燃气轮机湿压缩性能与水滴运动研究
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摘要
燃气轮机广泛应用于动力和能源行业，其压气机耗功通常会占到燃机涡轮膨胀功的1/2-2/3，因此降低压气机耗功成为提高燃机输出功的最有效措施之一。燃气轮机湿压缩近年来受到关注，因为湿压缩不但可以通过压气机蒸发内冷降低压缩功，大幅增加燃机功率输出，而且可以提高热效率，是效费比较高的技术。同时，湿压缩还可以有效抑制燃烧室内NOx生成，降低燃机污染物的排放。因此，本文利用数值模拟方法对燃气轮机湿压缩过程的机理展开深入的研究。
压气机湿压缩过程是包含水滴蒸发相变的复杂两相流动，水滴颗粒的运动和蒸发过程是该项技术的关键。为此，论文首先对压气机内水滴的气动破碎和水滴/叶片撞击行为进行了研究。基于Bai和Gossman喷雾撞壁理论，分析了水滴撞击叶片可能发生的形态，根据撞击情况分为粘附、反弹、铺展和喷溅，并且按照压气机内流动特点，论证了水滴撞击叶片后主要发生铺展和喷溅两种类型。然后结合跨音速静叶栅的湿压缩试验，提出了压气机湿压缩水滴撞击破碎模型，并将其嵌入湿压缩数值模拟中，有效提高了软件湿压缩数值模拟的准确性。本文还从数值模拟和理论方面分析了湿压缩压气机叶栅具有较大相间滑移的水膜从动、静叶尾缘的脱落和破碎。
本文利用所建立的模型，研究和分析了多级轴流压气机湿压缩过程。给出了多级压气机内不同直径水滴的破碎和径向迁移规律。并分析了多级压气机湿压缩特性，多级压气机湿压缩过程的流量变化特点和负荷分配特点。
湿压缩效应不仅体现在压缩过程，还会影响到燃烧过程和排放，以及通过工质质量流量和成分变化增加涡轮输出功。因此，本文在一台小型涡喷发动机上进行了整机数值模拟，研究了湿压缩条件下燃气轮机整体性能、部件性能，以及燃烧室内污染物生成和排放。在保持比油耗不变条件下，得出了不同直径喷雾颗粒在压气机及燃烧室内的蒸发量，及其湿压缩对燃机整机性能的影响。并且给出了湿压缩多级压气机体积流量变化趋势及动叶片负荷的变化规律，分析了湿压缩对压气机流动分离的影响机理。最后，研究了湿压缩对燃烧室主要污染物NO和CO生成和排放的影响，并建立了NO生成量与蒸发量的指数关系式。
通过本文的研究，水滴/叶片撞击机理得到清晰解释，湿压缩对压气机流场影响的本质得到更深刻认识，湿压缩对燃机污染物排放的影响也得到深入的分析。
Gas turbines have been widely used in power and energy industries, but the compressorof a gas turbine consumes as a rule of thumb about1/2-2/3of useful turbine expansion work,which decreases the output of power turbine. Therefore, to reduce the compressor workbecomes one of the most effective ways to increase the gas turbine output power. Wetcompression within gas turbines becomes the most popular technique in recent years, whichcan decrease the compression work through internal evaporative cooling in compressor,increase evidently the power output of the engine, promote the thermal efficiency, and isconsidered as a cost-effective technique of relatively easy to implement. Wet compressiontechnique can also restrain NOxproduction in combustion resulting in low pollutant emission.Therefore, a comprehensive and thorough numerical investigation on wet compression withgas turbines is carried out in this dissertation.
Wet compression process in compressors consists of complicated two-phase flows withphase change and the key points of this technique involve the studies of droplet motion andevaporation processes. In this study, aerodynamic secondary breakup of big moving dropletsand droplet/blade impingement in compressors are investigated. And droplet/wallimpingement theory proposed by Bai and Gossman is used to analyze droplet/bladeimpingement phenomenon resulting in four regimes as stick, rebound, spread and splash,according to droplet Weber number. Depending on the flow character in compressors, it’spredicted and demonstrated that spread and splash are the two dominant regimes whendroplet/blade impingement takes place. Based on the theoretical analysis and experimentalobservations in wet compression test on a transonic stator, one simplified breakup model isassumed to simulate droplet/blade impingement in compressors to get a more reasonablenurerical solution. Numerical and theoretical methods are used to analyze the differences ofwater film breakup after shedding from the trailing edges of fast-moving rotor and stationarystator respectively.
The established model was applied to study and analyse the wet compression progress ina multistage axial compressor. And the breakup and radial moving of drplets with diversediameters injected from the mid-inlet is investigated. Based on this compressor, the study of wet compression performance of multistage compressor is carried out which involvescharacteristics of volume flowrate variation and blade load distribution.
Wet compression influences not only the compression process in compressor, but also thecombustion process and emissions in combustor, and the change of mass flowrate andcompositions of the working fluid. Entire flow simulation of a small turbojet engine withwater injection from its inlet has been implemented to predict the effect of wet compressionon the performances of the full engine and its components, and the main pollutant emissionsof combustor. Under the condition of keeping the constant fuel rate with respect the inlet airflowrate, water injection with different droplet diameter results in different evaporationproportion of droplets in compressor and in combustor which evidently can influence theengine performance. Through analyzing the volume flowrate change in each blade passageand the load distribution of each blade, the effect of wet compression on flow separation incompressor is well interpreted. Last, detailed analysis of wet compression effect on the mainpollutants NO and CO in combustion is carried out, and the exponential correlation of NOproduction against evaporation rate is set up.
In this study, the mechanism of droplet/blade impingement in compressor is wellinterpreted, profound understanding of some essential points in the effect of wet compressionon flow field is made, and the effect of wet compression on pollutant emission of combustoris well analyzed. All the work here can contribute a lot to the theoretical and practical studyon wet compression of gas turbines.
压气机湿压缩过程是包含水滴蒸发相变的复杂两相流动，水滴颗粒的运动和蒸发过程是该项技术的关键。为此，论文首先对压气机内水滴的气动破碎和水滴/叶片撞击行为进行了研究。基于Bai和Gossman喷雾撞壁理论，分析了水滴撞击叶片可能发生的形态，根据撞击情况分为粘附、反弹、铺展和喷溅，并且按照压气机内流动特点，论证了水滴撞击叶片后主要发生铺展和喷溅两种类型。然后结合跨音速静叶栅的湿压缩试验，提出了压气机湿压缩水滴撞击破碎模型，并将其嵌入湿压缩数值模拟中，有效提高了软件湿压缩数值模拟的准确性。本文还从数值模拟和理论方面分析了湿压缩压气机叶栅具有较大相间滑移的水膜从动、静叶尾缘的脱落和破碎。
本文利用所建立的模型，研究和分析了多级轴流压气机湿压缩过程。给出了多级压气机内不同直径水滴的破碎和径向迁移规律。并分析了多级压气机湿压缩特性，多级压气机湿压缩过程的流量变化特点和负荷分配特点。
湿压缩效应不仅体现在压缩过程，还会影响到燃烧过程和排放，以及通过工质质量流量和成分变化增加涡轮输出功。因此，本文在一台小型涡喷发动机上进行了整机数值模拟，研究了湿压缩条件下燃气轮机整体性能、部件性能，以及燃烧室内污染物生成和排放。在保持比油耗不变条件下，得出了不同直径喷雾颗粒在压气机及燃烧室内的蒸发量，及其湿压缩对燃机整机性能的影响。并且给出了湿压缩多级压气机体积流量变化趋势及动叶片负荷的变化规律，分析了湿压缩对压气机流动分离的影响机理。最后，研究了湿压缩对燃烧室主要污染物NO和CO生成和排放的影响，并建立了NO生成量与蒸发量的指数关系式。
通过本文的研究，水滴/叶片撞击机理得到清晰解释，湿压缩对压气机流场影响的本质得到更深刻认识，湿压缩对燃机污染物排放的影响也得到深入的分析。
Gas turbines have been widely used in power and energy industries, but the compressorof a gas turbine consumes as a rule of thumb about1/2-2/3of useful turbine expansion work,which decreases the output of power turbine. Therefore, to reduce the compressor workbecomes one of the most effective ways to increase the gas turbine output power. Wetcompression within gas turbines becomes the most popular technique in recent years, whichcan decrease the compression work through internal evaporative cooling in compressor,increase evidently the power output of the engine, promote the thermal efficiency, and isconsidered as a cost-effective technique of relatively easy to implement. Wet compressiontechnique can also restrain NOxproduction in combustion resulting in low pollutant emission.Therefore, a comprehensive and thorough numerical investigation on wet compression withgas turbines is carried out in this dissertation.
Wet compression process in compressors consists of complicated two-phase flows withphase change and the key points of this technique involve the studies of droplet motion andevaporation processes. In this study, aerodynamic secondary breakup of big moving dropletsand droplet/blade impingement in compressors are investigated. And droplet/wallimpingement theory proposed by Bai and Gossman is used to analyze droplet/bladeimpingement phenomenon resulting in four regimes as stick, rebound, spread and splash,according to droplet Weber number. Depending on the flow character in compressors, it’spredicted and demonstrated that spread and splash are the two dominant regimes whendroplet/blade impingement takes place. Based on the theoretical analysis and experimentalobservations in wet compression test on a transonic stator, one simplified breakup model isassumed to simulate droplet/blade impingement in compressors to get a more reasonablenurerical solution. Numerical and theoretical methods are used to analyze the differences ofwater film breakup after shedding from the trailing edges of fast-moving rotor and stationarystator respectively.
The established model was applied to study and analyse the wet compression progress ina multistage axial compressor. And the breakup and radial moving of drplets with diversediameters injected from the mid-inlet is investigated. Based on this compressor, the study of wet compression performance of multistage compressor is carried out which involvescharacteristics of volume flowrate variation and blade load distribution.
Wet compression influences not only the compression process in compressor, but also thecombustion process and emissions in combustor, and the change of mass flowrate andcompositions of the working fluid. Entire flow simulation of a small turbojet engine withwater injection from its inlet has been implemented to predict the effect of wet compressionon the performances of the full engine and its components, and the main pollutant emissionsof combustor. Under the condition of keeping the constant fuel rate with respect the inlet airflowrate, water injection with different droplet diameter results in different evaporationproportion of droplets in compressor and in combustor which evidently can influence theengine performance. Through analyzing the volume flowrate change in each blade passageand the load distribution of each blade, the effect of wet compression on flow separation incompressor is well interpreted. Last, detailed analysis of wet compression effect on the mainpollutants NO and CO in combustion is carried out, and the exponential correlation of NOproduction against evaporation rate is set up.
In this study, the mechanism of droplet/blade impingement in compressor is wellinterpreted, profound understanding of some essential points in the effect of wet compressionon flow field is made, and the effect of wet compression on pollutant emission of combustoris well analyzed. All the work here can contribute a lot to the theoretical and practical studyon wet compression of gas turbines.
引文
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