国太阳能资源分布的情况；阐述了根据不同地域条件、气象情况,结合太阳辐射宽频、低能流密度和不稳定等特点合理利用太阳能的必要性,交代了全文工作的研究背景。介绍了主要的太阳能发电方式及其发展现状；综述了从太阳光谱特征入手优化太阳能发电效果的主要手段；分析了基于太阳能利用的主要分频技术及其发展情况。根据文献综述情况,制定了使用光学介质薄膜对太阳入射光分频,利用以硅电池为主的多种发电方式联合使用入射太阳辐射能量的方案。同时,提出了本文的主体结构和研究内容。
介绍了光学薄膜设计的基础理论,根据电磁波理论分析了入射太阳光波与薄膜系统相互作用的情况。研究了薄膜主要物理参数如：膜料性能、薄膜基础结构特征等与滤光薄膜系统的光学性能间的关系。通过比较薄膜设计的两种方法：经典解析解法和计算机辅助的数值解法,确定了将两者相结合联合使用,设计本文需要的滤光器。
根据典型温差发电元件与碟式斯特林系统的性能参数,以及硅电池的发电性能计算结果,确定了三种不同滤光薄膜系统的设计要求。选用了镀膜加工过程中性能稳定的介质材料作为设计原料。根据设计目标,利用解析解法计算了每一类滤光器的初始设计方案。使用针形数值方法优化了初始解的薄膜结构,获得了满足要求的三套设计结果。采用电子束加热蒸发的镀膜手段,制作了其中两种方案的滤光片样品,检测其光学性能很好地实现了设计目标。
在室外利用自然太阳光条件,实验测试了多种硅电池使用不同滤光片样品在各种聚光条件下的发电效果。滤光器的使用可以明显改善电池短路电流与最大输出功率两种主要电输出性能参数随入射能量增加的变化情况,让硅电池的实际工作效率与整体发电效率相比不使用滤光片的情况得到优化。
建立了针对光伏-温差元件联合发电系统与光伏-碟式斯特林发电联合利用系统的分析模型。根据光学滤光片的设计结果,使用标准直射辐射入射光谱,计算了3种不同硅电池作为光伏元件的光伏-温差元件联合发电系统在非聚光条件下的发电效率,分析了滤光器带来的发电效果变化情况；计算了使用聚光硅电池作为光伏端的光伏-温差元件联合发电系统与光伏-碟式斯特林发电联合利用系统在不同聚光倍数下的系统发电效果,比较分析了聚光分频联用方案与单一元件发电系统的差异。证明了光伏-温差元件联合发电系统可以在更高聚光倍数的条件下,利用相对更少的光伏材料获得比普通聚光光伏系统更多的电能。证明了光伏-碟式斯特林发电联合利用系统可以获得比普通碟式斯特林系统更高的发电效率,以及更长的日平均发电时数；同时可以获得比普通的聚光光伏系统更好的发电效率、更高的聚光比范围以及在入射能量条件自然变化时提供更稳定的发电效果。
采用SMARTS太阳光谱分析模型计算了杭州典型气象条件下不同时间点接受的直射辐射光谱情况。利用计算结果作为入射光源的光谱,分析了聚光光伏系统、光伏-温差发电联用系统、碟式聚光斯特林发电系统、光伏-碟式斯特林发电联用系统的发电效率,随不同时间点入射辐射光谱变化的改变情况；比较了几种系统的性能差异,分析了分频方法可能带来的系统效率提升。
The solar radiation coming to earth have broad range of wavelengths in the spectrum and the irradiance is low. A spectrally selective approach will always be possible to achieve a higher efficiency than normal by using a concentrator to concentrating the solar energy, with a good chioce of convertors matching the solar spectrum.
The thesis focus on the crystalline silicon photovoltaic(PV) solar cells, try to investigate an approach to utilize the whole solar radiation spectrum efficiently with the hybrid PV-TEG(thermoelectric generator) system and the hybrid PV-DS(dish Stirling) system. The design strategy of the filter used in the hybrid systems will be decided on the basis of the characters of silicon cells, TEG and DS.
First, a theoretical discussion of the concept of 'solar energy'is presented; the main characteristics of solar radiation in China are analysed. A review of the various concentration soalr power systems, spectral beam splitting systems and other solar electricity generation technologies proposed in the literature is presented, which concludes that there is a potential for increased conversion efficiency in the hybrid receiver systems with a filter.
An introduction about the basic methords of the optical thin-film design is presented. The electromagnetic wave theory is used to analysis the interaction of the incoming sunlight with the thin-film. The relationship between optical properties of thin-film filter and the main physical parameters of the film, such as material properties and structural characterisitics, is discussed. A combination of the analytical design method and the computer-aided numerical method is used to get the fianl design results of the filters in this thesis.
According to the typical parameters of the TEG, DS systems and the silicon cells performances, all the requirements of the filters are determined. The dielectric materials which are stable in the fabrication process are selected as the design materials. The starting design of each filter is calculated with an analytical design method according to the design target. The needle method is used to optimize the starting structures to obtain the fianl results of three different requirements. Two types of the filter samples are produced by an electron beam heating evaporation coating method, a good testing performance is achieved.
With natural sunlight in outdoor conditions, power generation efficiencies of different silicon cells with varies filters under varies concentrating ratio are tested. The filters significantly optimize the short-circuit current and maximum output power of the solar cells, mean while, the actual efficiency of silicon cells and the overall power generation efficiency are improved.
A calculation model for a hybrid PV-TEG system using the fabricated thin-film filter is proposed. A hybrid system combining photovoltaic cells with a solar-powered Stirling engine using the designed filter is analyzed. The calculated results show the advantages of this spectrally selective method for solar power generation.
The direct radiation spectrum of Hangzhou in typical weather conditions at different time points are obtained by the solar radiation analysis model SMARTS. The calculated results are used to analysis different solar power systems like CPV, DS, PV-TEG and PV-DS. The benefits of the filter for hybrid solar power systems are demonstrated.
本文以发展较成熟的晶体硅太阳光伏电池做为主要发电部件,探索其与温差发电元件以及斯特林发电系统构建聚光分频联合发电系统,更全面地利用太阳辐射全波段能量的方法。根据典型的硅电池特性及与其联合使用的不同发电元件性能,展开了对应的介质多层薄膜滤光器研究。
首先,介绍了地球接受的太阳辐射的特点,以及中国太阳能资源分布的情况；阐述了根据不同地域条件、气象情况,结合太阳辐射宽频、低能流密度和不稳定等特点合理利用太阳能的必要性,交代了全文工作的研究背景。介绍了主要的太阳能发电方式及其发展现状；综述了从太阳光谱特征入手优化太阳能发电效果的主要手段；分析了基于太阳能利用的主要分频技术及其发展情况。根据文献综述情况,制定了使用光学介质薄膜对太阳入射光分频,利用以硅电池为主的多种发电方式联合使用入射太阳辐射能量的方案。同时,提出了本文的主体结构和研究内容。
介绍了光学薄膜设计的基础理论,根据电磁波理论分析了入射太阳光波与薄膜系统相互作用的情况。研究了薄膜主要物理参数如：膜料性能、薄膜基础结构特征等与滤光薄膜系统的光学性能间的关系。通过比较薄膜设计的两种方法：经典解析解法和计算机辅助的数值解法,确定了将两者相结合联合使用,设计本文需要的滤光器。
根据典型温差发电元件与碟式斯特林系统的性能参数,以及硅电池的发电性能计算结果,确定了三种不同滤光薄膜系统的设计要求。选用了镀膜加工过程中性能稳定的介质材料作为设计原料。根据设计目标,利用解析解法计算了每一类滤光器的初始设计方案。使用针形数值方法优化了初始解的薄膜结构,获得了满足要求的三套设计结果。采用电子束加热蒸发的镀膜手段,制作了其中两种方案的滤光片样品,检测其光学性能很好地实现了设计目标。
在室外利用自然太阳光条件,实验测试了多种硅电池使用不同滤光片样品在各种聚光条件下的发电效果。滤光器的使用可以明显改善电池短路电流与最大输出功率两种主要电输出性能参数随入射能量增加的变化情况,让硅电池的实际工作效率与整体发电效率相比不使用滤光片的情况得到优化。
建立了针对光伏-温差元件联合发电系统与光伏-碟式斯特林发电联合利用系统的分析模型。根据光学滤光片的设计结果,使用标准直射辐射入射光谱,计算了3种不同硅电池作为光伏元件的光伏-温差元件联合发电系统在非聚光条件下的发电效率,分析了滤光器带来的发电效果变化情况；计算了使用聚光硅电池作为光伏端的光伏-温差元件联合发电系统与光伏-碟式斯特林发电联合利用系统在不同聚光倍数下的系统发电效果,比较分析了聚光分频联用方案与单一元件发电系统的差异。证明了光伏-温差元件联合发电系统可以在更高聚光倍数的条件下,利用相对更少的光伏材料获得比普通聚光光伏系统更多的电能。证明了光伏-碟式斯特林发电联合利用系统可以获得比普通碟式斯特林系统更高的发电效率,以及更长的日平均发电时数；同时可以获得比普通的聚光光伏系统更好的发电效率、更高的聚光比范围以及在入射能量条件自然变化时提供更稳定的发电效果。
采用SMARTS太阳光谱分析模型计算了杭州典型气象条件下不同时间点接受的直射辐射光谱情况。利用计算结果作为入射光源的光谱,分析了聚光光伏系统、光伏-温差发电联用系统、碟式聚光斯特林发电系统、光伏-碟式斯特林发电联用系统的发电效率,随不同时间点入射辐射光谱变化的改变情况；比较了几种系统的性能差异,分析了分频方法可能带来的系统效率提升。
The solar radiation coming to earth have broad range of wavelengths in the spectrum and the irradiance is low. A spectrally selective approach will always be possible to achieve a higher efficiency than normal by using a concentrator to concentrating the solar energy, with a good chioce of convertors matching the solar spectrum.
The thesis focus on the crystalline silicon photovoltaic(PV) solar cells, try to investigate an approach to utilize the whole solar radiation spectrum efficiently with the hybrid PV-TEG(thermoelectric generator) system and the hybrid PV-DS(dish Stirling) system. The design strategy of the filter used in the hybrid systems will be decided on the basis of the characters of silicon cells, TEG and DS.
First, a theoretical discussion of the concept of 'solar energy'is presented; the main characteristics of solar radiation in China are analysed. A review of the various concentration soalr power systems, spectral beam splitting systems and other solar electricity generation technologies proposed in the literature is presented, which concludes that there is a potential for increased conversion efficiency in the hybrid receiver systems with a filter.
An introduction about the basic methords of the optical thin-film design is presented. The electromagnetic wave theory is used to analysis the interaction of the incoming sunlight with the thin-film. The relationship between optical properties of thin-film filter and the main physical parameters of the film, such as material properties and structural characterisitics, is discussed. A combination of the analytical design method and the computer-aided numerical method is used to get the fianl design results of the filters in this thesis.
According to the typical parameters of the TEG, DS systems and the silicon cells performances, all the requirements of the filters are determined. The dielectric materials which are stable in the fabrication process are selected as the design materials. The starting design of each filter is calculated with an analytical design method according to the design target. The needle method is used to optimize the starting structures to obtain the fianl results of three different requirements. Two types of the filter samples are produced by an electron beam heating evaporation coating method, a good testing performance is achieved.
With natural sunlight in outdoor conditions, power generation efficiencies of different silicon cells with varies filters under varies concentrating ratio are tested. The filters significantly optimize the short-circuit current and maximum output power of the solar cells, mean while, the actual efficiency of silicon cells and the overall power generation efficiency are improved.
A calculation model for a hybrid PV-TEG system using the fabricated thin-film filter is proposed. A hybrid system combining photovoltaic cells with a solar-powered Stirling engine using the designed filter is analyzed. The calculated results show the advantages of this spectrally selective method for solar power generation.
The direct radiation spectrum of Hangzhou in typical weather conditions at different time points are obtained by the solar radiation analysis model SMARTS. The calculated results are used to analysis different solar power systems like CPV, DS, PV-TEG and PV-DS. The benefits of the filter for hybrid solar power systems are demonstrated.
引文
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